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Introduction: The purpose of this literature review is to provide scientific evidence on the characteristics of white spot lesions (WSL) during orthodontic treatment, their incidence, prevalence, risk factors related to their development, progression, and regression, as well as explain the most used diagnostic methods. Materials and methods: An exhaustive search was carried out in the databases of Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Embase up to the date of November 30, 2022. Cross-sectional studies that evaluated white spot lesions before and after orthodontic treatments were included. Two researchers carefully selected the articles evaluated and analyzed different key topics on the subject. Results: It was found that the prevalence and incidence of white spots during orthodontic treatment varies widely depending on the diagnostic method used, the type of orthodontic technique used and the time of orthodontic treatment. The incidence of white spot lesions is highest in patients treated with conventional braces, followed by those who used self-ligating braces, and was lowest in patients who used aligners. The most affected teeth are the upper lateral incisors and upper maxillary canines at the level of the gingival third. Conclusions: The incidence of white spots is associated with orthodontic treatment, being closely related to the treatment technique used and the treatment time. There is a regression of the LMB during the first year after removal of the appliance.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare bond strength and bond failure location of lingual brackets indirectly bonded after lingual enamel sandblasting with 27-, 50-, and 90-µm aluminum oxide particles followed by 37% phosphoric acid etching. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty maxillary premolars were randomly divided into four equal groups according to the method of lingual enamel surface conditioning: Group 1 (control) was etched with 37% phosphoric acid, and group 2, group 3, and group 4 were sandblasted with 27-, 50-, and 90-µm aluminum oxide particles, respectively, prior to acid etching. Lingual brackets were indirectly bonded using the same protocol and adhesive (Sondhi) in all groups. The maximum shear bond strength required to debond the brackets was measured using a testing machine, and the bond failure location was classified according to the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean bond strength between groups. The differences between ARI scores were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in mean shear bond strength or ARI scores between the four enamel-conditioning procedures. CONCLUSION: Lingual enamel sandblasting using different particle sizes of aluminum oxide prior to phosphoric acid etching did not increase the shear bond strength of indirectly bonded brackets and did not affect the amount of adhesive remnant on the enamel.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of two adhesion boosters on shear bond strength and on the bond failure location of indirectly bonded brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty bovine incisors were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20), and their buccal faces were etched using 37% phosphoric acid. In group 1 (control), brackets were indirectly bonded using only Sondhi adhesive. In groups 2 and 3, the adhesion boosters Enhance Adhesion Booster and Assure Universal Bonding Resin, respectively, were applied before bonding with Sondhi. Maximum bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine, and the location of bond failure was evaluated using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). One-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (P < .05) was used to compare the shear bond strength among groups, and the differences in ARI scores were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < .05). The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine whether there was any correlation between bond strength and ARI scores. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength in group 3 was significantly higher (P < .01) than in the other groups. Evaluation of the locations of bond failure revealed differences (P < .05) among the three groups. There was a moderate correlation between bond strength and ARI scores within group 3 (r  =  0.5860, P < .01). CONCLUSION: In vitro shear bond strength was acceptable in all groups. The use of the Assure adhesion booster significantly increased both the shear bond strength of indirectly bonded brackets and the amount of adhesive that remained on the enamel after bracket debonding.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resistência de união e a interface de falha da colagem de braquetes colados pela técnica indireta após o condicionamento do esmalte com jato de óxido de alumínio de 27, 50 e 90 m seguido da aplicação de ácido fosfórico a 37%; e avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente as alterações da superfície do esmalte após os diferentes tipos de condicionamento. A amostra foi constituída por 104 pré-molares superiores. Na primeira parte da pesquisa 80 dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=20) que receberam diferentes condicionamentos das faces linguais: G1 (controle)- ácido fosfórico a 37%; G2, G3 e G4- jato de óxido de alumínio de 27, 50 e 90 m, respectivamente, antes da aplicação de ácido fosfórico. Braquetes linguais foram colados indiretamente com o mesmo material e metodologia nos 4 grupos. A força máxima de cisalhamento requerida para descolar os braquetes foi determinada por meio de uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos universal, e a interface de falha na colagem, por meio do Índice de Resina Remanescente (ARI). Para a avaliação quantitativa dos efeitos provocados no esmalte pelos diferentes condicionamentos, 20 dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, e suas faces linguais foram condicionadas de acordo com o protocolo proposto anteriormente. A rugosidade do esmalte (Ra) antes e após o seu condicionamento foi determinada por meio de um microscópio a laser confocal. Na avaliação qualitativa foram utilizados 4 dentes, que foram condicionados segundo protocolo descrito anteriormente. O teste ANOVA de um critério foi utilizado para comparar a resistência adesiva e o incremento de rugosidade entre os grupos. As diferenças entre as pontuações do ARI foram avaliadas com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis.

