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Vehicular traffic occupies a significant place among the sources of air pollution, due to population and urban growth that has led to an excessive increase in the vehicle fleet worldwide, and in Costa Rica as well. Vehicle emissions generate greenhouse gases (GHGs), particulate matter (PM), and heavy metals (HMs), due to combustion products from fossil-fuel engines, tire wear, and brake linings. HMs are important because they cannot be degraded or destroyed naturally; however, they can be diluted by physicochemical agents and be incorporated into trophic chains where they can be bioaccumulated causing significant negative effects on human well-being and ecological quality. This study aimed to assess the HM pollution load in biomonitors and road dust from vehicular emissions by chemical analyses and magnetic properties modeling. For this purpose, chemical and magnetic property analyses were carried out on samples of road dust and leaves of Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and Casuarina equisetifolia L., which were sampled during 2 different years in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica known as GAM. Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) results showed significant metal pollution in some of the study sites. Contamination by the metals V, Cr, and Zn was most commonly present in the biomonitors, and for road dust, they were Cr, Zn, and Pb. The PLI estimates obtained with the validated support vector machine (SVM) magnetic properties models were consistent (sensitivity, specificity, and precision) with those obtained by chemical analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for the identification of this index of contamination.
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Poeira , Metais Pesados , Humanos , Poeira/análise , Emissões de Veículos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Metais Pesados/análise , Fenômenos Magnéticos , Medição de Risco , Cidades , ChinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship between the concern and fear of COVID-19 with fatalism in the daily work of nurses. METHOD: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 449 nurses. Data collection was performed using instruments validated in Peru. In the analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used, and two multiple regression models were estimated, with variable selection in stages. RESULTS: nurses had a moderate level of fatalism and a low level of fear and concern about COVID-19. The first statistical model, which included sociodemographic variables, explains only 3% of the fatalism variance. However, a second model that includes fear and perception explains 33% of it. CONCLUSION: Worry, fear and having been diagnosed with COVID-19 were predictors of fatalism. It is suggested the implementation of psycho-emotional interventions in daily work - aimed at Nursing professionals who present high levels of fear or concern - to reduce fatalism and prevent fatal consequences of the pandemic and promote health.
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COVID-19 , Estudos Transversais , Medo , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , PandemiasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to analyze and understand COVID-19 prevention by nursing students through social networks in their family-social environment. METHOD: a qualitative descriptive-interpretative study, developed in the nursing school of a public university in Lima, Peru, from October to December 2020. Students from the fourth and fifth year of studies participated. Data were collected with the technique of focus groups (2) and analyzed with thematic content analysis. RESULTS: two categories emerged: Using various social networks in times of pandemic; Considering themselves trained for COVID-19 prevention through social networks in their family-social circle. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: nursing students carry out COVID-19 prevention in their family-social circle through social networks, showing satisfaction in the transmission of knowledge, considering the people's physical-emotional condition and local health status, perceiving themselves as agents of change, seeking people empowerment.
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COVID-19 , Estudantes de Enfermagem , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Meio Social , Rede Social , Estudantes de Enfermagem/psicologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze and understand COVID-19 prevention by nursing students through social networks in their family-social environment. Method: a qualitative descriptive-interpretative study, developed in the nursing school of a public university in Lima, Peru, from October to December 2020. Students from the fourth and fifth year of studies participated. Data were collected with the technique of focus groups (2) and analyzed with thematic content analysis. Results: two categories emerged: Using various social networks in times of pandemic; Considering themselves trained for COVID-19 prevention through social networks in their family-social circle. Final considerations: nursing students carry out COVID-19 prevention in their family-social circle through social networks, showing satisfaction in the transmission of knowledge, considering the people's physical-emotional condition and local health status, perceiving themselves as agents of change, seeking people empowerment.
RESUMO Objetivo: analisar e compreender a prevenção da COVID-19 por estudantes de enfermagem por meio das redes sociais em seu ambiente familiar-social. Método: estudo qualitativo descritivo-interpretativo, desenvolvido na escola de enfermagem de uma universidade pública em Lima-Peru, de outubro a dezembro de 2020. Participaram alunos do quarto e quinto ano de estudos. Os dados foram coletados com a técnica de grupos focais (2) e analisados com análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: Utilizando diversas redes sociais em tempos de pandemia; Considerando-se capacitados para a prevenção da COVID-19 por meio das redes sociais em seu círculo familiar-social. Considerações finais: os acadêmicos de enfermagem realizam a prevenção da COVID-19 em seu círculo familiar-social por meio das redes sociais, demonstrando satisfação na transmissão do conhecimento, considerando a condição físico-emocional das pessoas e o estado de saúde local, percebendo-se como agentes de mudança, buscando o empoderamento das pessoas.
RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar y comprender la prevención del COVID-19 por las estudiantes de enfermería mediante redes sociales en su entorno familiar-social. Método: estudio cualitativo descriptivo-interpretativo, desarrollada en la escuela de enfermería de una universidad pública en Lima-Perú, de octubre a diciembre del 2020. Participaron estudiantes del cuarto y quinto año de estudios, se recolectaron los datos con la técnica de grupos focales (2) y se analizaron con el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: emergieron 2 categorías: Utilizando diversas redes sociales en tiempos de pandemia; Considerándose capacitadas para la prevención del COVID-19 por redes sociales en su círculo familiar-social. Consideraciones finales: las estudiantes de enfermería realizan la prevención del COVID-19 en su círculo familiar-social mediante redes sociales, mostrando satisfacción en la transmisión de conocimientos, considerando la condición física-emocional de las personas y el estado sanitario local, percibiéndose como agentes de cambio, procurando el empoderamiento de las personas.
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Resumo Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a preocupação e o medo da COVID-19 com o fatalismo no cotidiano de trabalho dos enfermeiros. Método: estudo transversal analítico, realizado com 449 enfermeiros. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de instrumentos validados no Peru. Na análise, foram utilizados o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, sendo estimados dois modelos de regressão múltipla, com seleção de variáveis por etapas. Resultados: os enfermeiros apresentaram nível moderado de fatalismo e baixo nível de medo e preocupação com a COVID-19. O primeiro modelo estatístico, que incluiu variáveis sociodemográficas, explica apenas 3% da variância de fatalismo. No entanto, um segundo modelo que inclui medo e percepção explica 33%. Conclusão: a preocupação, o medo e ter sido diagnosticado com COVID-19 foram fatores preditores de fatalismo. Sugere-se a implementação de intervenções psicoemocionais no cotidiano de trabalho, voltadas para profissionais de Enfermagem que apresentem altos níveis de medo ou preocupação, para reduzir o fatalismo e, assim, prevenir consequências fatais da pandemia e promover a saúde.
Abstract Objective: to analyze the relationship between the concern and fear of COVID-19 with fatalism in the daily work of nurses. Method: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 449 nurses. Data collection was performed using instruments validated in Peru. In the analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used, and two multiple regression models were estimated, with variable selection in stages. Results: nurses had a moderate level of fatalism and a low level of fear and concern about COVID-19. The first statistical model, which included sociodemographic variables, explains only 3% of the fatalism variance. However, a second model that includes fear and perception explains 33% of it. Conclusion: Worry, fear and having been diagnosed with COVID-19 were predictors of fatalism. It is suggested the implementation of psycho-emotional interventions in daily work - aimed at Nursing professionals who present high levels of fear or concern - to reduce fatalism and prevent fatal consequences of the pandemic and promote health.
