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El presente trabajo constituye un puntal de evidencia científica que queda disponible a los tomadores de decisiones en políticas nacionales y regionales relativas a la población de niñas, niños y adolescentes, y eso por sí solo es una muy buena contribución a la relevancia que debe tener esta población. Este estudio reconoce que vivimos un momento histórico, una ventana de oportunidad para tomar las decisiones adecuadas. Es prioridad contribuir para lograr que las políticas públicas sean eficaces en la garantía de los derechos humanos, esto requiere avanzar en consolidar Estados Sociales de Derecho y Bienestar con sistemas de salud y protección social universales. Asimismo, es fundamental fortalecer las capacidades de trabajo intersectorial y transdisciplinar, la integración regional y la cooperación internacional para hacer realidad la justicia social y ambiental, así como entender que las niñas, niños y adolescentes no son el futuro, son el presente. De lo que hagamos ahora depende el desarrollo y bienestar de nuestros pueblos. En este sentido el análisis se realiza a partir de un marco conceptual que abarca los siguientes aspectos:: Más allá de la pandemia, una sindemia; desigualdades múltiples: una manera de trascender a las desigualdades de ingreso; Derechos Humanos y su operacionalización en el contexto sindémico; Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño; sindemia COVID-19 y los derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes; sindemia y políticas públicas, sindemia por COVID-19 y un llamado a la acción.
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Peru , Venezuela , Bolívia , Chile , Colômbia , EquadorRESUMO
Background: The epidemiologic transition in Mexico has generated a change of paradigm in public health. Morbidity is characterized by infectious diseases and the mortality is due to chronic degenerative diseases. The three most important infectious diseases in the country are: respiratory infections, diarrhea, and urinary tract infections. Method: The objective of this work was to build a tool to monitor the presence of health risks in the environment in a timely manner and to demonstrate its application in different sicknesses, especially those that are water related. In this study, we analyzed water samples from five cenotes with high tourist flow in the State of Yucatan. We developed a DNA microarray for the adequate and prompt detection of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. This microarray could be used in samples of different origin including air, water (fresh, brackish and saltwater), food, inert surfaces or wounds. Clinically, it would allow prompt and precise detection of etiological agents of infectious diseases to prevent outbreaks. It would also be useful for the identification of those agents that cannot be detected in our laboratories with the traditional methods. It includes 38,000 probes that detect 252 etiological agents of diseases in humans and antimicrobial resistance genes. Results from DNA samples can be obtained in 24 h, which would be difficult or impossible using other technologies. Results: The results are readily available within 24 h. Samples from five cenotes (sinkholes) with high flow of people, were analyzed with the microarray. The water samples analyzed detected 228 different bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. They are amongst the most important etiological agents for infectious diseases in Mexico. Conclusions: The microarray provides the opportunity for precise and early detection of various infectious agents in individuals, hospitals and natural environments. This could help reduce the global burden of diseases, the severity of outbreaks, and reduce antibiotic resistance.
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Fundamento: los juegos tradicionales resultan motivantes y de fácil ejecución para los escolares con necesidades educativas especiales porque favorecen la movilidad y orientación espacial de niños con discapacidad visual. Objetivo: proponer un grupo de juegos tradicionales adaptados para mejorar la movilidad y orientación espacial de niños con discapacidad visual en la Escuela Especial "Fructuoso Rodríguez" de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, entre los meses de mayo-septiembre de 2021. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; y empíricos: análisis de documentos, observación, cuestionario y entrevista. Resultados: el diagnóstico realizado corroboró que los sujetos estudiados presentaban dificultades en la movilidad y la orientación espacial; desconfianza, inseguridad y pocas iniciativas relacionadas con la recreación en su cotidianeidad familiar, por lo que se adaptaron 10 juegos tradicionales conocidos, pero poco jugados por los niños con discapacidad visual, con el fin de alcanzar otras vías que contribuyan a mejorar su movilidad y orientación espacial, luego de una etapa de confinamiento provocada por la Covid-19. Conclusiones: la propuesta de juegos tradicionales adaptados responde a la necesidad detectada y potencia la recreación e inclusión de estos infantes en actividades escolares y extraescolares después de la pandemia.
