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Designing and deploying telecommunications and broadcasting networks in the challenging terrain of the Amazon region pose significant obstacles due to its unique morphological characteristics. Within low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), this research study introduces a comprehensive approach to modeling large-scale propagation loss channels specific to the LoRaWAN protocol operating at 915 MHz. The objective of this study is to facilitate the planning of Internet of Things (IoT) networks in riverside communities while accounting for the mobility of end nodes. We conducted extensive measurement campaigns along the banks of Universidade Federal do Pará, capturing received signal strength indication (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and geolocated point data across various spreading factors. We fitted the empirical close-in (CI) and floating intercept (FI) propagation models for uplink path loss prediction and compared them with the Okumura-Hata model. We also present a new model for path loss with dense vegetation. Furthermore, we calculated received packet rate statistics between communication links to assess channel quality for the LoRa physical layer (PHY). Remarkably, both CI and FI models exhibited similar behaviors, with the newly proposed model demonstrating enhanced accuracy in estimating radio loss within densely vegetated scenarios, boasting lower root mean square error (RMSE) values than the Okumura-Hata model, particularly for spreading factor 9 (SF9). The radius coverage threshold, accounting for node mobility, was 945 m. This comprehensive analysis contributes valuable insights for the effective deployment and optimization of LoRa-based IoT networks in the intricate environmental conditions of the Amazon region.

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Background: Self-expanding metal prostheses improve dysphagia in patients with incurable esophageal cancer (EC). New stents have been introduced, and chemoradiotherapy has been implemented for EC, changing patients' risk profiles. It is unknown whether this has affected palliation with stents. Patients and methods: Retrospective study in three centers in Medellín-Colombia; patients undergoing placement of palliative esophageal prostheses for malignant dysphagia (1997-2022). Major and minor complications after implantation, the influence of oncological therapies, and survival were evaluated for 1997-2009 (n = 289) and 2010-2022 (n = 318). Results: 607 patients underwent esophageal prostheses; 296 (48.8%) became complicated. It was higher in the second period (52.5% vs. 48.1%), as were major complications (20.8% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.033), with no differences in minor complications (33.9% vs 31.8%, p = 0.765). Also, 190 (31.3%) patients presented with recurrent dysphagia, stable in both periods. Migration increased over time (from 13.1% to 18.2%, p = 0.09). The most common minor adverse event was pain, increasing over time (from 24.9% to 33.95%, p < 0.01), and associated factors were chemoradiotherapy, absence of fistula, and squamous cell carcinoma. Acid reflux decreased in the second group (p = 0.038). Twelve percent of patients required another intervention for feeding. Survival was not impacted by time and use of stents. Conclusions: Stents are an alternative in non-surgical malignant dysphagia, although recurrent dysphagia has not decreased over time. Minor stent-related complications are increasing in association with the implementation of chemoradiotherapy.

Antecedentes: Las prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles mejoran la disfagia en pacientes con cáncer esofágico (CE) incurable. En las últimas décadas se han introducido nuevos tipos de stents y se ha implementado la quimiorradioterapia para el CE, generando cambios en los perfiles de riesgo de los pacientes. Se desconoce si estos cambios han afectado la paliación con stents. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en tres centros de Medellín-Colombia; pacientes sometidos a colocación de prótesis esofágicas paliativas para disfagia maligna (1997-2022). Se evaluaron en dos períodos: 1997-2009 (n = 289) y 2010-2022 (n = 318), complicaciones mayores y menores después del implante, la influencia de las terapias oncológicas y la sobrevida. Resultados: Se evaluaron 607 pacientes sometidos a prótesis esofágicas. 296 (48,8%) se complicaron, y fue mayor en el segundo periodo (52,5% frente a 48,1%), al igual que las complicaciones mayores (20,8% frente a 14,2%, p = 0,033), sin diferencias en complicaciones menores (33,9% frente a 31,8%, p = 0,765). 190 (31,3%) pacientes presentaron disfagia recurrente, estable en ambos períodos. La migración aumentó con el tiempo (de 13,1% a 18,2%, p = 0,09). El evento adverso menor más frecuente fue dolor, que aumentó con el tiempo (de 24,9% a 33,95%, p < 0,01), y los factores asociados fueron quimiorradioterapia, ausencia de fístula y carcinoma de células escamosas. El reflujo ácido disminuyó en el segundo grupo (p = 0,038). El 12% de pacientes requirieron otra intervención para alimentarse. No se impactó la sobrevida con el tiempo y uso de stents. Conclusiones: Los stents son una alternativa en la disfagia maligna no quirúrgica, aunque la disfagia recurrente no ha disminuido con el tiempo. Las complicaciones menores relacionadas con el stent van en aumento, asociadas a la implementación de la quimiorradioterapia.

