RESUMO
Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh, 1973 is the second most diverse genus of Doryctinae in the Neotropical region, however, in Colombia only two species have been reported and no studies on the diversity of the genus have been conducted. We present a taxonomic synopsis of the genus from Colombia. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) allowed the taxonomic evaluation of morphometric characters used by other authors and those proposed in the present study to differentiate the species. Forty seven of 104 characters studied are useful to discriminate the species. Twenty three species are reported. The following new records for Colombia are: Notiospathius angustus Marsh, 2002; N. badius Marsh, 2002; N. bicolor Marsh, 2002; N. ninae Marsh, 2002; N. rugonotum Marsh, 2002; N. shawi Marsh, 2002; N. tinctipennis (Cameron, 1887) and N. venezuelae López-Estrada & Zaldívar-Riverón, 2012. The following 14 new species are described: N. alejandroi sp. nov., N. amazonensis sp. nov., N. carmenae sp. nov., N. cundinamarcensis sp. nov., N. farallonensis sp. nov., N. julianoi sp. nov., N. magdalenensis sp. nov., N. marshi sp. nov., N. payae sp. nov., N. putumayensis sp. nov., N. quimbayensis sp. nov., N. tayronensis sp. nov., N. utriae sp. nov., N. vallensis sp. nov. Notiospathius ugaldei Marsh, 2002 is the junior synonym of N. columbianus (Enderlein, 1912); Notiospathius mariachi Reséndiz-Flores, Nunes and Zaldívar-Riverón, 2014 is the junior synonym of N. carolinae (Marsh, 2002); and N. chinanteco Reséndiz-Flores, Nunes and Zaldívar-Riverón, 2014 is the junior synonym of N. rugonotum Marsh, 2002. A comprehensive taxonomic key with illustrations is presented.
Assuntos
Vespas/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Colômbia , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Vespas/anatomia & histologia , Vespas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Jame's rule proposes a direct relationship between body size and altitude. There are several studies about this rule; however, few studies analyze proportional changes in body parts along gradients. The morphological variation of Agelaia pallipes (Olivier) in five sites along an altitudinal gradient (2600-3380 m) in the Santuario de Iguaque, Colombia, were studied in order to test whether or not the species follows Jame's rule, and whether body parts follow a homogeneous variation. Body variation analysis was conducted through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the relationship between altitude and each morphometric measurement was studied through regression analyses. The MANOVA indicated significant differences among sites. An increase in altitude leads to a reduction in body size, especially in hind femur length and head width. However, measurements linked to flight such as mesosoma height, mesoscutum width, and fore wing size showed a reverse tendency. Possibly all described changes are consequence of both reduction on food availability and lower atmospheric pressure. The low temperature of high areas may strongly limit foraging and thus food availability. Lower atmospheric pressure reduces flight potential and may result in an increase in size of both wings and flight muscles. This paper underscores the need to study in detail the changes in body proportions in species with wide distribution ranges in latitude and altitude.
Assuntos
Altitude , Vespas , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Demografia , Vespas/anatomia & histologia , Vespas/fisiologiaRESUMO
Jame's rule proposes a direct relationship between body size and altitude. There are several studies about this rule; however, few studies analyze proportional changes in body parts along gradients. The morphological variation of Agelaia pallipes (Olivier) in five sites along an altitudinal gradient (2600-3380 m) in the Santuario de Iguaque, Colombia, were studied in order to test whether or not the species follows Jame's rule, and whether body parts follow a homogeneous variation. Body variation analysis was conducted through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the relationship between altitude and each morphometric measurement was studied through regression analyses. The MANOVA indicated significant differences among sites. An increase in altitude leads to a reduction in body size, especially in hind femur length and head width. However, measurements linked to flight such as mesosoma height, mesoscutum width, and fore wing size showed a reverse tendency. Possibly all described changes are consequence of both reduction on food availability and lower atmospheric pressure. The low temperature of high areas may strongly limit foraging and thus food availability. Lower atmospheric pressure reduces flight potential and may result in an increase in size of both wings and flight muscles. This paper underscores the need to study in detail the changes in body proportions in species with wide distribution ranges in latitude and altitude.
A regra de Jame propõe uma relação direta entre o tamanho do corpo e a altitude. Muitos estudos são relacionados a essa regra; no entanto, poucos analisam as mudanças proporcionais em partes do corpo ao longo de gradientes. Foi estudada a variação morfológica em Agelaia pallipes (Olivier) em cinco faixas altitudinais (2600-3380 m), no Santuario de Iguaque (Colombia), com o objetivo de testar se a espécie segue a regra de Jame e se o tamanho de determinadas estruturas varia homogeneamente ao longo do gradiente. O efeito da altitude em estruturas foi testado com análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA), e a relação entre cada variável e altitude avaliada com análises de regressão. A MANOVA mostrou diferenças no tamanho das estruturas entre os locais. O aumento na altura conduz à redução no tamanho de corpo, especialmente no comprimento do fêmur traseiro e na largura da cabeça. No entanto, medidas de estruturas relacionadas ao vôo, tais como o comprimento do mesosoma, largura do mesoscutum, e ainda, tamanho da asa anterior, apresentam tendência inversa. É possível que todas as mudanças sejam conseqüência da redução de alimento e da diminuição da pressão atmosférica. A temperatura baixa das altitudes maiores pode limitar o forrageamento e, portanto, os recursos. A baixa pressão atmosférica torna o vôo mais difícil e pode resultar no aumento do tamanho das asas e dos músculos do vôo. Este trabalho enfatiza a necessidade de estudos relacionados a mudanças nas proporções corporais em espécie com amplas distribuições, latitudinal e altitudinal.