Resumen Objetivo: analizar la relación entre la preocupación y el miedo al COVID-19 con el fatalismo, en lo cotidiano laboral de los enfermeros. Método: estudio transversal tipo analítico, realizado en 449 enfermeros. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante instrumentos validados en Perú. En el análisis se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y se estimaron dos modelos de regresión múltiple, con selección de variables por pasos. Resultados: los enfermeros presentaron un nivel moderado de fatalismo y un nivel bajo de miedo y preocupación por la COVID-19. El primer modelo estadístico que incluyó las variables sociodemográficas apenas explica un 3% de la varianza de fatalismo; sin embargo, un segundo modelo que incluye el miedo y la percepción explica el 33%. Conclusión: la preocupación, el miedo y el haber sido diagnosticado con COVID-19 fueron factores predictores de fatalismo. Se sugiere implementar intervenciones psicoemocionales en el cotidiano laboral - focalizadas en profesionales de Enfermería que presenten altos niveles de miedo o preocupación - para reducir el fatalismo y de esta manera prevenir consecuencias fatales de la pandemia y promover la salud.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Prática Profissional , Evolução Fatal , Infecções por Coronavirus/psicologia , Medo , Enfermeiras e EnfermeirosRESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, surgical, pathological characteristics and outcomes in the follow-up of heart transplant recipients at the National Cardiovascular Institute during 2010-2020. Material and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed by reviewing the medical records of patients undergoing heart transplantation at a national referral center, describing the clinical, surgical, laboratory, pathology characteristics and survival of patients up to 10 years of follow-up. Results: Eighty-six patients were transplanted in 10 years, the median age was 41 years (RIQ 28-56), being predominantly male (66.3%). The three leading causes of indication for heart transplantation were: dilated cardiomyopathy (48.9%), ischemic heart disease (17.4%), and myocarditis (6.9%). Total ischemia time was 160 minutes (RIQ 129.7-233.5). Survival at one, five, and ten years was 84.8%, 73.6%, and 65.7% respectively. The main cause of death was non-cardiac: infectious (39.1%) and of unknown origin (26%). Conclusions: The main etiology of heart failure in heart transplant recipients in Peru in recent years was nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. We observed that the survival rate was similar to that of international registries; however, the rate of mortality due to infectious causes and death of unknown origin is high, which poses a challenge in the management of post-transplant patients.
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INTRODUCTION: Although airborne fungal diversity in tropical countries is known to be considerable, aerobiological research to-date has identified only a part of the fungal mycobiota that may have an impact both on human health and on crops. Previous studies in Havana city identified only 30 genera and 5 spore types; therefore,new research is required in these latitudes. This study sought to investigate airborne spore levels in Havana, with a view to learning more about local fungal diversity and assessing its influence in quantitative terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Hirst type volumetric sampler was located on the rooftop of a building 35 meters above ground level, in a busy area of the city. Sampling was carried out continuously (operating 24hours/day), at 10 L per minute during the year 2015. The fungal spores were collected on a Melinex tape coated with a 2% silicone solution. The results were expressed as spores per cubic meter (spores/m3) of air when to referring to daily values, and spores count if referring to annual value. RESULTS: Fourteen new genera were identified in the course of volumetric sampling: six produce ascospores and eight conidia. Morphobiometric characteristics were noted for all genera, and airborne concentrations were calculated. These genera accounted for 56.4% of relative fungal frequency over the study year. CONCLUSIONS: Many airbone fungi are primary causes of both respiratory disease and crop damage. These new findings constitute a major contribution to Cuba's aerobiological database.
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Microbiologia do Ar , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Poluentes Atmosféricos/classificação , Poluentes Atmosféricos/isolamento & purificação , Cidades , Cuba , Monitoramento Ambiental , Estações do Ano , Esporos Fúngicos/classificaçãoRESUMO
RATIONALE: The highest burden of liver cancer occurs in developing countries, where the use of herbal medicine (HM) is still widespread. Despite this trend, few studies have been conducted to report HM practices of patients with a hepatic tumor in the developing world. Hence, this study aimed to document the use of HM among patients with liver cancer in Peru. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A comparative behavioral epidemiological survey was conducted among liver cancer patients attending the National Cancer Institute of Peru. Information was obtained by direct interviews based on a semistructured questionnaire. The use of HM in Peruvian liver cancer patients was reported, first, regarding general consumption prior to the onset of disease, and second, after the appearance of symptoms that patients would relate to their tumor. In parallel, general consumption of HM in noncancerous people was assessed as a comparative figure. A correspondence analysis was performed to reveal potential associations between the symptoms of cancer and the specific use of HM. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients and 117 noncancerous individuals participated in the survey. Overall, 68.3% of the people interviewed claimed to use HM on a regular basis for general health preservation. Furthermore, 56.8% of the patients turned to plants first to treat the disorders for which they later came to the cancer care center. When compared with the number of plant species used routinely (n = 78), a selection of plants was made by patients in response to the symptoms of cancer (n = 46). At least 2 plant species, Aloe vera and Morinda citrifolia, were significantly associated with the treatment of liver cancer-related symptoms in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first survey on the HM practices of patients with liver cancer in Latin America and, more broadly, in the developing world. Our findings confirm that HM remains one of the principal primary health care resources in Peru, even for a severe disease like liver cancer. These traditional, complementary and alternative medicine practices should be taken into consideration in Peruvian health programs aiming to educate the population in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as integrative cancer management.