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In this work, a fully 3D-printed choke corrugated Gaussian profile horn antenna (GPHA) using high-conductive filaments and a low-cost modular 3D-printing technique is implemented. The choke corrugated GPHA operates in the Ka-band, with a central frequency of 28 GHz. Although the antenna can be printed in one piece as its dimensions are within the printing limits, four pieces compose the three sections of the final 3D-printed antenna. The numerical simulations and measurements of the antenna show a good agreement, validating the possibility of cost-effective modular fabrication of this complex type of antennas.

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Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) is a tumor that appears after a normal colonoscopy before the established time for the endoscopic follow up. Its origin reflects the quality of the colonoscopy and the different tumoral biologics between the CRC and the CRCPC. Our aim is to describe the characteristics of the PCCRC in our region, to identify risk factors, to discriminate the potential causes according to the World Endoscopý Organization (WEO) and to determine its impact in the patient's survival. We studied patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) attended at the gastro-oncology clinic of two institutions of Medellin-Colombia, between January 2012 and December 2021 that had been submitted to a colonoscopy between 6-36 months before the colonoscopy in which the CRC was diagnosed. 919 patients during 10 years for CRC, 68 cases of PCCRC (6.9%); It was more frequent in older patients (74 vs. 66 years; p=0.03), with background of adenomatous polyps (36.8% vs. 20.1%; p=0.01) and in right colon (57.4% vs. 40.6%; p=0.006), with a tendency in patients with diverticulosis (41.2% vs. 31.3%; p=0.05) and diabetes (25% vs. 14%; p=0.06); less survival at 5 and 10 years (58% and 55.2% vs. 67% and 63%; p < 0.001). According to the WEO, the PCCRC presents in 61.3% because of abnormal findings omitted in inadequate colonoscopies, 29% in a suitable colonoscopy and 9.7% incomplete resections of adenomas. In conclusion, the rate of PCCRC was 6.9% with more propension in older patients, a background of polyp resection, and proximal colon. According to the WEO, the abnormal findings omitted more frequently were related with inadequate colonoscopies. The patients with PCCRC had less survival.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of death by cancer in women in Colombia. Approximately 15 to 20% of breast cancers overexpress HER2. Objective: To analyze the relationship between multiple clinical and histological variables and pathological complete response in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy in a specialized cancer center in Colombia. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant therapy between 2007 and 2020 at the Instituto de Cancerología Las Americas Auna (Medellín, Colombia). Assessed parameters were tumor grade, proliferation index, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 status, type of neoadjuvant therapy, pathologic complete response rates, and overall survival. Results: Variables associated with low pathologic complete response rates were tumor grades 1-2 (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81; p = 0.03), estrogen receptor positivity (OR =0.65; 95%; CI = 0.43-0.97; p=0.04), and progesterone receptor positivity (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.29-0.65; p = 0.0001). HER2 strong positivity (score 3+) was associated with high pathological complete response rates (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.3-8.35; p=0.013). Five-year overall survival was 91.5% (95% CI = 82.6-95.9) in patients with pathological complete response and 73.6% (95% CI = 66.4-79.6) in patients who did not achieve pathological complete response (p = 0.001). Additionally, the pathological complete response rate was three times higher in patients receiving combined neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anti-HER2 therapy than in those with chemotherapy alone (48% versus 16%). Conclusions: In patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, tumor grade 3, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, strong HER2 positivity (score 3+), and the use of the neoadjuvant trastuzumab are associated with higher pathological complete response rates.

