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INTRODUCTION: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is a disease that can affect any organ or tissue. Due to its potential to cause more dangerous sequelae and the barriers to its timely diagnosis, greater clinical awareness of this disease is crucial. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with EPTB in the population of Oaxaca, Mexico. METHODS: This is an unpaired case-control study. The cases were patients with EPTB+ while the controls were patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB+) registered in the Tuberculosis Epidemiological Surveillance System. Sociodemographic, clinical, and microbiological variables were recovered. Bivariate analyses were performed and logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: A total of 75 EPTB+ cases and 300 PTB+ controls were included. Of the total sample, 57.1% were men and 60.3% indigenous. The most frequent clinical presentations of EPTB+ were nodal (21.3%), miliary (21.3%), and breast (20.0%). According to logistic regression analysis, age <40 years (OR: 2.25 (95% CI: 1.13-4.49), female sex (OR: 1.92 (95% CI: 1.03-3.56)], urban residence (OR: 2.25 (95% CI: 1.11-4.55)), comorbidity with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (OR: 3.46 (95% CI: 1.31-9.10)), dyspnea (OR: 2.67 (1.22-5.82)), and adenopathy (OR: 3.38 (95% CI: 1.42-8.06)) were positively associated with EPTB+. CONCLUSION: These results can serve as a basis for screening EPTB+, thus improving the preventive and diagnostic capacity of local health services, taking as a starting point women under 40 years of age and patients with HIV/AIDS in urban areas, as well as the presence of adenopathy and dyspnea as clinical characteristics of the disease.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 disease has been one of the most harmful pandemics for humanity; therefore, ensuring adherence to preventive and control measures is essential. This adherence largely depends on the population's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 prevention and its associated factors in Oaxaca, Mexico. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study surveyed adults online regarding KAP. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical comparisons. Factors associated with higher KAP levels were analyzed by calculating odd ratios (ORs) through logistic regression. Results: A total of 176 people participated, of whom 82.42% were women, and 81.83% were <30 years old. Among the participants, 90.88% identified direct contact with infected individuals as the main mode of transmission, 73.86% correctly identified the incubation period, and 93.22% referred to handwashing as the main preventive measure. The KAP scores were 65.34%, 32.95%, and 40.91%, respectively, with no differences by sex or age. Discussion: Participants with higher COVID-19 knowledge and more positive attitudes towards the pandemic were associated with more frequent preventive practices [OR:1.89 (CI:1.17-3.73)] and [OR:3.21 (CI:1 .62-6.35)], respectively, compared to those with lower scores. Conclusions: The study population has a low level of KAP; greater knowledge about COVID-19 and more positive attitudes towards the pandemic increase preventive practices.
Introducción: La enfermedad de COVID-19 ha sido una de las pandemias más perjudiciales para la humanidad, por lo cual, garantizar la adherencia a medidas preventivas y de control es fundamental. Esta adherencia depende en gran medida de los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) de la población frente al COVID-19. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas hacia la prevención de COVID-19 y sus factores asociados en Oaxaca, México. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico, en mayores de edad a través de una encuesta en línea sobre CAP. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, y chi cuadrada o exacta de Fisher para comparaciones categóricas. Se analizaron los factores asociados a un mayor nivel de CAP calculando OR´s a través de regresión logística. Resultados: En total 176 personas participaron, de los cuales 82,42% fueron mujeres y 81,83% fueron <30 años. El 90,88% identificó como principal medio de transmisión el contacto directo con personas enfermas, 73,86% identificó correctamente el periodo de incubación y el 93,22% refirió el lavado de manos como principal medida preventiva. Las puntuaciones CAP fueron 65,34%, 32,95% y 40,91% respectivamente, sin diferencias por sexo y edad. Discusión: Los participantes con mayor conocimiento sobre COVID-19 y actitudes más positivas hacia la pandemia se asociaron con tener prácticas preventivas más frecuentes, [OR:1,89 (IC:1,17-3,73)] y [OR:3,21(IC:1,62-6,35)] respectivamente, en comparación con aquellos con menor puntuación. Conclusiones: La población de estudio tiene un bajo nivel de CAP. Un mayor conocimiento sobre COVID-19 y actitudes más positivas hacia la pandemia aumentan las prácticas preventivas.
Introdução: A doença COVID-19 tem sido uma das pandemias mais prejudiciais para a humanidade, portanto, garantir a adesão às medidas preventivas e de controle é fundamental. Esta adesão depende em grande parte dos conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas (CAP) da população relativamente à COVID-19. Objetivo: Identificar o nível de conhecimento, atitudes e práticas em relação à prevenção da COVID-19 e seus fatores associados em Oaxaca, México. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal e analítico, em adultos através de inquérito online sobre CAP. Estatísticas descritivas e qui-quadrado ou estatística exata de Fisher foram aplicadas para comparações categóricas. Os fatores associados ao maior nível de CAP foram analisados por meio do cálculo de OR por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: Participaram no total 176 pessoas, das quais 82,42% eram mulheres e 81,83% tinham <30 anos. 90,88% identificaram o contacto direto com pessoas doentes como principal meio de transmissão, 73,86% identificaram corretamente o período de incubação e 93,22% referiram a lavagem das mãos como principal medida preventiva. Os escores do CAP foram de 65,34%, 32,95% e 40,91% respectivamente, sem diferenças por sexo e idade. Discussão: Participantes com maior conhecimento sobre a Covid-19 e atitudes mais positivas frente à pandemia foram associados a práticas preventivas mais frequentes, [1,89 (IC:1,17-3,73)] e [3,21(IC:1,62-6,35)] respectivamente, comparados para aqueles com pontuação mais baixa. Conclusões: A população estudada apresenta baixo nível de CAP. Maior conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 e atitudes mais positivas frente à pandemia aumentam as práticas preventivas.