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Eosinophils are mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic manifestations. They produce many biologically active substances that contribute to the destruction of pathogens through the degranulation of microbicidal components and inflammatory tissue effects. In leishmaniasis, eosinophils have been found within inflammatory infiltrate with protective immunity against the parasite. We analyzed the responses of eosinophils from patients with localized (LCL) and diffuse (DCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as from healthy subjects, when exposed to Leishmania mexicana. All DCL patients exhibited blood eosinophilia, along with elevated eosinophil counts in non-ulcerated nodules. In contrast, only LCL patients with prolonged disease progression showed eosinophils in their blood and cutaneous ulcers. Eosinophils from DCL patients secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, compared to eosinophils from LCL patients. Additionally, DCL patients displayed higher serum levels of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated that eosinophils from both LCL and DCL patients responded to L. mexicana promastigotes with a robust oxidative burst, which was equally intense in both patient groups and significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Coincubation of eosinophils (from donors with eosinophilia) with L. mexicana promastigotes in vitro revealed various mechanisms of parasite damage associated with different patterns of granule exocytosis: 1) localized degranulation on the parasite surface, 2) the release of cytoplasmic membrane-bound "degranulation sacs" containing granules, 3) release of eosinophil extracellular traps containing DNA and granules with major basic protein. In conclusion, eosinophils damage L. mexicana parasites through the release of granules via diverse mechanisms. However, despite DCL patients having abundant eosinophils in their blood and tissues, their apparent inability to provide protection may be linked to the release of cytokines and chemokines that promote a Th2 immune response and disease progression in these patients.

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PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features and histopathologic findings of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) with ophthalmic involvement diagnosed at a Mexican ophthalmologic referral center in a period of 62 years. RESULTS: A total of 17 cases of RDD with ophthalmologic manifestations in Mexican-mestizo patients were collected. Female predominance was observed in 12 of 17 patients. The mean age was 36 years with a range of 12-76 years. The median age at presentation was 32 years. The orbit was the most affected location with 15 cases. Conjunctival disease was seen in 4 cases: two as isolated lesions, the rest with orbital or uveal involvement . One case suggested choroidal RDD associated to conjunctival and orbital lesion. Three cases presented multifocal disease. A patient with orbital affection developed extranodal disease elsewhere. No concurrent lymphadenopathy was observed in any patient.Histopathological examination revealed classic RDD findings in all cases: A polymorphous cellular infiltrate composed by lymphocytes, plasma cells and large histiocytes with emperipolesis hallmark of the disease. Immunohistochemically, histiocytes were positive for S-100 protein and CD68 in 15 cases. CONCLUSION: RDD of the eye and ocular adnexa in Mexican-mestizo patients is common in middle-aged women frequently as an isolated orbital lesion. Histopathology is necessary for accurate diagnosis. Most patients had a favourable outcome after medical and surgical treatment. To the best of our knowledge this is the largest case series of RDD of the eye and ocular adnexa in Latin-American patients.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la sepsis representa, en la actualidad, un problema a nivel mundial, con alta incidencia y un significativo impacto en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, lugar de atención de pacientes con estados deteriorados de salud. Objetivo: evaluar el comportamiento de la sepsis en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos 2 del Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado", en el 2018. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo del comportamiento del índice general de sepsis, las causas directas de muerte y la resistencia bacteriana en la unidad de cuidados intensivos seleccionada. Resultados: el índice general de sepsis en el año 2018 fue de 45,2 % (media), entre las causas directas de muerte el shock séptico y el síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica estuvieron presentes, además de la bronconeumonía severa bilateral. Se demostró in vitro, la resistencia bacteriana a algunos de los antimicrobianos que se utilizan en la actualidad. Conclusiones: se constató que la sepsis constituyó una entidad común y en aumento en el servicio estudiado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: sepsis today represents a worldwide problem, with high incidence and a significant impact on intensive care units, the setting of patients' care with deteriorated health conditions. Objective: to evaluate the behavior of sepsis at No-2 Intensive Care Unit, Abel Santamaría Cuadrado General Teaching Hospital, during 2018. Methods: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was conducted in relation to the behavior of rate of the general sepsis, direct causes of death and bacterial resistance in the chosen Intensive Care Unit. Results: the general rate of sepsis in 2018 was 45.2% (the mean), among the direct causes of death were septic shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) were present in addition to severe bilateral bronchopneumonia and bacterial resistance confirmed in vitro to some of the antimicrobials that are in use today. Conclusions: it was confirmed sepsis constituted a common entity and in increasing rate in the service studied.

