RESUMO
Surgeries that require general anesthesia occur in 1.5-2% of gestations. Isoflurane is frequently used because of its lower possibility of affecting fetal growth. Therefore, we examined the isoflurane anesthesia-induced effects on maternal hemodynamic and vascular changes. We hypothesized that isoflurane would enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation as a consequence of increased nitric oxide and decreased metalloproteinases (MMPs). Female rats (n=28) were randomized into 4 groups (7 rats/group): conscious (non-anesthetized) non-pregnant group, non-pregnant anesthetized group, conscious pregnant group, and pregnant anesthetized group. Anesthesia was performed on the 20th pregnancy day, and hemodynamic parameters were monitored. Nitric oxide metabolites, gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and the vascular function were assessed. Isoflurane caused no significant hemodynamic changes in pregnant compared with non-pregnant anesthetized group. Impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxations were observed only in conscious non-pregnant group (by approximately 62%) versus 81% for other groups. Phenylephrine-induced contractions were greater in endothelium-removed aorta segments of both pregnant groups (with or without isoflurane) compared with non-pregnant groups. Higher nitric oxide metabolites were observed in anesthetized pregnant in comparison with the other groups. Reductions in the 75 kDa activity and concomitant increases in 64 kDa MMP-2 isoforms were observed in aortas of pregnant anesthetized (or not) groups compared with conscious non-pregnant group. Isoflurane anesthesia shows stable effects on hemodynamic parameters and normal MMP-2 activation in pregnancy. Furthermore, there were increases in nitric oxide bioavailability, suggesting that isoflurane provides protective actions to the endothelium in pregnancy.
Assuntos
Isoflurano , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz , Óxido Nítrico , Vasodilatação , Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Ratos , Anestésicos Inalatórios/farmacologia , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoflurano/farmacologia , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Preeclampsia is a maternal hypertension disorder associated with vascular dysfunction and fetal and placental growth restrictions. Placental ischemia is suggested as the primary trigger of preeclampsia-associated impairments of both endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and the vascular activity of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP) is a placental ischemia model of preeclampsia. Reduction of sodium nitrite to NO may occur during ischemic conditions. However, sodium nitrite effects in the RUPP model of preeclampsia have not yet been investigated. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: normotensive pregnant rats (Norm-Preg), pregnant rats treated with sodium nitrite (Preg + Nitrite), preeclamptic rats (RUPP), and preeclamptic rats treated with sodium nitrite (RUPP + Nitrite). Maternal blood pressure and fetal and placental parameters were recorded. Vascular function, circulating NO metabolites, and the gelatinolytic activity of vascular MMP-2 were also examined. Sodium nitrite attenuates increased blood pressure, prevents fetal and placental weight loss, counteracts vascular hyper-reactivity, and partially restores NO metabolites and MMP-2 activity. In conclusion, sodium nitrite reduction to NO may occur during RUPP-induced placental ischemia, thereby attenuating increased blood pressure, fetal and placental growth restriction, and vascular hyper-reactivity associated with preeclampsia and possibly restoring NO and MMP-2 activity, which underlie the blood pressure-lowering effects.
Assuntos
Pré-Eclâmpsia , Nitrito de Sódio , Feminino , Gravidez , Animais , Ratos , Humanos , Nitrito de Sódio/farmacologia , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz , Pré-Eclâmpsia/tratamento farmacológico , Pressão Sanguínea , Placenta , Isquemia/tratamento farmacológico , Óxido NítricoRESUMO
AIMS: Pregnancy hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction associated with impairment of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and hemodynamic derangements is a challenging for urgent procedures requiring maternal anesthesia. The volatile anesthetic isoflurane has demonstrated NO-associated protective effects. However, this isoflurane-induced effect is still unclear in pregnancy hypertension. Therefore, the present study examined the potential protective effects of isoflurane anesthesia on endothelial dysfunction and hemodynamic changes induced by hypertensive pregnancy associated with fetal and placental growth restrictions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animals were distributed into four groups: normotensive pregnant rats (Preg), anesthetized pregnant rats (Preg+Iso), hypertensive pregnant rats (HTN-Preg), and anesthetized hypertensive pregnant rats (HTN-Preg+Iso). Systolic and diastolic pressures, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, fetal and placental weights, vascular contraction, endothelium-derived NO-dependent vasodilation, and NO levels were assessed. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) Serine (1177) phosphorylation (p-eNOS) expression were also examined. KEY FINDINGS: Isoflurane produced more expressive hypotensive effects in the HTN-Preg+Iso versus Preg+Iso group, with respective reductions in MAP by 50 ± 13 versus 25 ± 4 mmHg (P < 0.05). Also, HTN-Preg+Iso compared to the HTN-Preg group showed (respectively) preventions against the weight loss of the fetuses (4.0 ± 0.6 versus 2.8 ± 0.6 g, P < 0.05) and placentas (0.37 ± 0.06 versus 0.30 ± 0.06 mg, P < 0.05), hyper-reactive vasocontraction response (1.8 ± 0.4 versus 2.8 ± 0.6 g, P < 0.05), impaired endothelium-derived NO-dependent vasodilation (84 ± 8 versus 50 ± 17 %, P < 0.05), reduced VEGF levels (147 ± 46 versus 25 ± 13 pg/mL, P < 0.05), and decreased p-eNOS expression (0.24 ± 0.07 versus 0.09 ± 0.05 arbitrary units, P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: Isoflurane anesthesia protects maternal endothelial function in pregnancy hypertension, and possibly endothelium-derived NO is involved.