Foi adotado nível de significância de 5% em todas as avaliações estatísticas. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os quatro tipos de condicionamento de esmalte quando avaliou-se as médias de resistência de união e o incremento de rugosidade. Também não foram verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as pontuações do ARI. O resultado da avaliação qualitativa evidenciou padrões diferentes de condicionamento entre o esmalte condicionado com ácido fosfórico e o esmalte condicionado com óxido de alumínio associado ao ácido. No esmalte condicionado com ácido, observaram-se leves irregularidades correspondentes com o padrão tipo III de Silverstone; enquanto no esmalte condicionado com jato de óxido de alumínio de 27, 50 e 90 m mais ácido fosfórico verificaram-se padrões similares de condicionamento, com superfícies de textura áspera bastante uniforme, presença de múltiplas elevações com diferentes alturas e bordas arredondadas, semelhantes ao padrão tipo II de Silverstone. Assim, concluiu-se que o condicionamento do esmalte com óxido de alumínio associado ao ácido não incrementou a resistência de união de braquetes colados indiretamente, não modificou a quantidade de resina remanescente, nem aumentou a rugosidade do esmalte. No entanto, produz um padrão de condicionamento diferente ao obtido com o ácido.

The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strength and the bond failure location of indirectly bonded brackets after enamel conditioning with 27, 50 and 90 m aluminum oxide followed by application of 37% phosphoric acid; and to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the alterations on the enamel surface after the different conditionings. The sample consisted of 104 superior premolars. In the first stage of this research, 80 teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=20) that received different conditionings at the lingual faces: G1 (control)- 37% phosphoric acid, G2, G3 and G4- 27, 50 and 90 m aluminum oxide, respectively, before applying phosphoric acid. The lingual brackets were indirectly bonded using the same material and methodology in the 4 groups. The maximum shear bond strength required to debond the brackets was determined using a mechanical testing machine, and the bond failure location through the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). For the quantitative analysis of the effects caused in the enamel due to the different conditionings, 20 teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups, and their lingual faces were conditioned according to the previously described protocol. The enamel roughness (Ra) before and after conditioning was measured using a confocal laser scanning microscope. In the qualitative analysis 4 teeth that were conditioned according to the previously described protocol were used. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the bond strength and the roughness increment between the groups.

The differences among the ARI scores were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. A 5% significance level was adopted for all statistical analysis. No statistical differences were observed among the 4 types of enamel conditionings when the mean shear bond strength and roughness increase were compared. There were not also statistically significant differences between the ARI scores. The results of the qualitative analysis showed different conditioning patterns between the enamel prepared with phosphoric acid and the enamel treated with aluminum oxide associated to phosphoric acid. In the acid-etching enamel, slight irregularities corresponding to Silverstones type III pattern were found; while in the enamel conditioned with aluminum oxide of 27, 50 and 90 m followed by phosphoric acid, similar conditioning patterns were found, with rough surfaces highly uniform, presence of multiple elevations of different heights and rounded edges, similar to Silverstones type II pattern.