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Introduction. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of death by cancer in women in Colombia. Approximately 15 to 20% of breast cancers overexpress HER2. Objective. To analyze the relationship between multiple clinical and histological variables and pathological complete response in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy in a specialized cancer center in Colombia. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of non-metastatic HER2- positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant therapy between 2007 and 2020 at the Instituto de Cancerología Las Americas Auna (Medellín, Colombia). Assessed parameters were tumor grade, proliferation index, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 status, type of neoadjuvant therapy, pathologic complete response rates, and overall survival. Results. Variables associated with low pathologic complete response rates were tumor grades 1-2 (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81; p = 0.03), estrogen receptor positivity (OR = 0.65; 95%; CI = 0.43-0.97; p=0.04), and progesterone receptor positivity (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.29-0.65; p = 0.0001). HER2 strong positivity (score 3+) was associated with high pathological complete response rates (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.3-8.35; p=0.013). Five-year overall survival was 91.5% (95% CI = 82.6-95.9) in patients with pathological complete response and 73.6% (95% CI = 66.4-79.6) in patients who did not achieve pathological complete response (p = 0.001). Additionally, the pathological complete response rate was three times higher in patients receiving combined neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anti- HER2 therapy than in those with chemotherapy alone (48% versus 16%). Conclusion. In patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, tumor grade 3, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, strong HER2 positivity (score 3+), and the use of the neoadjuvant trastuzumab are associated with higher pathological complete response rates.

Introducción. El adenocarcinoma de seno es el tipo de cáncer más frecuente y con mayor tasa de mortalidad asociada en mujeres en Colombia. Aproximadamente entre el 15 al 20 % de estos cánceres sobreexpresan el gen HER2. Objetivo. Analizar las asociaciones existentes entre múltiples variables clínicas e histológicas con respecto a la respuesta patológica completa en pacientes con cáncer de mama HER2 positivo que fueron tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante en un centro especializado en el tratamiento del cáncer en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de las pacientes con cáncer de mama HER2 positivo, no metastásicas, que recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante entre el 2007 y el 2020 en el Instituto de Cancerología Las Américas Auna (Medellín, Colombia). Se evaluaron los parámetros de grado tumoral, índice de proliferación, estatus de receptores de estrógeno y de progesterona, tipo de quimioterapia neoadyuvante recibida, tasas de respuesta patológica completa y supervivencia global. Resultados. Las variables asociadas con tasas de respuesta patológica completa más bajas fueron grados tumorales 1-2 (OR = 0,55; IC 95% = 0,37-0,81; p= 0,03), positividad de receptores de estrógeno (OR = 0,65; IC 95 % = 0,43-0,97; p = 0,04) y positividad de receptores de progesterona (OR = 0,44; IC 95 % = 0,29-0,65; p = 0,0001). La positividad fuerte para HER2 (puntaje 3+) se asoció a tasas de respuesta patológica completa más altas (OR = 3.3; IC 95 % = 1,3-8,35; p = 0,013). La supervivencia global a cinco años fue del 91,5 % (IC 95 % = 82,6-95,9) en pacientes con respuesta patológica completa y del 73,6 % (IC 95 % = 66.4-79.6) en pacientes sin respuesta patológica completa (p = 0.001). La tasa de respuesta patológica completa fue tres veces mayor en los pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante con terapia anti-HER2 comparado con aquellos que recibieron quimioterapia sola sin agentes anti-HER2 (48 % versus 16 %). Conclusión. En pacientes con cáncer de mama con sobreexpresión de HER2, grado tumoral tres, receptores de estrógeno y progesterona negativos, positividad fuerte para HER2 (puntaje 3+) y uso de quimioterapia neoadyuvante con trastuzumab se asociaron con mayores tasas de respuesta patológica completa.

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BACKGROUND: The acquired brain damage is a common neurological disorder. OBJECTIVE: Determine the probabilistic intersections of variables related to acquired brain damage from the determination of a priori and a posteriori probabilities. METHOD: Analytical retrospective study. A descriptive analysis was carried out, confidence intervals were calculated to obtain the mean and the proportion with α = 0.05 considering the age of the patient and the diagnosis. An analysis of probabilistic intersection, a priori and a posteriori probability was performed considering diagnosis, sex and age decade; finally, chi squared was calculated. RESULTS: 736 patients were analyzed. The most frequent diagnosis was language disorder. The patients diagnosed with memory disorder were the youngest and those diagnosed with degenerative cognitive disorder the oldest. The probability that a patient with sequelae due to acquired brain damage arrives at the hospital, at the language pathology service, to be diagnosed with a language disorder and that this patient is also a man is 29.06%. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of short and long-term disability generated by acquired brain damage highlights the importance of an early and timely detection and diagnosis so that it favors prompt and efficient specialized care.

