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Zinc and boron are nutrients that often suffer low bioavailability to pecan trees grown in calcareous soils whereas adequate supplies of these two elements is essential for commercial pecan production. Working with young pecan trees, we evaluated changes in oxidative metabolism, levels of bioactive compounds, yield components and foliar nutrient concentrations in response to foliar sprays (50 or 100 mg L-1) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and boron (H3BO3). Four different treatment solutions were applied in a completely randomised design with six replications per treatment (24 trees in total). Zinc and B treatments were applied before pistil receptivity (3 weeks before anthesis) and at stem elongation stage 31, 39/60; flowering stage 69; fruit stages 7-75 and continued for a total of five applications at 14-day intervals. We evaluated enzyme activities (SOD, H2O2, CAT and GPx), AC, phenols, flavonoids, leaf area, chlorophyll, total anthocyanins and nut yield and quality (nut weight and % kernel). The mineral concentrations in the leaflets were also determined. The mineral concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and B) in the leaflets were also determined. Spraying ZnO NPs and B increased SOD activity, CA, chlorophyll concentration, mineral nutrients (N, K, Ca, Zn and B) and yield. However, reductions were observed for CAT activity, nut quality and concentrations of phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and Fe. Boron increased GPx activity and P concentration. These results demonstrate that spraying low doses (50 mg L-1) of ZnO NPs and B can help reduce oxidative stress and increase yield, nut quality and leaf concentrations of Zn and B in young cv. Wichita pecan trees established on a calcareous soil.
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RESUMEN Introducción: La depresión representa un problema de salud que repercute de manera importante en la estabilidad mental y calidad de vida de las personas. Estudiar los dominios culturales relacionados con esta patología es relevante para diferenciarla, pues suele confundirse con otros estados emocionales. Objetivo: Analizar los dominios culturales relacionados con la depresión en mujeres y hombres adultos. Material y métodos: Estudio mixto de consenso cultural realizado en San Luis Potosí, México, que incluyó a 163 participantes. La recolección de datos se efectuó por muestreo a conveniencia mediante listados libres, entrevistas estructuradas y sorteos por montones. Se identificaron 20 elementos categorizados en áreas temáticas, se organizaron en conjuntos jerárquicos para observar la distribución y dimensiones de los dominios culturales. Resultados: Las personas tienen nociones en común respecto a lo que implica la depresión. Los elementos relacionados con mayor frecuencia fueron: tristeza, desánimo y soledad, a su vez, la agrupación de estos mostró dos dimensiones principales: consecuencias y atención. Discusión: La literatura reporta que hay diferencias subjetivas entre la depresión y otros padecimientos, también indica que existen contrastes por sexo y que las condiciones sociales desfavorables se relacionan con malestares emocionales; sin embargo, en las dimensiones culturales no están presentes la promoción ni la prevención de esta enfermedad. Conclusiones: Considerar los dominios culturales de la población adulta con respecto a la depresión posibilita la creación de programas dirigidos a promocionar la salud y prevenir la enfermedad, así como facilitar la práctica clínica fundamentada en el contexto social y cultural de las personas.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Depression represents a health problem which has important impacts on the mental stability and quality of life. Therefore, studying the related cultural domains becomes relevant in order to differentiate this pathology from other emotional states. Objective: To analyze the cultural domains related to depression in adults. Materials and methods: This is a mixed study with cultural consensus carried out in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, which included 163 participants. Data collection was based on sampling by convenience using free listings, structured interviews, and lots. Twenty elements related to the thematic areas were identified, and organized in hierarchical sets in order to observe the distributions and dimensions of the cultural domains. Results: Participants showed common notions regarding what depression implies. The most cited related elements were sadness, discouragement, and loneliness, which were grouped in two main dimensions: consequences and attention. Discussion: The literature reports the existance of subjective differences between depression and other emotional pathologies, and that these differences are influenced by sex and social conditions. Nevertheless, the related cultural dimensions are not always considered, in particular regarding the prevention of the illness. Conclusions: The precise consideration of the cultural domains which are associated with adults suffering from depression can allow the design and implementation of programs aimed at promoting health and preventing illness, as well as at fostering a clinical practice based on the social and cultural context of these persons.