Background: traditional games are motivating and easy to play for schoolchildren with special educational needs because they favor the mobility and spatial orientation of visually impaired children. Objective: to propose a group of traditional games adapted to improve the mobility and spatial orientation of visually impaired children at "Fructuoso Rodríguez" Special School in Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, from May to September 2021. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and historical-logical; and empirical ones: document analysis, observation, questionnaire and interview. Results: the diagnosis made corroborated that the subjects studied presented difficulties in mobility and spatial orientation; distrust, insecurity and few initiatives related to recreation in their family daily life, for which 10 known traditional games were adapted, but little played by children with visual disabilities, in order to reach other ways that contribute to improving their mobility and orientation space, after a stage of confinement caused by Covid-19. Conclusions: the proposal of adapted traditional games responds to the detected need and enhances the recreation and inclusion of these infants in school and extracurricular activities after the pandemic.
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Recreação , Educação Médica , Limitação da Mobilidade , Educação de Pessoas com Deficiência VisualRESUMO
Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre la anatomía de la córnea, a fin de profundizar en los principales factores predisponentes de la úlcera corneal, sus causas, cuadro clínico, evolución, complicaciones y tratamiento. Se analizó conceptualmente la enfermedad y se propuso incluir en su concepto el método clínico como premisa. Actualmente, en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, la curación de estas úlceras constituye un problema de salud a resolver, puesto que los tratamientos convencionales no siempre permiten una evolución estable de los pacientes diagnosticados, razón por la cual surge la necesidad de buscar medicamentos y alternativas terapéuticas para tratar a dichos pacientes.
An exhaustive literature review on the cornea anatomy was carried out in order to deepen in the main predisposing factors of the corneal ulcer, their causes, clinical picture, clinical course, complications and treatment. The disease was conceptually analyzed and it was suggested to include in its concept the clinical method as premise. At the moment, in Santiago de Cuba province, the cure of these ulcers constitutes a health problem to solve, since the conventional treatments not always allow a stable clinical course of the diagnosed patients, reason why there is a necessity of searching medicines and therapeutic alternatives to treat them.
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Úlcera da Córnea , Córnea/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La queratoplastia ha sido la técnica más empleada para el tratamiento de las alteraciones corneales. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la queratoplastia terapéutica en pacientes con úlcera grave de la córnea. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal a 17 ojos de 16 pacientes operados de queratoplastia terapéutica que presentaron úlcera grave de la córnea, ingresados en el servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba en el periodo de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2019. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, procedencia, ocupación, factores predisponentes, tiempo de evolución previo al ingreso, tratamiento tópico previo y germen causal. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje para las variables cualitativas y para las cuantitativas, la media y la desviación estándar. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino, jubilados con más de 60 años. Prevaleció el trauma ocular no quirúrgico como factor predisponente. Previo al ingreso se aplicó con mayor frecuencia el colirio antibiótico y el tiempo de evolución promedio fue de 12,2 días. El grupo de gérmenes más preponderante fue el de las bacterias. Conclusiones: El vínculo entre el germen causal y la aplicación de medicamentos tópicos previos de manera prolongada propicia que la enfermedad evolucione tórpidamente hacia formas graves de úlcera corneal. Lo que ofrece una respuesta deficiente y prolongada a los esquemas convencionales de tratamiento, que en ocasiones llevan a una queratoplastia terapéutica-tectónica.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Keratoplasty has been the most used technique for the treatment of corneal alterations. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of therapeutic keratoplasty in patients with severe corneal ulcer. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 17 eyes of 16 patients operated on for therapeutic keratoplasty who presented severe corneal ulcer, admitted to the Ophthalmology service of the Hospital "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" in Santiago de Cuba, in the period from January 2018 to December 2019. The variables studied were: age, gender, origin, occupation, predisposing factors, time of evolution prior to admission, previous topical treatment and causal germ. In the statistical analysis, the absolute frequency and the percentage were used for the qualitative variables, and for the quantitative ones, the mean and the standard deviation. Results: Male patients predominated, retired with more than 60 years. Non-surgical ocular trauma prevailed as a predisposing factor. Prior to admission, antibiotic eye drops were applied more frequently, and the average evolution time was 12.2 days. The most preponderant group of germs was bacteria. Conclusions: The link between the causal germ and the application of previous topical medications in a prolonged manner favors the torpid evolution of the disease towards severe forms of corneal ulcer. This evolution offers a poor and prolonged response to conventional treatment schemes, which sometimes lead to a therapeutic-tectonic keratoplasty.