ANTECEDENTES: El daño cerebral adquirido es un trastorno neurológico común. OBJETIVO: Determinar las intersecciones probabilísticas de variables relacionadas con daño cerebral adquirido a partir de la determinación de probabilidades a priori y a posteriori. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo analítico. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y se calcularon intervalos de confianza para la media y para la proporción con α = 0.05 considerando la edad del paciente y el diagnóstico. Se realizó análisis de intersección probabilística, probabilidad a priori y a posteriori considerando el diagnóstico, el sexo y la década de edad; por último, se utilizó la prueba χ2. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 736 pacientes. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el trastorno del lenguaje. Los pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno de memoria fueron los más jóvenes y los diagnosticados con trastorno cognitivo degenerativo los más longevos. La probabilidad de que llegue al hospital, al servicio de patología de lenguaje, un paciente con secuelas por daño cerebral adquirido, sea diagnosticado con trastorno del lenguaje y sea hombre es del 29.06%. CONCLUSIONES: La alta prevalencia de discapacidad a corto y largo plazo generada por el daño cerebral adquirido indica la importancia de la detección y el diagnóstico temprano y oportuno que favorezcan una pronta y eficiente atención especializada.

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Cáncer colorrectal post-colonoscopia (CCRP) es el tumor que aparece posterior a una colonoscopia normal antes de cumplirse el tiempo establecido para seguimiento endoscópico. Origen multifactorial, refleja la calidad de la colonoscopia y las diferentes biologías tumorales entre los cánceres colorrectales detectados (CCRD) y el CCRP. Nuestro objetivo es describir las características del CCRP en nuestro medio, identificar factores de riesgo, discriminar sus causas según la Organización Mundial de Endoscopia (OME) y determinar el efecto en la sobrevida del paciente. El estudio se realizó en pacientes con cáncer-colorrectal (CCR) atendidos en consulta de gastro-oncología de dos instituciones en Medellín-Colombia, entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2021 que se habían sometido a una colonoscopia en los 6 a 36 meses anteriores a la colonoscopia en la que se diagnosticó el CCR. 919 pacientes durante 10 años por CCR, 68 casos de CCRP (6,9%), se encontró que se presenta con más frecuencia en pacientes mayores (74 vs. 66 años; p=0,03), con antecedentes de pólipos adenomatosos (36,8% vs. 20,1%; p=0,01) y en colon derecho (57,4% vs. 40,6%; p=0,006), con una tendencia en pacientes con diverticulosis (41,2% vs. 31,3%; p=0,05) y diabetes (25% vs. 14%; p=0,06); menor sobrevida a 5 y 10 años (58%-55,2% vs. 67%-63%; p<0,001). Según la OME, los CCRP se presentaron en 61,3% por lesiones omitidas en colonoscopias inadecuadas, 29% colonoscopias adecuadas y 9,7% resecciones incompletas de adenomas. En conclusión, la tasa de CCRP fue de 6,9%, con mayor propensión en pacientes de mayores, antecedente de resección de pólipos, y en colon derecho. Acorde a la OME, las lesiones omitidas más frecuentemente se relacionaron con colonoscopias inadecuadas. Los pacientes con CCRP tienen menor sobrevida.

Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) is a tumor that appears after a normal colonoscopy before the established time for the endoscopic follow up. Its origin reflects the quality of the colonoscopy and the different tumoral biologics between the CRC and the CRCPC. Our aim is to describe the characteristics of the PCCRC in our region, to identify risk factors, to discriminate the potential causes according to the World Endoscopý Organization (WEO) and to determine its impact in the patient's survival. We studied patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) attended at the gastro-oncology clinic of two institutions of Medellin-Colombia, between January 2012 and December 2021 that had been submitted to a colonoscopy between 6-36 months before the colonoscopy in which the CRC was diagnosed. 919 patients during 10 years for CRC, 68 cases of PCCRC (6.9%); It was more frequent in older patients (74 vs. 66 years; p=0.03), with background of adenomatous polyps (36.8% vs. 20.1%; p=0.01) and in right colon (57.4% vs. 40.6%; p=0.006), with a tendency in patients with diverticulosis (41.2% vs. 31.3%; p=0.05) and diabetes (25% vs. 14%; p=0.06); less survival at 5 and 10 years (58% and 55.2% vs. 67% and 63%; p<0.001). According to the WEO, the PCCRC presents in 61.3% because of abnormal findings omitted in inadequate colonoscopies, 29% in a suitable colonoscopy and 9.7% incomplete resections of adenomas. In conclusion, the rate of PCCRC was 6.9% with more propension in older patients, a background of polyp resection, and proximal colon. According to the WEO, the abnormal findings omitted more frequently were related with inadequate colonoscopies. The patients with PCCRC had less survival.