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Terapias Complementares/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Adulto , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Medicina Herbária/métodos , Humanos , Medicina Integrativa/métodos , Oncologia Integrativa/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru , Prática Profissional , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In the developing world, most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma present with advanced-stage disease, considered to be incurable based on current therapeutic algorithms. Here, we demonstrate that curative liver resection is achievable in a portion of Peruvian patients not addressed by these treatment algorithms. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 253 hepatocellular carcinoma patients that underwent a curative hepatectomy between 1991 and 2011 at the National Cancer Institute of Peru. The median age of the cohort was 36 years, and merely 15.4% of the patients displayed cirrhosis. The average tumor size was over 14 cm in diameter, resulting in 76.3% of major hepatectomies performed. The 5- and 10-year survival probability estimates were 37.5% and 26.2%, respectively. Age (>44 vs. ≤44 years old; P = 0.005), tumor size (>10 cm vs. ≤10 cm in diameter; P = 0.009), cirrhosis (P < 0.001), satellite lesions (P < 0.001), macroscopic vascular invasion (P < 0.001), allogeneic blood transfusion (P = 0.011), and spontaneous rupture of the tumor (P = 0.006) were independent predictive factors for prognosis. Hepatocellular carcinomas in Peru are characterized by a distinct clinical presentation with notable features compared with those typically described throughout relevant literature. Despite a large number of advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinomas, the outcomes of liver resection observed in the present study were in good standing with the results previously described in other series. It thus appears that staging systems and associated therapeutic algorithms designed for use in the developed world remain inadequate in certain populations, especially in the context of Peruvian patients. Our findings suggest that clinicians in the developing world should reconsider management guidelines pertaining to hepatocellular carcinoma. Indeed, we hypothesize that, in developing countries, a strict adherence to these therapeutic algorithms might create a selection bias resulting in the dismissal of patients who could eventually be treated.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma usually afflicts individuals in their later years following longstanding liver disease. In Peru, hepatocellular carcinoma exists in a unique clinical presentation, which affects patients around age 25 with a normal, healthy liver. In order to deepen our understanding of the molecular processes ongoing in Peruvian liver tumors, mutation spectrum analysis was carried out on hepatocellular carcinomas from 80 Peruvian patients. Sequencing analysis focused on nine genes typically altered during liver carcinogenesis, i.e. ARID2, AXIN1, BRAF, CTNNB1, NFE2L2, H/K/N-RAS, and TP53. We also assessed the transcription level of factors involved in the control of the alpha-fetoprotein expression and the Hippo signaling pathway that controls contact inhibition in metazoans. The mutation spectrum of Peruvian patients was unique with a major class of alterations represented by Insertions/Deletions. There were no changes at hepatocellular carcinoma-associated mutation hotspots in more than half of the specimens analyzed. Furthermore, our findings support the theory of a consistent collapse in the Hippo axis, as well as an expression of the stemness factor NANOG in high alpha-fetoprotein-expressing hepatocellular carcinomas. These results confirm the specificity of Peruvian hepatocellular carcinoma at the molecular genetic level. The present study emphasizes the necessity to widen cancer research to include historically neglected patients from South America, and more broadly the Global South, where cancer genetics and tumor presentation are divergent from canonical neoplasms.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Peru , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this paper was to determine for first time the influence of the main meteorological parameters on the atmospheric fungal spore concentration in Havana (Cuba). This city is characterized by a subtropical climate with two different marked annual rainfall seasons during the year: a "dry season" and a "rainy season". A nonviable volumetric methodology (Lanzoni VPPS-2000 sampler) was used to sample airborne spores. The total number of spores counted during the 2 years of study was 293,594, belonging to 30 different genera and five spore types. Relative humidity was the meteorological parameter most influencing the atmospheric concentration of the spores, mainly during the rainy season of the year. Winds coming from the SW direction also increased the spore concentration in the air. In terms of spore intradiurnal variation we found three different patterns: morning maximum values for Cladosporium, night peaks for Coprinus and Leptosphaeria, and uniform behavior throughout the whole day for Aspergillus/Penicillium."
