Assuntos
COVID-19/terapia , Terapia Respiratória/métodos , Telemedicina , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in suicide mortality in Guyana between 2003 and 2013 by year, region, and sex. DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study of suicide in Guyana over a 10 year period from 2003 2013 was conducted by analyzing data on cases of suicide published in Health Surveillance reports and Statistical Bulletins. The suicide rates per 100,000 were calculated by analyzing the number of suicides in the 10 year period. RESULTS: There was a gradual but constant increase in the rate of suicide between 2003-2013 with a slight reduction in 2011. This was true for male suicide rates in all regions. A mean annual suicide rate of 28.5 per 100,000 was estimated with an average of 200 lives being lost yearly. Suicide was ranked the second leading cause of death. East Indians accounted for approximately 80 % of total suicide deaths. The highest rate of suicide deaths is concentrated in Regions 6, 4, 3 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: By 2013, Guyana had one of the highest suicide rates in the world and can be regarded as a major public health problem which requires urgent intervention by the national authorities to ameliorate this situation affecting predominantly East Indians. Findings from this study can be used to guide interventions for suicide prevention and control.
Assuntos
Suicídio/tendências , Estudos Retrospectivos , GuianaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To review the suicide data in Guyana for mitigation. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were collected and analyzed to establish gravity and trend of suicides in Guyana. RESULTS: In 2012, were 277 suicides and 6,925 attempted suicides in Guyana. There was a disproportionate increase in the Age-Specific Suicide Rates with age and sex. The most commonly used method for committing suicides was poisoning (pesticides and insecticides) accounting for more than 65% of cases, followed by hanging (>20%). East Indians accounted for 83.3% of all the suicides followed by Afro-Guyanese who accounted for 6.5% followed by Amerindians who accounted for 5.4% (Guyana Ministry of Health Reports, 2014). Hindus accounted for 33.7% of all attempted suicides while Pentecostals accounted for 34.3% Muslims 7.3%, and Adventists 7.0%. Catholics accounted for 3.8% while Jehovahs Witnesses accounted for 2.0%. It was also hard to explain why Orthodox Christians, namely Anglicans, Presbyterians and Methodists accounted for 0.9%, 1.2% and 0.9% respectively while the rates were higher with Pentecostals. CONCLUSIONS: Given that 65% of suicide mortality was due to poisoning (pesticides) and that high rates of suicide mortality were concentrated in certain regions, limiting access to these lethal products through a comprehensive community program is a crucial intervention. Various (12 in number) known community myths about suicides in Guyana were discussed in full as tools for suicide prevention and management.
Assuntos
Suicídio/tendências , GuianaRESUMO
The rat has been used extensively as a health sentinel, indicator, or monitor of environmental health hazards, but this model has not been directly validated against human exposures. Humans in Mexico City show upper respiratory tract lesions and evidence of pulmonary damage related to their environmental inhalation exposure. In this study, male and female F344 rats were exposed (23 hr/day) in Mexico City to local Mexico City air (MCA)* for up to seven weeks. Controls were maintained at the same location under filtered air. Prior to these exposures, several steps were taken. First, the nasal passages of normal male rats shipped from the United States and housed in Mexico City were examined for mycoplasma infection; no evidence of infection was found. In addition, a mobile exposure and monitoring system was assembled and, with an ozone (O3) exposure atmosphere, was tested along with supporting histopathology techniques and analysis of rat nasal and lung tissues. Last, the entire exposure model (equipment and animals) was transported to Mexico City and validated for a three-week period. During the seven-week study there were 18 one-hour intervals during which the average O3 concentration of MCA in the exposure chamber exceeded the US National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 0.120 ppm 03 (hourly average, not to be exceeded more than once per year). This prolonged exposure of healthy F344 rats to MCA containing episodically low to moderate concentrations of 03 (as well as other urban air pollutants) did not induce inflammatory or epithelial lesions in the nasal airways or lung as measured by qualitative histologic techniques or quantitative morphometric techniques. These findings agree with those of previous controlled O3 inhalation studies, but they are in contrast to reports indicating that O3-polluted MCA causes significant nasal mucosal injury in adults and children living in southwestern Mexico City. Taken together, these findings may suggest that human airways are markedly more susceptible to the toxic effects of MCA than are the airways of the F344 rat.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Mucosa Nasal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ozônio/toxicidade , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Sistema Respiratório/patologia , Medição de Risco , Emissões de Veículos/toxicidadeRESUMO
"The purpose of this article is to place Chinese labor migration from agriculture within the context of the literature on labor mobility in developing countries by comparing it to undocumented Mexican migration to the United States. The similarities fall within three general areas: the migration process, the economic and social position of migrants at their destination, and the agrarian structure and process of agricultural development that has perpetuated circular migration. The last section of the article draws upon these similarities, as well as differences between the two countries, to generate predictions concerning the development of labor migration in China."
Assuntos
Agricultura , Comparação Transcultural , Emigração e Imigração , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Migrantes , América , Ásia , China , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Ásia Oriental , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Pesquisa , Planejamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Nine centers collaborated to determine the rate of urinary tract infection in infants with unexplained fever, to determine whether the rate is higher in febrile infants than in asymptomatic infants, and whether the yield justifies urine cultures in febrile infants. Urine cultures were done in 501 infants 0 to 2 years of age. The rate of confirmed urinary tract infections in the 193 febrile infants was 4.1%. All infections were in girls, with a rate of 7.4%. The rate of confirmed urinary tract infections in the 312 asymptomatic infants was 0.3%; again, all infections were in girls, with a rate of 0.7%. The rate in febrile girls was significantly higher than the rate in asymptomatic girls (P less than 0.01). The data support the advisability of culturing the urine of infant girls with unexplained fever.