RESUMO Introdução: A depressão representa um problema de saúde que reverbera de maneira importante na estabilidade mental e qualidade de vida das pessoas; estudar os domínios culturais relacionados com esta patologia é relevante para diferenciá-la, já que geralmente confunde-se com outros estados emocionais. Objetivo: Analisar os domínios culturais relacionados com a depressão em mulheres e homens adultos. Material e métodos: Estudo misto de consenso cultural realizado em San Luis Potosí, México; que incluía 163 participantes, a coleta de dados efetuou-se por amostragem a conveniência mediante listados livres, entrevistas estruturadas e classificação da pilha, identificaram-se 20 elementos categorizados por áreas temáticas, organizaram-se em conjuntos hierárquicos para observar a distribuição e dimensões dos domínios culturais. Resultados: As pessoas têm noções em comum ao respeito do que envolve a depressão. Os elementos relacionados com maior frequência foram: tristeza, desânimo e solidão; enquanto a agrupação deles mostrou duas dimensões principais: consequências e atenção. Discussão: A literatura relata que existem diferenças subjetivas entre a depressão e outras doenças, indica também que existem contrastes por sexo e que as condições sociais desfavoráveis se relacionam ao desconforto emocional, porém, nas dimensões culturais não estão presentes a promoção nem a prevenção desta doença. Conclusões: Considerar os domínios culturais da população adulta ao respeito da depressão, possibilita a criação de programas dirigidos a promover a saúde e prevenir a doença, assim como facilitar a prática clínica fundamentada no contexto social e cultural das pessoas.
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BACKGROUND: Results regarding the use of bovine somatotropin for enhancing fertility in dairy cattle are variable. Here, the hypothesis was tested that a single injection of a sustained-release preparation of bovine somatotropin (bST) during the preovulatory period would improve pregnancy success of lactating dairy cows at first service. RESULTS: The first experiment was conducted in a temperate region of Mexico. Cows inseminated following natural estrus or timed artificial insemination were given a single injection of bST or a placebo injection at insemination (n = 100 cows per group). There was no significant difference between bST and control groups in the proportion of inseminated cows diagnosed pregnant (29 vs 31% pregnant). The second experiment was performed during heat stress in Florida. Cows were subjected to an ovulation synchronization regimen for first insemination. Cows treated with bST received a single injection at 3 days before insemination. Controls received no additional treatment. As expected, bST did not increase vaginal temperature. Treatment with bST did not significantly increase the proportion of inseminated cows diagnosed pregnant although it was numerically greater for the bST group (24.2% vs 17.8%, 124-132 cows per group). There was a tendency (p = 0.10) for a smaller percent of control cows to have high plasma progesterone concentrations (>/= 1 ng/ml) at Day 7 after insemination than for bST-treated cows (72.6 vs 81.1%). When only cows that were successfully synchronized were considered, the magnitude of the absolute difference in the percentage of inseminated cows that were diagnosed pregnant between bST and control cows was reduced (24.8 vs 22.4% pregnant for bST and control). CONCLUSION: Results failed to indicate a beneficial effect of bST treatment on fertility of lactating dairy cows.
Assuntos
Hormônio do Crescimento/administração & dosagem , Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Animais , Temperatura Corporal , Bovinos , Ritmo Circadiano , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Florida , Hormônio do Crescimento/química , Temperatura Alta , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , México , Gravidez , Vagina/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost of preparing cytostatic drugs in the intravenous preparation unit in a hospital in Mexico. METHOD: The annual cost of preparing cytostatic drugs based on the information of 92 days, considering the costs of drugs, the mixing service (including standard solution, quality control, services and waste) and salaries were estimated. The costs are estimated in Mexican pesos in 2006. RESULTS: The cost per cytostatic drug varies from 82 to 23,000 Mexican pesos, depending on the type of drug used. It is estimated that the annual cost of preparing drugs for chemotherapy is 38,901,231.04 Mexican pesos (2,839,505.02 euro) distributed as follows: 96.8% for drug costs, 1.21% for staff salaries and 1.99% for the preparation service. CONCLUSIONS: The estimation of the costs of preparing cytostatic drugs serves as a reference for future economic studies in the hospital pharmacy area in Mexico.
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Citostáticos/economia , Composição de Medicamentos/economia , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/economia , Custos e Análise de Custo , Citostáticos/administração & dosagem , Custos de Medicamentos , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas/economia , MéxicoRESUMO
A total of 315 birds representing 75 species (23 families) from Villavicencio and San Miguel (Meta, Colombia) were examined for haematozoa. Fifty birds (15.9%) harbored blood parasites. Microfilariae were the most common haematozoans encountered, followed by species of the genera Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma. This survey included 15 new host-parasite records and 8 species of birds that were examined for haematozoa for the first time. The prevalence registered in this research was similar to others recorded in the Neotropical region, but in sharp contrast with the prevalence of blood parasites in other major land masses.