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Microbiologia do Ar , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Cidades , Cuba , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/fisiologia , Umidade , Estações do Ano , Temperatura , VentoRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in a collection of 226 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates and characterize the qnr-positive isolates. The rate of qnr-positive isolates was 21.6% (49/226), 49.5% for aac(6')-Ib-cr (112/226), and 1.7% for qepA1 (4/226). Those isolates carried qnr genes corresponding to types qnrB (71.4%), qnrS1 (24.4%), and qnrA1 (18.3%). The distribution among bacterial species was as follows: 55.8% (19/34) to Enterobacter cloacae, 50% (28/56) to Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1.4% (2/136) to Escherichia coli. The characterization of qnr-positive isolates indicated the ESBL SHV-types as the most prevalent (81.6%), including the ESBLs SHV-12, SHV-5, and SHV-2a, followed by CTX-M-15 (44.9%) and TLA-1 (8.1%). In addition, for qnr-positive isolates, the prevalence of aac(6')-Ib-cr was 55.1%, but qepA was not identified. Alterations at codons Ser-83 and Asp-87 in GyrA and at codons Ser-80 in ParC were observed in 69% and 80% of the qnr-positive isolates, respectively. The analysis of the transconjugants revealed a cotransmission of bla(CTX-M-15) with qepA1 or aac(6')-Ib-cr and/or qnrA1 and bla(SHV-type) with qnrB5 and qnrB6 genes. To conclude, these findings indicate a high prevalence of qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr among ESBL-producing isolates from Mexican hospitals and point to the wide spread of qnr-like determinants associated to ESBLs SHV- and CTX-M-type in Mexican clinical isolates.
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Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmídeos/genética , Quinolonas/farmacologia , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Conjugação Genética , Enterobacteriaceae/enzimologia , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
El síndrome de burnout es frecuente en las profesiones asistenciales y de contacto interpersonal; en su génesis intervienen, entre otros, factores de índole laboral. En el personal de enfermería se caracteriza, específicamente, por cansancio emocional, despersonalización y ausencia de realización personal. Por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se determina su prevalencia en una muestra representativa de enfermeras profesionales de un hospital de segundo nivel de atención, ubicado en San Luis Potosí. Participaron 70 enfermeras profesionales de los principales servicios, a quienes se aplicó el cuestionario breve de burnout en su versión estandarizada para México (CBB), que valora las áreas de cansancio emocional, despersonalización y ausencia de realización personal, aunado a tres cuestionarios que evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, la satisfacción laboral y familiar y el trastorno emocional. La afectación por el síndrome de burnout presentó niveles altos, asociándose principalmente con edad mayor de 30 años, estado civil, labores del hogar, ausentismo por enfermedad, depresión grave e insatisfacción laboral, entre otros. Se concluye que el síndrome tiene alta prevalencia en las enfermeras profesionales estudiadas, donde sobresalen los servicios de urgencias y la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se necesitan intervenciones a corto plazo para disminuir y prevenir el síndrome.
The Burnout syndrome (BS) is characterized by emotional fatigue, loss of personal identity and loss of personal realization feelings. BS is frequent among professionals that assist people (health care workers) and among those that have interpersonal contact; the occupational characteristics are among BS contributing factors. The objective was to ascertain BS prevalence among nurses affiliated to the San Luis Potosí General Hospital. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with a groups of nurses who gave their informed consent to participate. The Brief Questionnaire of Burnout version standardized for Mexico was used to collect the information. This version explores the following areas: emotional fatigue, loss of personal identity and personal realization. Also, participants answered three questionnaires about their socio-demographic characteristics, occupational satisfaction, family variables and emotional dysfunction. 70 licensed nurses participated. The BS was common among participants. Some variables related to BS were: age older than 30 years, being female, being married, housekeeping work, absenteeism due to illness, serious depression and occupational dissatisfaction. Nurses working at the emergency room and in critical care services had BS more often. The Burnout syndrome has a high prevalence among licensed nurses. Interventions to decrease and to avert BS are needed.