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La transposición dentaria es una anomalía caracterizada por el cambio de posición entre 2 dientes o más en el arco dentario. Esta anomalía puede provocar diversos problemas funcionales y estéticos y por estas razones necesita de un correcto diagnóstico para un tratamiento precoz, que involucra generalmente un abordaje multidisciplinario. El objetivo de este artículo fue relatar 3 casos donde fue diagnosticada la presencia de transposición dentaria. Se discutieron los posibles abordajes terapéuticos y se hizo énfasis en la importancia del diagnóstico precoz(AU)

The dental transposition is an anomaly characterized by the change in position among 2 or more teeth in the dental arch and it may to provoke different functional and esthetic problems being needed a correct diagnosis and an early treatment involving by general, a multidisciplinary approach. The aim of present paper is to relate the history of 3 cases in which the presence of a dental transposition was diagnosed and also to discuss on the possible therapeutical approaches emphasizing the significance of the early diagnosis(AU)

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La hiperdontia constituye una de las anomalías más estudiadas de la dentición humana. Esa alteración representa la aparición de uno o más dientes en cantidades mayores de lo normal, que puede ocurrir en la mandíbula o maxila y de manera unilateral o bilateral. La etiología de los dientes supernumerarios puede ser explicada principalmente por hiperactividad de la lámina dentaria en la fase inicial. Es importante la detección precoz de dientes supernumerarios porque se ha visto una serie de complicaciones como los diastemas, que pueden causar en la cavidad bucal: retardo de la erupción o dientes impactados, posicionamiento inadecuado de dientes permanentes, desajuste oclusal y el desarrollo de quistes y tumores odontógenos. Así el diagnóstico es normalmente realizado a partir de un examen radiográfico convencional, principalmente la radiografía panorámica. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo relatar 4 casos clínicos de pacientes con presencia de molares supernumerarios, que fueron atendidos en el Servicio de Radiología de la Escuela de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Ceará(AU)

Hyperdontia is one of the more studied anomalies of human dentition. This alteration represents the appearance of one or more teeth in a number greater of normal, occurring in mandible or in maxilla and could be unilateral or bilateral. The etiology of supernumerary teeth may be explained mainly due to the hyperactivity of dental plate in its initial phase; its early detection is important because of there have been a series of complications that may to cause diastemata, eruption retard or impacted teeth, inappropriate positioning of permanent teeth, occlusal misalignment and the development of odontogenic cysts or tumors. Thus, the diagnosis is normally made from a conventional radiographic examination, mainly the panoramic X-ray. The objective of present paper is the present four clinical cases of patients presenting with supernumerary molars, seen in the Radiology Service during the course of stomatology of the Federal University of Ceará(AU)

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El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la relación entre Retardo del Crecimiento Intrauterino (RCIU) y enfermedad Periodontal Materna (EPM), controlando otros factores de riesgo obstétrico. Se siguió un diseño de casos-controles apareados por edad. La población fueron mujeres que dieron a luz en el Instituto Materno Perinatal de Lima durante el año 2002. La muestra estuvo constituida por 53 casos y 106 controles correspondientes a madres de niños nacidos sin RCIU. Los datos sobre antecedentes maternos y embarazo actual se obtuvieron entrevistando a las madres y revisando las historias clínicas. Las participantes recibieron una evaluación preriodontal completa dentro de las 48 horas porteriores al parto, relizada por dos examinadores calibrados (kappa>0.70). Se registró y estimó el sangrado al sondaje, profundidad al sondaje, pérdida de inserción clínica, severidad y extensión de EPM. Los resultados mostraron que no esxistieron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en cuanto a riesgo social, hipertensión, infecciones ni antecedentes de recien nacidos con RCIU o bajo peso (p> 0.05). El análisis de los indicadores periodontales mostró una tendencia a una peor condición periodontal en el grupo de casos, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p> 0.05). El OR crudo de la relación promedio de pérdida de inserción clínica y RCIU fue de ORc: 1,830 [95 por ciento IC (0.846;3.959)]. El modelo de regresión logística condicional multivariada controlando por paridad, control prenatal y riesgo social mostró asociación entre el promedio de pérdida de inserción clínica y RCIU, ORa: 4.1 [95 por ciento IC (1.4; 11.6)]. Aparantemente la enfermedad periodontal materna incrementa el riesgo de retardo del crecimiento intrauterino.

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