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Introducción: La inteligencia emocional es una habilidad blanda, definida como la capacidad de reconocer las emociones propias y ajenas para gestionarlas frente a otros de manera adecuada. Este tipo de inteligencia se relaciona con competencias y aptitudes humanas en diferentes áreas sociales, académicas y de trabajo. Objetivo: Describir el papel de la inteligencia emocional en la práctica clínica de los residentes médicos, como marco de referencia para su aplicación en la educación teórico-práctica y la realización de futuras investigaciones. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS y Google Scholar. Se emplearon operadores lógicos mediante distintas combinaciones: MeSH: Emotional Intelligence, Medical Residencies, Education, Medical, Education, Medical, Graduate; y DeCS: Inteligencia Emocional, Residencia Médica, Educación Médica, Educación de Postgrado en Medicina. La búsqueda se limitó por año, idioma y acceso libre, teniendo en cuenta criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se obtuvieron 279 resultados, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 26 para ser incluidos en la revisión y síntesis de los resultados. Resultados: Los resultados se organizaron según su relación con la inteligencia emocional en: medición en residentes médico-quirúrgicos, niveles de estrés y burnout, empatía en la relación médico-paciente, desempeño académico, bienestar y satisfacción laboral. Conclusiones: La inteligencia emocional en los residentes médico-quirúrgicos se ha relacionado con menores niveles de estrés y burnout, comunicación asertiva, mayor empatía con los pacientes y calidad en la atención médica; además, con elevado rendimiento académico, mejores habilidades de enseñanza, liderazgo y motivación; y, finalmente, con mejor bienestar psicológico, satisfacción laboral y rendimiento clínico(AU)

Introduction: Emotional intelligence is a soft skill, defined as the ability to recognize one's own and others' emotions in view of managing them in front of others adequately. This type of intelligence is related to human competences and skills in different social, academic and occupational areas. Objective: To describe the role of emotional intelligence in the clinical practice of medical residents, as a frame of reference for its application in theoretical-practical education and the development of future research. Methods: A literature review was carried out in the PubMed, LILACS and Google Scholar databases. Logical operators were used by means of different combinations from the Medical Subject Headings: Emotional Intelligence, Medical Residencies, Education, Medical, Education, Medical, Graduate. The following combinations from the Health Sciences Descriptors were also used: "Inteligencia Emocional [emotional Intelligence], Residencia Médica [medical residence], Educación Médica [medical education], Educación de Postgrado en Medicina [postgraduate education in Medicine]. The search was limited by year, language and free access, taking into account inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 279 results were obtained, of which 26 were selected to be included in the review and synthesis. Results: The results were organized, according to their relationship with emotional intelligence, in measurement in medical-surgical residents, levels of stress and burnout, empathy in the doctor-patient relationship, academic performance, well-being, and job satisfaction. Conclusions: Emotional intelligence in medical-surgical residents has been related to lower levels of stress and burnout, assertive communication, greater empathy with patients, and quality in medical care; furthermore, with high academic performance, better skills for teaching, leadership and motivation; and, finally, with better psychological well-being, job satisfaction and clinical performance(AU)

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Resumen La publicidad es una parte de la mercadotecnia que ha demostrado, durante décadas y tal vez siglos, ser efectiva para la productividad de los negocios. En México, la pandemia de COVID-19, desde el mes de abril de 2020 y al menos a mayo de 2021, ha dejado estragos comerciales y empresariales diversos, que se pueden apreciar en la quiebra de algunos negocios y en el nacimiento o desarrollo de otros. La resiliencia de las empresas, capacidad de sobreponerse a las adversidades del entorno, ha sido un tema importante durante la pandemia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar en qué medida impacta la publicidad, tanto tradicional como digital, en la resiliencia de las empresas. Se realizó una investigación empírica cuantitativa en el mes de mayo de 2021, en la que se aplicó un cuestionario en línea de 30 ítems a una muestra de 302 micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de la zona sur del estado de Tamaulipas, México. Los resultados mostraron que las empresas encuestadas manifestaron utilizar casi en la misma proporción la publicidad tradicional y digital. Se encontró además una correlación significativa y positiva entre los dos tipos de publicidad y la resiliencia de las empresas, por lo que se puede recomendar a los empresarios definir estrategias encaminadas a utilizar todos los medios publicitarios para anunciarse y así incrementar la posibilidad de tener sostenibilidad empresarial, en particular en tiempos adversos.