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Humanos , Esgotamento Profissional , Enfermagem , Hospitais Gerais , Satisfação no Emprego , MéxicoRESUMO
Este estudio cualitativo tuvo el objetivo de conocer el autocuidado tradicional de mujeres nativas durante el embarazo, el parto y al recién nacido. Fueron efectuadas 16 entrevistas parcialmente estructuradas a madres y parteras de una comunidad nativa peruana. Con el soporte de la teoría de las representaciones sociales y el método etnográfico, emergieron tres categorías temáticas: los símbolos y prácticas tradicionales representadas al cuidarse, preparan a la gestante para un parto fácil; la partera, saberes, prácticas y objetos durante el parto, representan protección para el bebé; la partera y la madre aseguran los cuidados inmediatos y la alimentación del recién nacido. Finalmente, las prácticas de autocuidado tradicional se consideran de sentido común, transmitidas generacionalmente y destacando la mujer cuidadora. Se objetiva respeto por su cosmovisión y naturaleza; y el anclaje de auto cuidado está arraigado a sus costumbres, creencias, símbolos e imágenes, con poca integración del cuidado y salud occidental.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand traditional self care about pregnancy, delivery, and for the newborn among native women. For data collection, 16 semi-structured interviews with mothers and midwives of a Peruvian native community were carried out. Upon the support of the social representations theory and ethnographic method, three thematic categories were identified: the symbols and traditional practices represented in applying self-care; preparing the pregnant woman for an easy delivery; the midwife, knowledge, practices, and things during the delivery that represent protection for the baby; and the midwife and the mother assure immediate care and feeding of the newborn. Finally, the practices of traditional self care are considered to be common sense, transmitted by generations, highlighting the woman caregiver. Respect for their cosmo-vision and nature was observed; and the self care anchor is rooted in their customs, beliefs, symbols, and images, with a little integration of occidental care and health.
Este estudo qualitativo teve o objetivo de conhecer o autocuidado tradicional de mulheres nativas durante a gravidez, parto e com o recém-nascido. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mães e parteiras de uma comunidade nativa peruana. Com o suporte da teoria das representações sociais e o método etnográfico, emergiram três categorias temáticas: os símbolos e práticas tradicionais representadas no cuidar-se, preparam a gestante para um parto fácil; a parteira, saberes, práticas e objetos durante o parto representam proteção para o bebê; a parteira e a mãe garantem os cuidados imediatos e alimentação do recém-nascido. Finalmente, as práticas tradicionais de autocuidado são consideradas de senso comum, transmitidas de geração em geração e destacam a mulher cuidadora. Objetiva-se o respeito por sua cosmovisão e natureza, e a âncora do autocuidado está arraigada em seus costumes, crenças, símbolos e imagens, mas com pouca integração ao cuidado e saúde ocidental.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Atenção à Saúde , Autocuidado , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Parto Humanizado , Saúde Materno-Infantil , Saúde da Mulher , Indígenas Sul-AmericanosRESUMO
Se ha realizado un estudio de la contaminación fúngica ambiental en la atmósfera de la ciudad de La Habana (Cuba), durante el período de lluvias de los años 2001 y 2002, utilizando un método volumétrico viable, que ha permitido conocer la concentración de unidades formadoras de colonias (ufc/m3) totales y caracterizar los géneros y especies más abundantes, en especial del género Aspergillus. Durante el año 2001 las concentraciones más elevadas de hongos se obtuvieron en agosto y septiembre y las más bajas en julio, mientras que en el año 2002 destacan los niveles de septiembre y octubre frente a los escasos niveles del mes de agosto. Al analizar la densidad relativa de los géneros identificados se observa que Aspergillus es el género más abundante en la atmósfera seguido de Penicillium y Cladosporium. Las especies más abundantes en el año 2001 y relativamente constantes en el tiempo fueron A. japonicus, A. niger y A. flavus, mientras en el año 2002, los más abundantes fueron: A. japonicus, A. fumigatus y A. niger, siendo A. niger el único constante en el tiempo.
