RESUMO
This study compared physiological responses associated with exercise tolerance in girls (G) and women (W) of similar fitness and heat acclimatization level during exercise in a hot and humid outdoor environment (33.4 degrees C and 55.1 % RH; WBGT = 29.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C). Nine pre-menarcheal G (age = 11.3 yr) and nine W (age = 26.8 yr), matched for aerobic capacity and heat acclimatization level, performed a cycling session at 60 % VO2max until fatigue. A sports drink was provided periodically to prevent dehydration. Tolerance time was not different between the groups (G = 56.9 +/- 6.3, W = 76.5 +/- 9.9 min, p > 0.05). During exercise, sweat rate (G = 9.1 +/- 1.1, W = 12.0 +/- 1.1 ml.m(-2).min(-1)), the increase in rectal temperature [T(re)] (G = 0.9 +/- 0.1, W = 1.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C), and heat storage (G = 10.6 +/- 5.3, W = 20.5 +/- 4.5 W.m(-2)) did not differ between the groups. At fatigue, T(re) (G = 38.2 +/- 0.1, W = 38.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C), heart rate (G = 167.3 +/- 7.3, W = 171 +/- 3.3 beats.min(-1)), stroke index (G = 48.3 +/- 1.5, W = 52.4 +/- 1.8 ml.m(-2)), and forearm skin blood flow (G = 9.5 +/- 1.3, W = 11.7 +/- 1.5 ml.100 ml(- 1).min(-1)) did not differ between the groups. Similar to women, the main reasons reported by girls to stop exercising in the heat were localized leg fatigue and gluteus muscle discomfort. We conclude that heat-acclimatized girls exhibit an adequate cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adjustment while exercising in a hot and humid outdoor environment when hypohydration is prevented.
Assuntos
Aclimatação , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Clima Tropical , Adulto , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Criança , Feminino , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Umidade , Sudorese , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico/fisiologiaRESUMO
This study examined the nutritional and performance status of elite soccer players during intense training. Eight male players (age 17+/-2 years) of the Puerto Rican Olympic Team recorded daily activities and food intake over 12 days. Daily energy expenditure was 3,833+/-571 (SD) kcal, and energy intake was 3,952+/-1,071 kcal, of which 53.2+/-6.2% (8.3 g x kg BW(-1)) was from carbohydrates (CHO), 32.4+/-4.0% from fat, and 14.4+/-2.3% from protein. With the exception of calcium, all micronutrients examined were in accordance with dietary guidelines. Body fat was 7.6+/-1.1% of body weight. Time to completion of three runs of the soccer-specific test was 37.65+/-0.62 s, and peak torques of the knee flexors and extensors at 60 degrees x s(-1) were 139+/-6 and 225+/-9 N x m, respectively. Players' absolute amounts of CHO seemed to be above the minimum recommended intake to maximize glycogen storage, but calcium intakes were below recommended. Their body fat was unremarkable, and they had a comparatively good capacity to endure repeated bouts of intense soccer-specific exercise and to exert force with their knee extensors and flexors.
Assuntos
Dieta , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Futebol/fisiologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Tecido Adiposo/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/fisiologia , Masculino , Micronutrientes , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Porto Rico , Futebol/educação , TorqueRESUMO
This study was conducted to describe and compare various anthropometric, body composition, cardiorespiratory, metabolic and neuromuscular characteristics of 12 female athletes, members of the Puerto Rico national softball team. The subjects were divided into three categories according to their game specific requirements (game position): infielders (n = 5), outfielders (n = 4), and pitchers (n = 3). The mean and standard deviations of all the variables in each group was calculated. These athletes demonstrated high levels of body fat and below optimal levels of flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, and muscular strength and endurance. The results revealed deficiencies in the health related fitness components and in the physical preparation for sports competition. These results also suggest that the subjects are at risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases, sport injuries, and poor sport performance.
Assuntos
Beisebol/fisiologia , Adulto , Antropometria , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Medidas de Volume Pulmonar , Músculos/fisiologia , Porto Rico , SomatotiposRESUMO
The health services offered to the Puerto Rican Delegation during the XVI Central American and Caribbean Sports Games in México in 1990 included: medical, dental and psychological assistance, physical therapy and services on the playing field. From the consultation sheets completed during the Games we obtained information about the use of these services. The 336 members of the Puerto Rico Delegation in the village at México City had 1,838 encounters with the health team. Of these, 991 were medical consults, 55 group therapies, 466 physical therapy sessions and 326 encounters in the sports venues. Among the encounters for medical evaluation the most frequent problems were athletic injuries (318; 32.1%), respiratory problems (240; 24.2%), gastrointestinal conditions (126; 12.7%) and dental services (119; 12.0%). The most frequent athletic injuries were first degree strains (83; 26.1%), tendinitis (56; 17.6%), contusions (42; 13.2%), myositis (40; 12.6%) and first degree sprains (28; 8.8%). The health problems found were diversed and in the majority of cases mild in character, which can be attend by adequately trained on sports health primary health professionals.
Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Esportes , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Traumatismos em Atletas/classificação , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morbidade , Porto Rico/etnologiaRESUMO
This study described the body composition, somatotype, physiological maturity, flexibility and cardiorespiratory endurance of 30 gymnasts (feminine; n = 12 and masculine; n = 18) pre selected for the puertorican national team and compared the results with those reported in the literature. There were significant differences between the sexes in body fat, lean body mass, ISA, CMB, AMB, endomorphy, mesomorphy, sum of skinfolds, flexibility and VO2max (L.min-1), (p less than .05). The results are within the range reported in the literature for elite gymnasts.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Ginástica , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Porto Rico , Caracteres Sexuais , SomatotiposRESUMO
Physiological responses and adaptations of women to exercise are influenced by her genetically determined morphological and functional characteristics, and by her level of physical fitness. Physiological responses of women during submaximal and maximal exercise differ quantitatively from those of men but adaptations to training are qualitatively similar in both. Studies demonstrate that differences between the sexes in performance of athletic events that require high aerobic or anaerobic capacity are due, to a large extent, to differences in body structure and composition: the average woman is smaller and lighter and has less muscle mass than the average man. These characteristics influence physiologic responses of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems during exercise. This article describes physiological responses of women during exercise in relation to her sex related morphological characteristics, and the adaptations that occur with physical training.