RESUMO Introdução: A ceratoplastia tem sido a técnica mais utilizada para o tratamento das alterações corneanas. Objetivo: Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas da ceratoplastia terapêutica em pacientes com úlcera de córnea grave. Método: Estudo observacional descritivo e transversal em 17 olhos de 16 pacientes operados de ceratoplastia terapêutica que apresentavam úlcera de córnea grave, internados no serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" em Santiago de Cuba no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram estudadas as variáveis idade, sexo, procedência, ocupação, fatores predisponentes, tempo de evolução antes da admissão, tratamento tópico prévio e germe causal. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se a frequência absoluta e o percentual para as variáveis qualitativas e para as quantitativas, a média e o desvio padrão. Resultados: Predominou pacientes do sexo masculino, aposentados com mais de 60 anos. O trauma ocular não cirúrgico prevaleceu como fator predisponente. Antes da internação, colírios antibióticos foram aplicados com maior frequência e o tempo médio de evolução foi de 12,2 dias. O grupo de germes mais preponderante foi o de bactérias. Conclusões: A ligação entre o germe causal e a aplicação de medicações tópicas prévias de forma prolongada favorece a evolução entorpecida da doença para formas graves de úlcera de córnea. O que oferece uma resposta pobre e prolongada aos esquemas de tratamento convencionais, que por vezes conduzem a uma queratoplastia tectónica terapêutico.
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Webinar N° 103 del ORAS-CONHU, realizado el 27 de enero de 2022, Oxfam presentó el informe "Las desigualdades matan. Se requieren medidas sin precedentes para acabar con el inaceptable aumento de las desigualdades por la COVID-19". Conferencistas del webinar: Carlos Mejía, Director Ejecutivo Oxfam Colombia, Gloria García, Directora Regional de Programas e Influencia Oxfam en América Latina y Ernesto Rodríguez, Consultor ORAS-CONHU, Director del Centro Latinoamericano sobre Juventud.
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Fatores Socioeconômicos , Peru , Venezuela , Bolívia , Colômbia , Infecções por Coronavirus , Equador , COVID-19RESUMO
RESUMEN Fundamento: constituye una necesidad la preparación metodológica de los profesores desde la superación posgraduada para utilizar la educación a distancia en las condiciones de la pandemia COVID-19. Objetivo: diseñar un curso de preparación metodológica para orientar a los profesores en la adecuación de los programas y tareas, que los capaciten en la concepción de las etapas, la realización de las acciones básicas y el conocimiento que requieren sobre la educación a distancia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, entre los meses enero-abril 2021. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; empíricos: análisis de documentos, observación científica, encuesta, triangulación, criterio de especialistas para la valoración del curso diseñado y la distribución empírica de frecuencias. Resultados: se constataron las necesidades de preparación metodológica para asumir la modalidad de educación a distancia, por lo que se diseñó un curso que sirvió como modelo, el cual contiene el análisis de los principios, las principales etapas y acciones a considerar en su elaboración, además muestra las herramientas que la plataforma Moodle ofrece para su diseño; de modo que los profesores dispusieran de una orientación didáctica general a implementar en sus disciplina. Conclusiones: el curso fue valorado por los especialistas como adecuado para ser aplicado, por su pertinencia, factibilidad, cientificidad y su estructura metodológica.
ABSTRACT Background: the methodological preparation of teachers from postgraduate training to use distance education in the conditions of the COVID 19 pandemic is a necessity. Objective: to design a methodological preparation course to guide teachers in the adaptation of programs and tasks, to train them in the conception of the stages, the performance of basic actions and the knowledge they require about distance learning. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at "Marta Abreu" Central University of Las Villas, from January to April 2021. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; empirical ones: document analysis, scientific observation, survey, information contrasting, specialist criteria for the evaluation of the designed course and the empirical distribution of frequencies. Results: the methodological preparation needs to assume the distance-learning modality were verified, that´s whya course was designed that served as a model, which contains the analysis of the principles, the main stages and actions to be considered in its elaboration. It also shows the tools that the Moodle platform offers for its design; so that teachers had a general didactic orientation to implement in their disciplines. Conclusions: the course was valued by the specialists as adequate to be applied, due to its relevance, feasibility, scientificity and its methodological structure.