A study on environmental fungal contamination in the atmosphere of the City of La Habana (Cuba), during the rainy period in 2001 and 2002 was carried out. A viable volumetric method was used, making it possible to ascertain the concentration of units comprising total colonies (ufc/m3), and to characterize the most abundant genera and species, especially Aspergillus. Throughout 2001, the highest concentrations of fungi were collected in August and September, and the lowest in July; while in 2002, the highest levels were in September and October, compared to the minimal levels for the month of August. On analyzing the relative density of the genera identified, it was found that the most abundant genus in the atmosphere was Aspergillus, followed by Penicillium and Cladosporium. The most abundant species and relatively constant over time in 2001 were A. japonicus, A. niger and A. flavus while in 2002 A. japonicus, A. fumigates and A. niger; this specie was the only constant in time.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/classificação , Aspergillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aspergillus/patogenicidade , Atmosfera/análise , Esporos Fúngicos , Cuba , ChuvaRESUMO
The burnout syndrome (BS) is characterized by emotional fatigue, loss of personal identity and loss of personal realization feelings. BS is frequent among professionals that assist people (health care workers) and among those that have interpersonal contact; the occupational characteristics are among BS contributing factors. The objective was to ascertain BS prevalence among nurses affiliated to the San Luis Potosí General Hospital. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with a groups of nurses who gave their informed consent to participate. The Brief Questionnaire of Burnout version standardized for Mexico was used to collect the information. This version explores the following areas: emotional fatigue, loss of personal identity and personal realization. Also, participants answered three questionnaires about their socio-demographic characteristics, occupational satisfaction, family variables and emotional dysfunction. 70 licensed nurses participated. The BS was common among participants. Some variables related to BS were: age older than 30 years, being female, being married, housekeeping work, absenteeism due to illness, serious depression and occupational dissatisfaction. Nurses working at the emergency room and in critical care services had BS more often. The burnout syndrome has a high prevalence among licensed nurses. Interventions to decrease and to avert BS are needed.
Assuntos
Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI)due to diabetic nephropaty (DN), represents in Mexicoa matter of concern in public health. This illness has an impact so much psysical as emotional along the process of the chronicity, this process deteriorates the quality of people's life that suffer it. For such reason, the purpose of the present investigation is to determine the impact of the deterioration of the quality of life in a sample of patients with diabetic nephropathy. It was carried out an expo-facto, af traverse type study, in this study we try to identify and typify their possible functional peculiarities. The fellows that participated in the study were 100 patients that attend to the continuos peritoneal dialysis program, in a hospital of the IMSS, of the capital of San Luis' State Potosí, diagnosed by their own doctors with DN. The deteriration of the quality of life was measured with the scale of quality of life related with the health (QOLRH), in its validated version and standardized to spanish. The dependent variable to consider was the evaluation of the index of deterioration of the quality of life estimated though the QOLRH scale. The independent variable understood the evolution time of the chronic-degenerative condition of the DN of the selected patients, as well as some socio-demographic aspects. the results revelead that 100 per cent of the studied sample deals with some grade of deterioration in its quality of life in the valued areas that included the scale. The areas of interaction stand out with the team of health, the sexual dysfunction, the emotional and physical aspects, among others. Having more risk in the deterioration, those patients with more than ten years of evolution of the suffering with DM-2, the educational level, over 50 years age. We conclude that the grade of deterioration of the quality of life in this type of patient with DN is progressive and associated to the degenerative evolution of illness.
Assuntos
Qualidade de Vida , Doença Crônica , Diabetes Mellitus , Insuficiência RenalRESUMO
En México, en las últimas décadas, se ha incorporado la categoría satisfacción del paciente como una variable digna de tener en cuenta enla estimación de la calidad de los servicios de salud. LAs actitudes de los pacientes y de los profesionales de la salud (concretamente los médicos y las enfermeras) cobran importancia en el resultado del proceso de interacción entre ambos, en la prestación de los servicios. El propósito de este trabajo es recoger los aportes más relevantes sobre el tema de la satisfacción del paciente desde una perspectiva histórica de su concepto, definiendo esté y abogando por criterios más rigurosos, científicamente probados y sustentados en la investigación.
Assuntos
Relações Enfermeiro-Paciente , Relações Médico-Paciente , Satisfação do PacienteRESUMO
One hundred eighty-four clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were recovered from August 1996 to October 1997 at the Pediatric Hospital of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Mexico City, Mexico. Most of the isolates were collected from the neonatal intensive care unit and infant wards, which are located on the same floor of the hospital. Isolates were genotypically compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI restriction of chromosomal DNA. Of 184 clinical isolates, 91 belonged to cluster A and comprised three subtypes (A1, A2, and A3), while 93 isolates, comprising two minor clones, B (10 isolates) and C (7 isolates), and 76 unique patterns, were considered unrelated isolates (URI). Susceptibility patterns were indistinguishable in both groups. Fifty extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates, including 34 from clone A and 16 from URI, were examined for further studies. Molecular and genetic analysis showed that 47 of 50 clinical isolates expressed the SHV-5 beta-lactamase. This enzyme, in combination with TEM-1, was encoded in a >or=170-kb conjugative plasmid. Results indicate that dissemination of this resistance was due to clonal and horizontal spread.