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AIMS: Myxomas are benign soft tissue tumours resembling primitive mesenchyme. They rarely involve ocular structures, and have been recognized in the conjunctiva, eyelids, cornea, and orbit. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological features of seven patients with primary conjunctival myxoma seen at Dr Luis Sánchez Bulnes Hospital, an ophthalmological referral centre in Mexico City. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed the clinical, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of patients with documented myxoma of the conjunctiva diagnosed in our hospital. Seven conjunctival myxomas were retrieved from 5923 conjunctival biopsies (0.1%). The mean age of patients was 40 years, with a range of 27-51 years. Females were more frequently affected, and none of our patients had systemic disease. The left eye was involved in five cases, and most of the lesions were located in the bulbar conjunctiva. Histopathological examination revealed a benign tumour composed of spindle-shaped and stellate-shaped cells immersed within an abundant mucinous matrix with sparse vessels and reticulin fibres. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positivity for vimentin and negativity for smooth muscle actin, SOX10 and GLUT1 in myxoma cells of all cases. S100 was found to be positive in four cases, and muscle-specific-actin in three cases. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival myxomas are uncommon tumours. For accurate diagnosis, histopathological examination is mandatory. The treatment of choice is surgical removal, and the prognosis is excellent.

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Se realizó un estudio analítico, de tipo caso control pareados 1:2, para determinar los factores de riesgo de neumonía nosocomial en pacientes ingresados en terapia intensiva del Hospital Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna de Las Tunas, en el período de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2011. El universo fue de 1035 pacientes ingresados en terapia intensiva (UCI), en dicho período, de ellos constituyeron la muestra, denominada “casos”, 56 pacientes que desarrollaron Neumonía Nosocomial durante su estadía en UCI. Para el “control” de los factores de confusión, por cada caso, se parearon dos pacientes sin diagnóstico de neumonía. La información se obtuvo de fuentes secundarias (historias clínicas). A los casos y a los controles se les llenó una planilla de vaciamiento de datos con las variables analizadas. Los datos se procesaron utilizando el paquete de programas estadísticos Epinfo, versión 6. Para el estudio de los factores de riesgo se realizaron análisis univariados, evaluándose: ODDS RATIO, intervalo de confianza y probabilidad. Resultaron ser factores de riesgo para presentar neumonía nosocomial: la intubación endotraqueal, los trastornos de conciencia, el aislamiento de bacilos no fermentadores, citrobacter diversus y/o klebsiella ssp., haber requerido neurocirugía, el uso de tratamiento antibiótico previo, antiácidos anti H2, nutrición parenteral y la estadía en UCI mayor de siete días (AU)

An analytic paired-case-control study was carried out to determine the risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Ernesto Guevara Hospital from January, 2010 to December, 2011. The universe included 1035 patients admitted to the ICU during that period. The sample, classified as “cases”, was made up by 56 cases that developed nosocomial pneumonia during their stay at the ICU. To control the confusion factors, two patients without a diagnosis of pneumonia were paired in each case. The information was taken from secondary sources (clinical history). A data form with the analyzed variables was filled to both the study and control cases. The data were processed by using the statistics software package called Epinfo, version 6. For the study of the risk factors unvaried analyses were made, assessing: ODDS RATIO, confidence interval and probability. The risk factors for developing nosocomial pneumonia indentified with the study were endotracheal intubation, conscience disorders, the isolation of non-fermenting bacilli, Citrobacter diversus and/or Klebsiella ssp, history of neurosurgery, previous antibiotic therapy, use of anti-H2 antacids, parenteral nutrition and stay at the ICU for more than seven days (AU)

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A case of a 21-year-old single woman with an acute abdomen, vaginal bleeding and an anemic syndrome is presented. Physical examination and ultrasonography showed an enlarged uterus and a little mass in the right ovary, which was thought to be a fibroma versus pregnancy. Serum levels of chorionic gonadotropin were increased. Abundant black blood loose was found in the peritoneal cavity in the surgery performed. Through a wedge resection, a small hemorrhagic nodule was removed from the surface of the right ovary. Microscopic examination showed ovarian stroma, immature chorionic villi and intermediate extravillous trophoblast, which supported the diagnosis of ectopic ovarian pregnancy. This complication requires an opportune diagnosis, because it continues to be one of the leading risk factors in surgical gynecological emergencies and the first cause of maternal death during the first trimester of pregnancy. A brief review on the subject is presented.

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Myxomas are locally invasive, benign mesenchymal neoplasms with odontogenic, osteogenic, or soft tissue origin. Facial myxomas probably account for less than 0.5% of all paranasal sinus and nasal tumors. We report a case of a left painless periocular mass in a 11-month-old girl. The lesion was resected with a clinical diagnosis of lacrimal sac tumor. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry proved the tumor to be a myxoma. There has been no recurrence after 4 years of followup. Midfacial myxomas should be differentiated from other benign and malignant tumors such as dermoid, hamartoma, neurofibroma, nasolacrimal duct cyst, and sarcomas in particular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Because of the infiltrative nature of these tumors, a wide surgery is required to achieve clear resection margins and avoid recurrence.

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Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare clinicopathologic entity that has been the subject of considerable confusion and debate. ALHE shares both clinical and histopathologic features with Kimura disease (KD). Because of this overlap, ALHE and KD have been used synonymously in the Western medical literature, as they were thought to represent variations of the same disease. Some pathologic reports have called for distinguishing ALHE and KD as two separate nosological entities, based on their clinical, laboratory, and especially histopathologic findings. ALHE commonly affects women in the third and fourth decades, with head and neck involvement. ALHE has been described rarely in the orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal gland. We report a case of ALHE involving the left lacrimal gland in a 40-year-old Mexican woman. Because ALHE can cause proptosis, lid swelling, ocular dysmotility, or a palpable mass, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of orbital lesions occurring in adults.