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Educação a Distância , Educação de Pós-Graduação , Projetos de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação , DocentesRESUMO
Echinococcus granulosus is a cestode parasite which causes cystic echinococcosis disease. Previously we observed that vaccination with E. granulosus antigens from human hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) significantly inhibits colon cancer growth. In the present work, we evaluate the anti-tumor immune response induced by human HCF against LL/2 lung cancer in mice. HCF vaccination protected from tumor growth, both in prophylactic and therapeutic settings, and significantly increased mouse survival compared to control mice. Considering that tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are expressed in E. granulosus, we oxidized terminal carbohydrates in HCF with sodium periodate. This treatment abrogates the anti-tumor activity induced by HCF vaccination. We found that HCF vaccination-induced IgG antibodies that recognize LL/2 tumor cells by flow cytometry. An antigen-specific immune response is induced with HCF vaccination in the tumor-draining lymph nodes and spleen characterized by the production of IL-5 and, in less extent, IFNÉ£. In the tumor microenvironment, we found that NK1.1 positive cells from HCF-treated mice showed higher expression of CD69 than control mice ones, indicating a higher level of activation. When we depleted these cells by administrating the NK-specific antibody NK1.1, a significantly decreased survival was observed in HCF-induced mice, suggesting that NK1.1+ cells mediate the anti-tumor protection induced by HCF. These results suggest that HCF can evoke an integrated anti-tumor immune response involving both, the innate and adaptive components, and provide novel insights into the understanding of the intricate relationship between HCF vaccination and tumor growth.
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Antígenos Ly/imunologia , Equinococose/imunologia , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Subfamília B de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Baço/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Corynebacterium species, other than Corynebacterium diphteriae, are usually dismissed as contaminants when recovered from patient's samples. It is often difficult to decide whether these bacteria have clinical relevance or not. The Corynebacterium genus has been implicated in a wide variety of human infections. In this brief report, two cases of mastitis caused by Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens and Corynebacterium amycolatum are described in not breastfeeding women. These patients were immunocompetent with no evidence of ongoing risk factors for mastitis. This report seeks to give importance to this genus by always ranking cultures, starting with a thorough sample collection up until a complete evaluation of lab results and clinical presentation.
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Infecções por Corynebacterium , Mastite , Corynebacterium , Infecções por Corynebacterium/diagnóstico , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
RESUMEN Fundamento: La satisfacción de los profesionales es importante para evaluar la calidad de la atención estomatológica. Objetivo: Evaluar la satisfacción general laboral de estomatólogos de Sancti Spíritus con el servicio de Estomatología General Integral según las dimensiones técnico-humano, entorno físico y resultados de tratamiento. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud del 2014 al 2019. Las 21 unidades de la provincia Sancti Spíritus; se dividieron en los estratos: Clínicas y Policlínicos. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 4 clínicas y 4 policlínicos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 179 estomatólogos generales integrales (98 en clínicas y 81 en policlínicos). Se midieron las variables: satisfacción con la dimensión técnico-humana, entorno físico y resultados de tratamiento. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 40.2 % y 49.2 % de los especialistas estuvieron medianamente satisfechos con las dimensiones técnico-humana y resultados de tratamiento respectivamente e insatisfechos el 41.3 % con la dimensión entorno físico. Conclusiones: La satisfacción general laboral de los estomatólogos fue calificada como medianamente satisfechos.
ABSTRACT Background: The satisfaction of professionals is important to evaluate the quality of dental care. Objective: To evaluate the stomatologists´ general work satisfaction from Sancti Spíritus with the Comprehensive General Stomatology service according to the technical-human dimensions, physical environment and treatment results. Methodology: A study about health system and services from 2014 to 2019 was made. The 21 units from the Sancti Spíritus province were divided into some stratus: clinical centers and polyclinics. It was aleatory selected the clinical centers and 4 polyclinics. The sample consisted of 179 general comprehensive stomatologists (98 from clinical centers and 81 from the polyclinics). Valued variables: satisfaction of technical-human dimension, physical environment and treatment results. Theoretical and empirical levels, also from statistical description were used. Results: 40.2 % and 49.2 % of the specialists were moderately satisfied with the technical-human dimensions and treatment results, respectively, and 41.3 % were dissatisfied with the physical environment dimension. Conclusions: The stomatologists´ general work satisfaction was rated as moderately satisfied.