Abstract Advertising is a part of marketing that has proved over decades, and perhaps centuries, to be effective for business productivity. The COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, which paused large numbers of economic activities from April 2020 to at least May 2021, has left diverse commercial and business disruptions. These can be seen in the bankruptcy of some businesses and in the birth or development of others. The resilience of enterprises, understood as the capacity to overcome the adversities of the environment has been an important topic during the pandemic. The aim of this work was to determine the extent to which both, conventional and digital advertising impact on the resilience of enterprises. An empirical quantitative investigation was carried out in May 2021, in which a 30-item online questionnaire was administered to a sample of 302 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises located in the southern region of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Results showed that the surveyed companies claimed that they use conventional and virtual advertising in almost the same proportion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the use of the two types of advertising and the resilience of enterprises. Therefore, it is advisable for entrepreneurs to define strategies that lead to the use of all advertising mediums in order to increase the possibility of achieving entrepreneurial sustainability, especially in adverse circumstances.

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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process that allows formation of embryos from somatic cells; this biological process has different stages that first require micropropagation and conditioning of explant, and then induction, multiplication, development, and germination of somatic embryos (SoE), to obtain seedlings that will be acclimatized and grown in a greenhouse to further be cultivated in the field. Inorganic compounds are supplemented by macro- and micronutrients that can conform different culture media, and with other compounds such as a carbon source, vitamins, and plant growth regulators (PGRs), will direct the fate of the plant cells to obtain SoE that will regenerate into plants. The concentration of these inorganic compounds must be optimized, since at very high concentrations they can cause toxicity and at low concentrations they may not induce the desired response. The objective of this chapter is to describe the most significant advances in the use of inorganic elements during the different stages of SE, starting with the description of the most used basal media and later describing the use of the main studied mineral elements during establishment of SE.

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Resumen Introducción: la monitorización de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una estrategia costo-efectiva, la cual, con un abordaje integral, disminuye los gastos derivados de la atención. La telesalud es una herramienta enfocada en este propósito. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en describir el uso de la telesalud para el monitoreo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia, bajo el marco de la atención primaria. Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane y EMBASE) y documentos oficiales. Se reunieron 154 documentos y con un análisis de contenido, se seleccionaron 45 artículos y documentos. Resultados: la telesalud es una herramienta útil en el control de pacientes con diabetes. En los estudios revisados se evidencia el potencial de la telesalud en la reducción de los costos y el adecuado control glucémico de esta población. Las herramientas de la tecnología y la comunicación junto con la telesalud, en pacientes diabéticos, podrían favorecer su adecuado autocontrol, beneficiando la disminución de los gastos al sistema de seguridad social. Conclusiones: el uso de la telesalud se presenta como una alternativa para el control glucémico de los pacientes y debe considerarse por parte de los médicos de atención primaria, pues son la puerta de entrada al sistema de salud. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios sobre el tema para determinar su beneficio exacto como herramienta para el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia, bajo el marco de la atención primaria en salud.

Summary Introduction: Monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is a cost-effective strategy, which with a comprehensive approach, reduces the costs of care. Telehealth is an adequate tool focused on this purpose. Objective: To describe the use of telehealth for monitoring type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia under the primary care framework. Methods: A narrative review was carried out by searching databases (PubMed, Google Scholar ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and EMBASE) and official documents. In total, 154 documents were collected; subsequently, a content analysis was carried out and 45 articles and documents were selected. Results: Telehealth is a useful tool in the control of patients with diabetes. In the reviewed studies, the potential of telehealth in reducing costs and adequate glycemic control in this population is evidenced. The tools of technology and communication, together with telehealth in diabetic patients, could favor their adequate self-control, reduction the costs to the social security system. Conclusions: The use of telehealth is presented as an alternative for patients with diabetes, which should be considered by primary care physicians who are the gateway to the health system. However, more studies are needed on the subject, to determine accurately the benefit of telehealth as a tool for control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia, under the framework of primary health care.