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Se informan los casos de un hombre de 53 años y una mujer de 52 años de edad, quienes en el transcurso de 7 y 2 meses respectivamente presentaron dolor retroocular, proptosis y oftalmoplegia. El segundo paciente presentaba además inflamación del párpado superior y lesión subconjuntival ipsilateral. Los estudios de tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) mostraron grandes masas orbitarias de localización superotemporal en ambos casos. El tratamiento de elección fue la escisión local. El diagnóstico del primer caso se modificó con base en los hallazgos histopatológicos por microscopía de luz. En el segundo caso se realizó estudio de inmunohistoquímica para confirmar el diagnóstico original de angiosarcoma (AS). Los hallazgos clínicos, histopatológicos e inmunohistoquímicos son analizados con detalle y se comparan con los casos previamente reportados en la literatura.

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Se informan cinco casos de rabdomiosarcoma alveolar con presentación clínica atípica. Tres pacientes presentaron linfadenomegalias como primera manifestación clínica, imitando el comportamiento de un linfoma o de un tumor primario no identificado con metástasis ganglionares. Un sujeto presentó enfermedad tumoral sistémica, y dos presentaron el tumor primario en localizaciones atípicas, como el mediastino y el retroperitoneo. Todos los enfermos fallecieron y cuatro fueron autopsiados. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue confirmado por medio de estudios de inmunohistoquímica en cuatro casos. El rabdomiosarcoma alveolar tiene mal pronóstico y puede presentar un comportamiento clínico y una morfología variable, simulando linfomas, leucemias y enfermedad metastásica sistémica sin tumor primario conocido, como en los casos que aquí se informan

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Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo sobre mortalidad por Diabetes Mellitus en el Municipio Guane, en el período de enero 1987 a diciembre 1996, se abarcó todos los fallecidos registrados en el Departamento de Estadísticas del Sectorial Provincial de Salud.Utilizamos el cálculo de las tasas según el Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas; además el riesgo relativo, las diferencias relativas, promedio, y método porcentual, encontrando que a partir de los 65 años la mortalidad es más elevada.Como causas de muerte predominaron las vasculares; sigue siendo el Infarto Agudo del Miocardio una causa importante de muerte al igual que la Insuficiencia Renal Crónica...(AU)

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Se presenta un caso de capilariasis hepática en una mujer de 54 años que estuvo confinada en una institución psiquiátrica. Ingresó al Hospital General de México para recibir cuidados terminales de un cáncer avanzado de mama; murió 12 días después de su ingreso. Clínicamente se detectó hepatomegalia y en la autopsia se encontraron numerosos huevecillos de Capillaria hepática en el hígado. No se observó eosinofilia. Veintiséis casos de capilariasis hepática humana se han registrado en la literatura mundial. Este caso es el tercero que se presenta en la república mexicana, y mientras que los dos primeros ocurrieron en niños éste es el primero en un adulto. Por haber tenido un padecimiento psiquiátrico importante, la paciente pudo haber tenido hábitos alimenticios aberrantes. Por primera vez se describen e ilustran los huevecillos de C. hepática teñidos con metenamina de Jones, lo que permite demostrar una capa multilaminada interna y otra externa dotada de canalículos radiados

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El tumor fibroso solitario (TFS) es una neoplasia mesenquimatosa benigna rara, que generalmente se localiza en la pleura; pero también puede presentarse en las fosas nasales y senos paranasales. Este es el primer caso con esa localización informado en México. Se presento en una mujer de 33 años que tenía 3 años de evolución con obstrucción nasal, ocasionada por un tumor que provenía de la pared lateral nasal, la cual se extirpó mediante un abordaje sublabial ampliado. Microscópicamente mostró diferentes patrones de crecimiento, ultraestructuralmente mostró diferentes patrones de crecimiento, ultraestructuralmente mostró células fusiformes con mitocondrias y retículo endoplásmico rugoso así como escasos filamentos intermedios e inmunohistoquimicamente fue positivo para vimentina y proteína CD34, hallazgos que caracterizan a este tumor

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El carcinoma adenoide quístico primario del arbol bronquial es una neoplasia poco frecuente en esta localización. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 40 años con antecedentes de tabaquismo y tosedor crónico, quien presentó dos meses antes de su muerte disnea progresiva y hemoptisis. En la fibrobroncoscopía se encontró un tumor nodular endobronquial que obstruía el 70-80 por ciento de la luz, con extensa invasión de la pared, se tomó biopsia sin poder establecer un diagnóstico. Se presentó sangrado masivo del tumor y el paciente falleció en estas condiciones. La autopsia corroboró la presencia de un tumor en bronquio principal derecho de base ancha con extensa invasión local y metástasis en varios órganos. Histológicamente el tumor correspondió a un carcinoma adenoideo quístico, en el cual predominó un patrón de crecimiento sólido. Esta variedad histológica presenta en un alto porcentaje de recurrencia local, metástasis tempranas y corta sobrevida

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