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Pessoal de Saúde , Medicina Bucal , Satisfação no Emprego , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Serviços de Saúde BucalRESUMO
El impacto del ruido sobre la salud es una realidad evidente que ha rebasado el contexto industrial, para convertirse en un importante problema social. La sociedad moderna, sustentada en el empleo de la tecnología, fomenta el uso de maquinarias y dispositivos generadores de ruido; los niños y jóvenes están expuestos desde más temprano que nunca a su influencia. La pérdida auditiva es cada vez más prematura y está con frecuencia asociada al incremento de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, las cuales tienen como sustrato la exposición prolongada y excesiva al ruido, ya sea de forma voluntaria o involuntaria En este trabajo los autores opinan sobre las diferentes situaciones en que el ruido se comporta como agente agresor a la salud, argumentan los daños ocasionados por este y a su vez llamar la atención en la prevención del daño auditivo ocasionado por la exposición al ruido(AU)
The impact of noise on health is an evident reality that has gone beyond the industrial context, to become an important social problem. Modern society, supported by the use of technology, encourages the use of machinery and noise generating devices; children and young people are exposed from their influence earlier than ever. The hearing loss is increasingly premature and is often associated with the increase of chronic noncommunicable diseases, which have prolonged and excessive exposure to noise as a substrate, either voluntarily or involuntarily. In this work the authors give their opinion on the different situations in which noise behaves as an aggressor to health, argue the damage caused by this and in turn draw attention to the prevention of hearing damage caused by exposure to noise(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Atenção , Equipamentos e Provisões , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Audição , Perda AuditivaRESUMO
Preprints and preprint servers comprise the articulation of the ultimate and most proximal node to publishing the scientific results in academic journals. Therefore, in this review, the concept, development, advantages and limitations of preprints and preprint servers are analyzed, attending to their main function as publicly available repositories of manuscripts on the way to getting published. Moreover, an analysis of the motor forces contributing to their establishment to communicate research results among scientific communities is given, with their classification (journal, non-journal and mixed servers; subject repositories), as well as debate on the most successful (arXiv) and debated (Biology, Chemistry) servers, preprint formats, and their relationship with information phenomena such as open access, open archiving, digital information certification, information retrieval, and the added value through immediacy in availability and citation in comparison with published articles. Examples of their integration with ongoing communicational processes are discussed, such as migration of editors from journals to preprint servers to channel up manuscripts, open peer review strategies and scientific community engagement. A list of the most relevant preprint servers until 2018, their characteristics, general stats of their preprints and citation counts in Scopus is included(AU)
Los manuscritos pre-publicación (o preprints) articulan el último eslabón previo y más próximo a la publicación de los resultados investigativos en las revistas académicas. En este artículo de revisión se analiza el concepto, el desarrollo, las ventajas y las limitaciones de los preprints y los servidores de preprints. Esto atendiendo a su función principal como repositorios públicos disponibles de manuscritos en vías de publicación. Además, se abunda sobre los motivos de su surgimiento y de su establecimiento para la comunicación de los resultados de investigación entre comunidades científicas, su clasificación (servidores de revistas científicas, no asociados a revistas científicas y servidores mixtos; repositorios temáticos). Se incluyen los debates sobre el servidor más famoso, arXiv, y los más debatidos en Biología (biorXiv) y en Química; sobre los formatos de los preprints y su interrelación con los fenómenos informacionales del acceso abierto, el archivo abierto, la certificación de información digital, la recuperación de información y el valor agregado de la inmediatez de disponibilidad y citación en comparación con los artículos publicados. También se incluyen elementos sobre su integración con los procesos comunicacionales en ejecución, entre ellos la migración de editores de las revistas a los servidores de preprints para canalizarlos hacia la publicación final, las estrategias de evaluación por pares abierta y la vinculación con las comunidades científicas. Se incluye además una lista de los servidores de preprints posicionados hasta el año 2018, con la citación de sus preprints en la base de datos Scopus, así como algunas de sus características(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação , Estratégias de Saúde , Acesso à Informação , Publicações Científicas e Técnicas , Comunicação AcadêmicaRESUMO
The concept of disturbance is of transcendental importance in Quantum Mechanics (QM). This key concept has been described in two different ways, the first one considering that the disturbance affects observables like x and p, as in the Heisenberg's analysis of the measurement process and the other one takes into consideration that disturbance affects the state of the system instead. Entropic information measures have provided a path for studying disturbance in these both approaches; in fact, we found that initially it was studied by employing these entropic measures. In addition, in the last decade, there was an extensive amount of analyses and several new definitions of the disturbance concept emerged. Many crucial factors like this have inspired this concise paper which gathers the different concepts and definitions that have emerged through time for the better understanding of this topic.