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For years, the presence of clubroot disease and its causal agent, Plasmodiophora brassicae, in Mexico has been stated as a fact. However, an intensive search of the scientific literature in English and Spanish, as well as gray literature including theses and government reports, did not reveal any information about the actual detection of the pathogen, affected hosts, or areas with clubroot presence, or any information about clubroot (hernia de la col in Mexico). We followed a multistep process to confirm whether P. brassicae was indeed in Mexico. First, we identified agricultural communities with a history of cruciferous crop cultivation. Second, we asked growers if they had seen clubroot on their crops, using pictures of the characteristic root galls. Third, we collected soil from the locations where clubroot was reported and looked for clubroot/P. brassicae in the soil using several cruciferous bait plants. For the first time we confirm the presence of the clubroot pathogen P. brassicae in Mexico, through a bioassay, the presence of resting spores, and a P. brassicae-specific PCR assay. The identification of P. brassicae in Mexico will contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversity of this elusive and devastating plant pathogen in future studies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

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Deep knowledge of how radio waves behave in a practical wireless channel is required for the effective planning and deployment of radio access networks in outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) environments. Using more than 400 non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio measurements at 3.5 GHz, this study analyzes and validates a novel O2I measurement-based path loss prediction narrowband model that characterizes and estimates shadowing through Kriging techniques. The prediction results of the developed model are compared with those of the most traditional assumption of slow fading as a random variable: COST231, WINNER+, ITU-R, 3GPP urban microcell O2I models and field measured data. The results showed and guaranteed that the predicted path loss accuracy, expressed in terms of the mean error, standard deviation and root mean square error (RMSE) was significantly better with the proposed model; it considerably decreased the average error for both scenarios under evaluation.

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Resumen Desde el siglo pasado se incrementó el interés por el capital social y el capital humano. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas, dentro de sus 17 objetivos para un desarrollo sostenible, contempla al capital humano como un factor importante del capital social en al menos 3 de ellos. No obstante, la relación entre los factores del capital humano como desarrolladores del capital social no han sido lo suficientemente estudiados en México, como tampoco en Tamaulipas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar si las variables de capital humano: educación, capacitación, motivación y cultura organizacional tienen un impacto en el capital social de pequeñas y medianas empresas de la zona sur de Tamaulipas, México. Se aplicaron 82 encuestas a propietarios, gerentes o encargados de hoteles de 3 y 4 estrellas adscritos a la Asociación de Hoteles y Moteles del Sur de Tamaulipas. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para determinar las correlaciones entre los constructos. Los resultados indicaron que sí existe una relación entre los factores de capital humano y el capital social. Se estableció que el capital social, tiene una fuerte relación con la capacitación.

Abstract Since the last century, there has been increasing interest in social capital and human capital. At least 3 out of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) contemplate capital human as an important factor of social capital. However, this relationship between human capital factors as developers of social capital has not been sufficiently studied in Mexico, including Tamaulipas. The objective of this research was to determine if the variables of education, training, motivation and organizational environment have an impact on the social capital of small and medium sized enterprises. 82 questionnaires were administered to owners, managers or managers of 3 and 4 star hotels affiliated to the Association of Hotels and Motels of Southern Tamaulipas. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlations between the constructs. The results indicated that there is a relationship between the factors of human capital and social capital. A strong link between social capital and training was established.

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BACKGROUND: Upon exposure to unfavorable environmental conditions, plants need to respond quickly to maintain their homeostasis. For instance, physiological, biochemical and transcriptional changes occur during plant-pathogen interaction. In the case of Vanilla planifolia Jacks., a worldwide economically important crop, it is susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov). This pathogen causes root and stem rot (RSR) in vanilla plants that lead to plant death. To investigate how vanilla plants, respond at the transcriptional level upon infection with Fov, here we employed the RNA-Seq approach to analyze the dynamics of whole-transcriptome changes during two-time frames of the infection. RESULTS: Analysis of global gene expression profiles upon infection by Fov indicated that the major transcriptional change occurred at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), in comparison to 10 dpi. Briefly, the RNA-Seq analysis carried out in roots found that 3420 and 839 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 2 and 10 dpi, respectively, as compared to the control. In the case of DEGs at 2 dpi, 1563 genes were found to be up-regulated, whereas 1857 genes were down-regulated. Moreover, functional categorization of DEGs at 2 dpi indicated that up-regulated genes are mainly associated to translation, whereas down-regulated genes are involved in cell wall remodeling. Among the translational-related transcripts, ribosomal proteins (RPs) were found increased their expression exclusively at 2 dpi. CONCLUSIONS: The screening of transcriptional changes of V. planifolia Jacks upon infection by Fov provides insights into the plant molecular response, particularly at early stages of infection. The accumulation of translational-related transcripts at early stages of infection potentially points to a transcriptional reprogramming coupled with a translational regulation in vanilla plants upon infection by Fov. Altogether, the results presented here highlight potential molecular players that might be further studied to improve Fov-induced resistance in vanilla plants.

