RESUMO
The contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been receiving global attention due to their worldwide presence in water bodies. The CECs could be originated from synthetic or natural sources, and they are not commonly monitored, although these substances are continuously reaching the aquatic environment. The main goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of some target CECs in São Paulo state surface water, once there is practically no information on the presence and concentration range of these substances at the studied sites. In addition, the present study aimed to assess adverse effects in the non-target fish embryo of Danio rerio (zebrafish) after exposure to surface water organic extract samples during 96 h using FET test. The CECs in surface water samples were determined by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled by mass spectrometry. A 2-year study was assessed in 7 rivers and 3 reservoirs at São Paulo state, where 25 of the 30 analyzed substances were quantified, being caffeine the substance with the highest concentration range (5.5 ng L-1 to 69 µg L-1) and detected in 95% of analyzed samples, followed by bisphenol A (6.5-1300 ng L-1) and carbendazim (4.7-285 ng L-1), found in 50% and 85% of the analyzed samples, respectively. The chemical analysis and biological test were not performed in order to show a direct relationship between concentrations and observed effects on embryos; however, the combined approach can provide a better understanding of the adverse effects caused by mixtures of substances at relevant environmental concentrations. Regarding the adverse effects, it was observed that in the samples from sites with higher anthropogenic activity in the surroundings, there was also a higher mortality rate in organisms. At the Ribeirão Pires River and Sapucaí-Guaçu River, the mortality rate during the 2-year study was 21.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The morphological abnormality rates were higher at Ribeirão Grande (21.4%) and Ribeirão Pires (29.5%) Rivers. The obtained results aim to show that even in low concentrations (ng-µg L-1) the CECs can cause adverse effects on non-target species, and because of that, new chemical indicators would be important to monitor the water quality and protect the aquatic biota.
Assuntos
Poluentes Químicos da Água , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
The contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been receiving global attention due to their worldwide presence in water bodies. The CECs could be originated from synthetic or natural sources, and they are not commonly monitored, although these substances are continuously reaching the aquatic environment. The main goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of some target CECs in São Paulo state surface water, once there is practically no information on the presence and concentration range of these substances at the studied sites. In addition, the present study aimed to assess adverse effects in the non-target fish embryo of Danio rerio (zebrafish) after exposure to surface water organic extract samples during 96 h using FET test. The CECs in surface water samples were determined by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled by mass spectrometry. A 2-year study was assessed in 7 rivers and 3 reservoirs at São Paulo state, where 25 of the 30 analyzed substances were quantified, being caffeine the substance with the highest concentration range (5.5 ng L−1 to 69 μg L−1) and detected in 95% of analyzed samples, followed by bisphenol A (6.5–1300 ng L−1) and carbendazim (4.7–285 ng L−1), found in 50% and 85% of the analyzed samples, respectively. The chemical analysis and biological test were not performed in order to show a direct relationship between concentrations and observed effects on embryos; however, the combined approach can provide a better understanding of the adverse effects caused by mixtures of substances at relevant environmental concentrations. Regarding the adverse effects, it was observed that in the samples from sites with higher anthropogenic activity in the surroundings, there was also a higher mortality rate in organisms. At the Ribeirão Pires River and Sapucaí-Guaçu River, the mortality rate during the 2-year study was 21.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The morphological abnormality rates were higher at Ribeirão Grande (21.4%) and Ribeirão Pires (29.5%) Rivers. The obtained results aim to show that even in low concentrations (ng–μg L−1) the CECs can cause adverse effects on non-target species, and because of that, new chemical indicators would be important to monitor the water quality and protect the aquatic biota.
RESUMO
Objetivo Verificar a toxicidade da NPAg em organismos aquáticos por meio do ensaio de ecotoxicidade aguda. O aumento na produção e utilização das nanopartículas de prata (NPAg) em diversas áreas, tem provocado preocupação quanto aos impactos e riscos potenciais que estas podem causar ao meio ambiente. Métodos O teste de ecotoxicidade aguda foi realizado seguindo a Norma Brasileira ABNT NBR 12713, utilizando como organismo-teste a Daphnia similis. A exposição dos organismos ocorreu em cinco concentrações de NPAg, durante 48 horas. O resultado de CE50, concentração do agente tóxico que causa imobilidade a 50% dos organismos expostos, da NPAg foi obtida pelo método estatístico de Trimmed Spearman-Karber. Resultados A média da CE50 da NPAg obtidas nos três ensaios realizados foi de 4,70 µg L1. Conclusão De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a NPAg causou imobilidade a 50% dos organismos expostos na concentração de 4,70 µg L1. Estudos devem ser continuados para melhor esclarecimento dos impactos no meio ambiente aquático.
Objective To assess the toxicity of AgNP in aquatic organisms through acute ecotoxicity test. The increasing of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and use in several areas, has caused great concern about the potential impacts and risks that they can cause to the environment. Methods The ecotoxicity tests were carried out according to the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 12713, using Daphnia similis as test-organisms. The organisms were exposed to five AgNP concentrations for a period of 48 hours. The AgNP EC50 result, concentration of the toxic agent which causes immobility to 50% of exposed organisms, was obtained by the statistical method of Spearman-Karber Trimmed. Results The average of AgNP EC50 result from three performed tests was 4.70 µg L1. Conclusion According to the results, AgNP showed immobility to 50% of exposed organisms in the concentration of 4.70 µg L1. Studies must be continued to better understand the impacts on the aquatic environment.