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RESUMEN Fundamento: la epilepsia es una de las enfermedades neurológicas más frecuentes y cerca del 30 % de los pacientes que la padecen no se controlan con antiepilépticos clásicos. Objetivo: caracterizar los patrones de prescripción de antiepilépticos nuevos en el municipio Camagüey. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de utilización de medicamentos, de tipo prescripción/indicación, con elementos de esquema terapéutico. El universo estuvo constituido por 300 pacientes y todos quedaron incluidos en el estudio. Las variables evaluadas fueron: grupo de edad, indicaciones, asociaciones e intervalos de administración. Resultados: predominó el uso de vigabatrina y lamotrigina en niños y en pacientes con diagnóstico de epilepsia, mientras que la gabapentina se empleó más en adultos y en el dolor neuropático. La vigabatrina y la lamotrigina se emplearon sobre todo asociadas a antiepilépticos clásicos, donde el valproato fue el más utilizado. La gabapentina se utilizó sólo en monoterapia. Existieron errores en los intervalos de administración de los tres fármacos estudiados. Conclusiones: la prescripción de nuevos antiepilépticos fue adecuada en la mayoría de los casos. Los errores identificados estuvieron relacionados con los intervalos de administración.
ABSTRACT Background: epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological diseases and almost 30 % of patients who suffer from it do not get control with classic antiepileptic drugs. Objective: to characterize prescription patterns of new antiepileptic drugs in Camagüey municipality. Methods: a descriptive and cross-section study about use of medicines, of prescription-indication type with elements of therapeutic scheme was conducted. The study universe was composed of 300 patients and all of them were included in the research. The following variables were studied: group of age, indications, associations and interval of administration. Results: the use of vigabatrin and lamotrigin prevailed in children and patients with diagnosis of epilepsy while the Gabapentin was more frequent used in adults and neuropathic pain. Vigabatrin and lamotrigin were mainly used in associations with classical antiepileptic drugs, being valproic acid the most used drug on it. Gabapentin was used alone. There were mistakes on intervals of administration of all studied drugs. Conclusions: the prescription of new antiepileptic drugs was adequate in most cases. Identified mistakes were related to intervals of administration.
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The Stern-Gerlach experiment (SGE) is one of the foundational experiments in quantum physics. It has been used in both the teaching and the development of quantum mechanics. However, for various reasons, some of its quantum features and implications are not fully addressed or comprehended in the current literature. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the SGE possesses a quantum nonlocal character that has not previously been visualized or presented before. Accordingly, to show the nonlocality into the SGE, we calculate the quantum correlations C ( z , θ ) by redefining the Banaszek-Wódkiewicz correlation in terms of the Wigner operator, that is C ( z , θ ) = ã Ψ | W ^ ( z , p z ) σ ^ ( θ ) | Ψ ã , where W ^ ( z , p z ) is the Wigner operator, σ ^ ( θ ) is the Pauli spin operator in an arbitrary direction θ and | Ψ ã is the quantum state given by an entangled state of the external degree of freedom and the eigenstates of the spin. We show that this correlation function for the SGE violates the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality. Thus, this feature of the SGE might be interesting for both the teaching of quantum mechanics and to investigate the phenomenon of quantum nonlocality.
