RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since the late twentieth century, Chagas disease gained global attention to suppress the vector burden as a main control strategy in endemic countries. In Central America, multi-national initiative successfully achieved significant reduction in the estimated disease prevalence as well as elimination of the region's principal vector species at the time in 2012. While the last decade has witnessed significant changes in ecosystem-such as urbanization and replacement of the main vector species-that can possibly affect the vector's habitation and residual transmission, the up-to-date vector burden in the region has not been evaluated thoroughly due to the cessation of active vector surveillance. The aim of this study was to update the risk of vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi infection in El Salvador, the top Chagas disease-endemic country in Central America. METHODS: A nationwide vector survey was conducted in the domestic environment of El Salvador from September 2018 to November 2020. The selection of the houses for inspection was based on expert purposeful sampling. Infection for T. cruzi was examined by microscopic observation of the insects' feces, followed by a species confirmation using PCR. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.1.3. Proportion estimates with 95% confidence intervals were inferred using the Jeffrey's method provided under the epiR package. RESULTS: A total of 1529 Triatoma dimidiata was captured from 107 houses (infestation rate, 34.4%; 107/311) in all the fourteen departments of the country visited within the period; prevalence of T. cruzi infection was as high as 10% (153/1529). In the country, domestic T. dimidiata infestation was distributed ubiquitously, while T. cruzi infection rates varied across the departments. Five out of fourteen departments showed higher infection rates than the average, suggesting sporadic high-risk areas in the country. CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive study revealed substantial T. cruzi infection of T. dimidiata across the country, indicating potential active transmission of the disease. Therefore, strengthened surveillance for both vector and human infection is required to truly eliminate the risk of T. cruzi transmission in Central America.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas , Triatoma , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Ecossistema , El Salvador/epidemiologia , Humanos , Insetos VetoresRESUMO
Neonicotinoid insecticides show high persistence in the environment, and standard biological approaches such as biopurification systems have shown mostly inefficient removal of such compounds. In this work, soil pre-exposed to imidacloprid was used to obtain presumptive imidacloprid-degrading consortia. Cometabolic enrichment yielded a microbial consortium composed of eight bacterial and one yeast strains, capable of degrading not only this compound, but also thiamethoxam and acetamiprid, as demonstrated in cross-degradation assays. The biological removal process was scaled-up to batch stirred tank bioreactors (STBR); this configuration was able to simultaneously remove mixtures of imidacloprid + thiamethoxam or imidacloprid + thiamethoxam + acetamiprid, reaching elimination of 95.8% and 94.4% of total neonicotinoids, respectively. Removal rates in the bioreactors followed the pattern imidacloprid > acetamiprid > thiamethoxam, including >99% elimination of imidacloprid in 6 d and 17 d (binary and ternary mixtures, respectively). A comprehensive evaluation of the detoxification in the STBR was performed using different biomarkers: seed germination (Lactuca sativa), bioluminescence inhibition (Vibrio fischeri), and acute oral tests in honeybees. Overall, ecotoxicological tests revealed partial detoxification of the matrix, with clearer detoxification patterns in the binary mixture. This biological approach represents a promising option for the removal of neonicotinoids from agricultural wastewater; however, optimization of the process should be performed before application in farms.
Assuntos
Inseticidas/isolamento & purificação , Consórcios Microbianos , Neonicotinoides/isolamento & purificação , Purificação da Água/métodos , Agricultura , Animais , Abelhas , Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Inativação Metabólica , Inseticidas/análise , Neonicotinoides/metabolismo , Nitrocompostos/metabolismo , Águas Residuárias/químicaRESUMO
Environmental contamination with neonicotinoid insecticides represents an issue of wide concern due to their negative effects on pollinators. The goal of this work was to evaluate the potential use of biomixtures employed in biopurification systems (BPS) to remove two neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, from wastewater of agricultural origin. The removal was assayed by quantification of the parent compounds and the detection of putative transformation products of imidacloprid by means of LC-MS/MS, and mineralization of radiolabeled imidacloprid. Two biomixtures (B1, B2) were prepared using coconut fiber, compost and two soils pre-exposed to imidacloprid (volumetric composition 50:25:25). After spiking of neonicotinoids and 228 days of treatment, the removal ranged from 22.3%-30.3% and 38.6%-43.7% for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, respectively. Transformation products imidacloprid-urea, desnitro-imidacloprid and desnitro-olefin-imidacloprid were detected in both biomixtures. The mineralization of 14C-imidacloprid revealed DT50 (mineralization half-lives) values of 3466 and 7702 days in the biomixtures B1 and B2, respectively, markedly lower than those in the soil used in their preparation (8667 and 9902 days, respectively). As demonstrated by these findings, the high persistence of these compounds in the BPS suggests that additional biological (or physicochemical) approaches should be explored in order to decrease the impact of neonicotinoid-containing wastewater of agricultural origin.
Assuntos
Inseticidas/isolamento & purificação , Neonicotinoides/isolamento & purificação , Nitrocompostos/isolamento & purificação , Purificação da Água , Agricultura , Biodegradação Ambiental , Radioisótopos de Carbono/química , Fenômenos Químicos , Cromatografia Líquida , Meia-Vida , Limite de Detecção , Oxazinas/isolamento & purificação , Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Tiametoxam , Tiazóis/isolamento & purificação , Águas Residuárias/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Se estudiaron los parásitos intestinales en pacientes HIV positivos que presentaban diarrea crónica. Un total de 27,8 por ciento de los pacientes fueron positivos por protozoarios patógenos, un 24,1 por ciento presentaron infección por protozoarios no patógenos y en 7,4 por ciento se diagnosticaron helmintiasis. Se informa además de los primeros cinco casos de microsporosis diagnosticados en Costa Rica utilizando la técnica tricrómica modificada de Weber
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Enteropatia por HIV/diagnóstico , Microsporum/isolamento & purificação , Distribuição por Idade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Costa Rica , Enteropatia por HIV/etiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Microsporum/patogenicidadeRESUMO
El presente estudio fue realizado prospectivamente en el Hospital Materno Infantil del 1 de enero de 1994 al 31 de diciembre de 1995. Los datos revelan la mortalidad materna intrahospitalaria, los cuales son contradictorios a los publicados por el Ministerio de Salud Pública de 175 muertes maternas por cada 100,000 nacidos vivos y de 72.1 por 100,000 nacidos vivos en nuestro estudio; lo anterior refleja una dismunición de la mortalidad intrahospitalaria a pesar de que las fallas detectadas en el sistema de información estadística fueran grandes. Se analizó retrospectivamente la tasa de mortalidad materna (TMM) de 1993 de 72.6/100,000 (n=14) y prospectivamente, 1994: 107.6/100,000 (n=15). Las tres principales causas de mortalidad materna fueron: de índole infecciosa: 28.6 por ciento (n=10), Enfermedad Hipertensiva en el Embarazo (EHE) 34.2 por ciento (n=12) y SIDA 14.3 por ciento (n=5) La mortalidad obstétrica directa fue de 60 por ciento e indirecta de 40.0 por ciento, el 31.4 por ciento (n=11) se consideró evitable, probablemente evitable, 48.6 por ciento (n=17) y no evitable 20 por ciento (n=7). Se analizan los factores de riesgo reproductivo, obstétrico y responsabilidad médica-hospitalaria y materno-comunitaria.