Assuntos
Anestesia , Hipertensão , Isoflurano , Feminino , Gravidez , Animais , Ratos , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Isoflurano/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico , PlacentaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep herds from twenty-three sheep farms spread in the Alto Sertão region of Paraíba state, Brazil. Sample size was obtained through a simple random sampling, which was determined from the total amount of sheep head of the microregion. It was collected 262 faecal samples directly from the rectum of the animals, conditioned in polyethylene bags previously identified and kept refrigerated until processing. Faecal egg counting was performed and cultures in pool of each farm were done separately. It was observed a prevalence of GN of 84.7% (222/262) to the evaluated sheep. Furthermore, it was noted the presence of unless one positive animal for helminths in 100.0% of sheep farms. Among the 222 positive animals, 49.6% presented EPG<1000, 28.8% EPG among 1000-2000 and 21.6%presented EPG>2000. Recovered third stage larvae showed that the most prevalent nematode was Haemonchus sp.(79.6%), followed by Trichostrongylus sp. (13.8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.6%), Strongyloides sp. (2.4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0.6%). High prevalence of GIN in sheep from the Alto Sertão region can explain low productivity of the herd and economic losses.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de nematódeos gastrintestinais (NGI) de rebanhos ovinos de 23 unidades de produção distribuídas no Alto Sertão da Paraíba, Brasil. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por meio de amostragem aleatória simples, calculada a partir da quantidade total de cabeça de ovinos da microrregião. Foram coletadas 262 amostras fecais diretamente do reto dos animais, acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno previamente identificados e mantidas refrigeradas até o processamento. A contagem de ovos nas fezes foi realizada e coproculturas em pool de cada fazenda foram feitas individualmente. Observou-se uma prevalência de GN de 84,7% (222/262) para os ovinos avaliados. Além disso, notou-se a presença de ao menos um animal positivo para helmintos em 100,0% das fazendas de ovinos. Entre os 222 animais positivos, 49,6% apresentaram OPG<1000, 28,8% OPG entre 1000-2000,e 21,6% apresentaram OPG>2000. Larvas de terceiro estágio recuperadas mostraram que o nematódeo mais prevalente foi Haemonchus sp. (79,6%), seguido por Trichostrongylus sp. (13,8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3,6%), Strongyloides sp. (2,4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0,6%). A alta prevalência de NGI em ovinos do Alto Sertão da Paraíba pode explicar a baixa produtividade do rebanho e as perdas econômicas.(AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) de rebaños de ovinos de veintitrés granjas de ovinos diseminadas en la región de Alto Sertão en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil. El tamaño de la muestra se obtuvo a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple, que se determinó a partir de la cantidad total de cabezas de ovinos de la microrregión. Se recogieron 262 muestras fecales directamente del recto de los animales, se acondicionaron en bolsas de polietileno previamente identificadas y se mantuvieron refrigeradas hasta su procesamiento. Se realizó el recuento de huevos fecales y los cultivos en grupo de cada granja se realizaron por separado. Se observó una prevalencia de NGI de 84.7% (222/262) en los ovinos evaluadas. Además, se observó la presencia de un animal positivo para helmintos en el 100% de las granjas ovinas. Entre los 222 animales positivos, el 49,6% presentó OPG<1000), 28,8% OPG 1000-2000, y 21,6%OPG>2000. Las larvas recuperadas de la tercera etapa mostraron que el nematodo más prevalente fue Haemonchus sp. (79.6%), seguido por Trichostrongylus sp. (13,8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.6%), Strongyloides sp. (2.4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0,6%). La alta prevalencia