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Background: The study of plant-associated microorganisms is very important in the discovery and development of bioactive compounds. Pseudomonas is a diverse genus of Gammaproteobacteria comprising more than 60 species capable of establishing themselves in many habitats, which include leaves and stems of many plants. There are reports of metabolites with diverse biological activity obtained from bacteria of this genus, and some of the metabolites have shown cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. Because of the high incidence of cancer, research in recent years has focused on obtaining new sources of active compounds that exhibit interesting pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that lead to the development of new therapeutic agents. Results: A bacterial strain was isolated from tumors located in the stem of Pinus patula, and it was identified as Pseudomonas cedrina. Extracts from biomass and broth of P. cedrina were obtained with chloroform:methanol (1:1). Only biomass extracts exhibited antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines of cervix (HeLa), lung (A-549), and breast (HBL-100). In addition, a biomass extract from P. cedrina was fractioned by silica gel column chromatography and two diketopiperazines were isolated: cyclo-(L-Prolyl-L-Valine) and cyclo-(L-Leucyl-L-Proline). Conclusions: This is the first report on the association of P. cedrina with the stems of P. patula in Mexico and the antiproliferative activity of extracts from this species of bacteria against human solid tumor cell lines.

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The evolution of maize (Zea mays L.) is highly controversial given the discrepancies related to the phenotypic and genetic changes suffered by the species, the incidence of human groups and the times in which these changes occurred. Also, morphological and genetic traits of crops are difficult to evaluate in the absence of fossils macro-botanical remains. In contrast in the Tarapacá region (18-21° S), Atacama Desert of Chile, prehispanic settlements (ca. 2500-400 yr BP) displayed extensive maize agriculture. The presence of archaeological macro-botanical remains of maize provided a unique opportunity to study the evolution of this crop, covering a temporal sequence of at least 2000 years. Thus, in this study, we ask how the morphological and genetic diversity of maize has varied since its introduction during prehispanic times in the Tarapacá region. To answer this, we measured and compared morphological traits of size and shape between archaeological cobs and kernels and 95 ears from landraces. To established genetic diversity eight microsatellite markers (SSR) were analyzed in archaeological and modern kernels. Genetic diversity was estimated by allelic frequency rates, the average number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He). Differences between populations and genetic structure were estimated by fixation index FST and STRUCTURE analysis. Our results indicate significant phenotypic differences and genetic distance between archaeological maize and landraces. This result is suggestive of an introduction of new varieties or drastic selective changes in modern times in Tarapacá. Additionally, archaeological maize shows a low genetic diversity and a progressive increase in the size of ears and kernels. These results suggest a human selection during prehispanic times and establish that prehispanic farmers played an important role in maize development. They also provide new clues for understanding the evolutionary history of maize in hyperarid conditions.

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This article presents the design, construction, and evaluation of an easy-to-build textile pressure resistive sensor created from low-cost conventional anti-static sheets and conductive woven fabrics. The sensor can be built quickly using standard household tools, and its thinness makes it especially suitable for wearable applications. Five sensors constructed under such conditions were evaluated, presenting a stable and linear characteristic in the range 1 to 70 kPa. The linear response was modeled and fitted for each sensor individually for comparison purposes, confirming a low variability due to the simple manufacturing process. Besides, the recovery times of the sensors were measured for pressures in the linear range, observing, for example, an average time of 1 s between the moment in which a pressure of 8 kPa was no longer applied, and the resistance variation at the 90% of its nominal value. Finally, we evaluated the proposed sensor design on a classroom application consisting of a smart glove that measured the pressure applied by each finger. From the evaluated characteristics, we concluded that the proposed design is suitable for didactic, healthcare and lifestyle applications in which the sensing of pressure variations, e.g., for activity assessment, is more valuable than accurate pressure sensing.