RESUMO
Increased frequency and length of high heat episodes are leading to more cardiovascular issues and asthmatic responses among the population of San Juan, the capital of the island of Puerto Rico, USA. An urban heat island effect, which leads to foci of higher temperatures in some urban areas, can raise heat-related mortality. The objective of this research is to map the risk of high temperature in particular locations by creating heat maps of the city of San Juan. The heat vulnerability index (HVI) maps were developed using images collected by satellite-based remote sensing combined with census data. Land surface temperature was assessed using images from the Thermal Infrared Sensor flown on Landsat 8. Social determinants (e.g., age, unemployment, education and social isolation, and health insurance coverage) were analyzed by census tract. The data were examined in the context of land cover maps generated using products from the Puerto Rico Terrestrial Gap Analysis Project (USDA Forest Service). All variables were set in order to transform the indicators expressed in different units into indices between 0 and 1, and the HVI was calculated as sum of score. The tract with highest index was considered to be the most vulnerable and the lowest to be the least vulnerable. Five vulnerability classes were mapped (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). The hottest and the most vulnerable tracts corresponded to highly built areas, including the Luis Munoz International Airport, seaports, parking lots, and high-density residential areas. Several variables contributed to increased vulnerability, including higher rates of the population living alone, disabilities, advanced age, and lack of health insurance coverage. Coolest areas corresponded to vegetated landscapes and urban water bodies. The urban HVI map will be useful to health officers, emergency preparedness personnel, the National Weather Service, and San Juan residents, as it helps to prepare for and to mitigate the potential effects of heat-related illnesses.
Assuntos
Temperatura Alta , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cidades , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Pública , Porto Rico , Imagens de Satélites , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Extreme heat episodes are becoming more common worldwide, including in tropical areas of Australia, India, and Puerto Rico. Higher frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme heat episodes are triggering public health issues in most mid-latitude and continental cities. With urbanization, land use and land cover have affected local climate directly and indirectly encouraging the Urban Heat Island effect with potential impacts on heat-related morbidity and mortality among urban populations. However, this association is not completely understood in tropical islands such as Puerto Rico. The present study examines the effects of heat in two municipalities (San Juan and Bayamón) within the San Juan metropolitan area on overall and cause-specific mortality among the population between 2009 and 2013. The number of daily deaths attributed to selected causes (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, pneumonia, and kidney disease) coded and classified according to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was analyzed. The relations between elevated air surface temperatures on cause-specific mortality were modeled. Separate Poisson regression models were fitted to explain the total number of deaths as a function of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, while adjusting for seasonal patterns. Results show a significant increase in the effect of high temperatures on mortality, during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Stroke (relative risk = 16.80, 95% CI 6.81-41.4) and cardiovascular diseases (relative risk = 16.63, 95% CI 10.47-26.42) were the primary causes of death most associated with elevated summer temperatures. Better understanding of how these heat events affect the health of the population will provide a useful tool for decision makers to address and mitigate the effects of the increasing temperatures on public health. The enhanced temperature forecast may be a crucial component in decision making during the National Weather Service Heat Watches, Advisories, and Warning process.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Temperatura Alta , Mortalidade/tendências , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Cidades/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Humanos , Nefropatias/mortalidade , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/mortalidade , Risco , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Resumen Para aportar en la construcción de una paz duradera se necesita darle continuidad a los procesos gubernamentales representados por los propios actores que han de conformar los nuevos territorios y democráticamente establecer desde el gobierno nacional las reglas claras en la ocupación de los mismos. Es así que, se proyectan posibles actuaciones como escenarios desde la incorporación de los entre otros, lo que supone un reto en la articulación urbano - rural que se realiza a través de las Unidades de Planificación y Gestión Territorial (UPGT)
Abstract In order to contribute to the construction of a lasting peace, it is necessary to give continuity to governmental processes represented by the real players themselves, who have to constitute the new territories, and democratically, from the national government, to establish clear rules in their occupation. So that possible actions as scenarios are projected as the result of the incorporation of Instruments and Tools for Land Planning and Management, among others, which becomes a challenge in the urban-rural articulation, which takes place through the Units of Planning and Territorial Management (UPGT)