de NGI en ovinos de la región de Alto Sertão puede explicar la baja productividad del rebaño y las pérdidas económicas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Ovinos/parasitologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , BrasilRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep herds from twenty-three sheep farms spread in the Alto Sertão region of Paraíba state, Brazil. Sample size was obtained through a simple random sampling, which was determined from the total amount of sheep head of the microregion. It was collected 262 faecal samples directly from the rectum of the animals, conditioned in polyethylene bags previously identified and kept refrigerated until processing. Faecal egg counting was performed and cultures in pool of each farm were done separately. It was observed a prevalence of GN of 84.7% (222/262) to the evaluated sheep. Furthermore, it was noted the presence of unless one positive animal for helminths in 100.0% of sheep farms. Among the 222 positive animals, 49.6% presented EPG2000. Recovered third stage larvae showed that the most prevalent nematode was Haemonchus sp.(79.6%), followed by Trichostrongylus sp. (13.8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.6%), Strongyloides sp. (2.4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0.6%). High prevalence of GIN in sheep from the Alto Sertão region can explain low productivity of the herd and economic losses.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de nematódeos gastrintestinais (NGI) de rebanhos ovinos de 23 unidades de produção distribuídas no Alto Sertão da Paraíba, Brasil. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por meio de amostragem aleatória simples, calculada a partir da quantidade total de cabeça de ovinos da microrregião. Foram coletadas 262 amostras fecais diretamente do reto dos animais, acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno previamente identificados e mantidas refrigeradas até o processamento. A contagem de ovos nas fezes foi realizada e coproculturas em pool de cada fazenda foram feitas individualmente. Observou-se uma prevalência de GN de 84,7% (222/262) para os ovinos avaliados. Além disso, notou-se a presença de ao menos um animal positivo para helmintos em 100,0% das fazendas de ovinos. Entre os 222 animais positivos, 49,6% apresentaram OPG2000. Larvas de terceiro estágio recuperadas mostraram que o nematódeo mais prevalente foi Haemonchus sp. (79,6%), seguido por Trichostrongylus sp. (13,8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3,6%), Strongyloides sp. (2,4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0,6%). A alta prevalência de NGI em ovinos do Alto Sertão da Paraíba pode explicar a baixa produtividade do rebanho e as perdas econômicas.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) de rebaños de ovinos de veintitrés granjas de ovinos diseminadas en la región de Alto Sertão en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil. El tamaño de la muestra se obtuvo a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple, que se determinó a partir de la cantidad total de cabezas de ovinos de la microrregión. Se recogieron 262 muestras fecales directamente del recto de los animales, se acondicionaron en bolsas de polietileno previamente identificadas y se mantuvieron refrigeradas hasta su procesamiento. Se realizó el recuento de huevos fecales y los cultivos en grupo de cada granja se realizaron por separado. Se observó una prevalencia de NGI de 84.7% (222/262) en los ovinos evaluadas. Además, se observó la presencia de un animal positivo para helmintos en el 100% de las granjas ovinas. Entre los 222 animales positivos, el 49,6% presentó OPG2000. Las larvas recuperadas de la tercera etapa mostraron que el nematodo más prevalente fue Haemonchus sp. (79.6%), seguido por Trichostrongylus sp. (13,8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.6%), Strongyloides sp. (2.4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0,6%). La alta prevalencia de NGI en ovinos de la región de Alto Sertão puede explicar la baja productividad del rebaño y las pérdidas económicas.
Assuntos
Animais , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Ovinos/parasitologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , BrasilRESUMO
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) de rebaños de ovinos de veintitrés granjas de ovinos diseminadas en la región de Alto Sertão en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil. El tamaño de la muestra se obtuvo a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple, que se determinó a partir de la cantidad total de cabeza de ovino de la microrregión. Se recogieron 262 muestras fecales directamente del recto de los animales, se acondicionaron en bolsas de polietileno previamente identificadas y se mantuvieron refrigeradas hasta su procesamiento. Se realizó el recuento de huevos fecales y los cultivos en grupo de cada granja se realizaron por separado. Se observó una prevalencia de NGI de 84.7% (222/262) en los ovinos evaluadas. Además, se observó la presencia de un animal positivo para helmintos en el 100% de las granjas ovinas. Entre los 222 animales positivos, el 65,3% presentó OPG 1000), 15,8% OPG 1000-2000, y 18,9% OPG>2000. Las larvas recuperadas de la tercera etapa mostraron que el nematodo más prevalente fue Haemonchus sp. (79.6%), seguido por Trichostrongylus sp. (13,8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.6%), Strongyloides sp. (2.4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0,6%). El rebaño de ovinos de la región de Alto Sertão, en el estado de Paraíba, presenta una alta prevalencia de NGI.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep herds from twenty-three sheep farms spread in the Alto Sertão region of Paraíba state, Brazil. Sample size was obtained through a simple random sampling, which was determined from the total amount of sheep head of the microregion. It was collected 262 faecal samples directly from the rectum of the animals, conditioned in polyethylene bags previously identified and kept refrigerated until processing. Faecal egg counting was performed and cultures in pool of each farm were done separately. It was observed a prevalence of GN of 84.7% (222/262) to the evaluated sheep. Furthermore, it was noted the presence of unless one positive animal for helminths in 100.0% of sheep farms. Among the 222 positive animals, 65.3% presented EPG 1000, 15.8% EPG among 1000-2000 and 18.9% presented EPG>2000. Recovered third stage larvae showed that the most prevalent nematode was Haemonchus sp. (79.6%), followed by Trichostrongylus sp. (13.8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3.6%), Strongyloides sp. (2.4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0.6%). Sheep herd from the Alto Sertão region of Paraíba state presents a high prevalence of GIN.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de nematódeos gastrintestinais (NGI) de rebanhos ovinos de 23 unidades de produção distribuídas no Alto Sertão da Paraíba, Brasil. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por meio de amostragem aleatória simples, calculada a partir da quantidade total de cabeça de ovinos da microrregião. Foram coletadas 262 amostras fecais diretamente do reto dos animais, acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno previamente identificados e mantidas refrigeradas até o processamento. A contagem de ovos nas fezes foi realizada e coproculturas em pool de cada fazenda foram feitas idividualmente. Observou-se uma prevalência de GN de 84,7% (222/262) para os ovinos avaliados. Além disso, notou-se a presença de menos de um animal positivo para helmintos em 100,0% das fazendas de ovinos. Entre os 222 animais positivos, 65,3% apresentaram OPG 1000, 15,8% OPG entre 1000-2000, e 18,9% apresentaram OPG>2000. Larvas de terceiro estágio recuperadas mostraram que o nematódeo mais prevalente foi Haemonchus sp. (79,6%), seguido por Trichostrongylus sp. (13,8%), Oesophagostomum sp. (3,6%), Strongyloides sp. (2,4%) e Bunostomum sp. (0,6%). O rebanho ovino da região do Alto Sertão da Paraíba apresenta alta prevalência de NGI.
RESUMO
Sheep-raising is a promising activity in the semi-arid of the Brazilian Northeast. However, somebarriers prevent the development of this type of livestock farming, such as the lack of assistance to producersand climatic factors that straight affect herd production. Therefore, it was aimed to contribute to thedevelopment of this activity, suggesting the implementation of reproductive-handling practices in PIVAS. Thework in 2013 was developed in 15 among 22 productive areas intended for production in PIVAS. In 2014 it wassupported 08 productive areas and in 2015, it was accompanied 066 productive areas. There was a significantchange in the frequency of the implementation of some practices suggested by the extension group, for example,in 2014 and 2015, it was reached 100% of acceptance for neonate care and discarding annual rate. Finally,many of the suggested systems have not been complied because of barriers already mentioned.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Reprodutivo/classificação , Ovinos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Sheep-raising is a promising activity in the semi-arid of the Brazilian Northeast. However, somebarriers prevent the development of this type of livestock farming, such as the lack of assistance to producersand climatic factors that straight affect herd production. Therefore, it was aimed to contribute to thedevelopment of this activity, suggesting the implementation of reproductive-handling practices in PIVAS. Thework in 2013 was developed in 15 among 22 productive areas intended for production in PIVAS. In 2014 it wassupported 08 productive areas and in 2015, it was accompanied 066 productive areas. There was a significantchange in the frequency of the implementation of some practices suggested by the extension group, for example,in 2014 and 2015, it was reached 100% of acceptance for neonate care and discarding annual rate. Finally,many of the suggested systems have not been complied because of barriers already mentioned.(AU)