RESUMO
The use of promotores to educate Hispanic communities about different health topics has been proven successful, albeit with limitations in program sustainability. The goal of this study was to develop a sustainable train-the-trainer model to train graduate public health (PH) students to disseminate cancer education among communities in Puerto Rico (PR). Graduate students (n = 32) from Ponce Health Sciences University's (PHSU) PH program participated in a 2-day Cáncer 101 training, where they learned how to deliver nine cancer modules to the community. Cancer knowledge was assessed before and after the training via 54 items measuring discussed concepts. Participants also assessed the training's effectiveness by completing a training evaluation informed by social cognitive theory (SCT) constructs of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, facilitation, and observational learning. Participants were mainly female (78.1 %), 26.7 ± 3.9 years old, and enrolled in a Masters-level program (81.3 %). Participants reported an average 11.38-point increase in cancer knowledge after attending the training [t(31) = 14.88, p < .001]. Participants also evaluated the training favorably upon completion, reporting satisfactory comments in the open-ended responses and high scores on measured SCT constructs. The Cáncer 101 training program effectively prepared students to deliver cancer education to local communities. Training graduate PH students to educate communities about health issues is an innovative, and potentially sustainable, way to reach underserved populations.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde/métodos , Neoplasias , Saúde Pública/educação , Estudantes de Saúde Pública , Adulto , Currículo , Educação de Pós-Graduação , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Porto RicoRESUMO
In Puerto Rico (PR), cancer is the leading cause of death. Previous research has identified the need for cancer education in PR. Using culturally adapted cancer curricula to train local health educators may effectively increase cancer education and reduce health disparities. This article describes the three-phase process used to transcreate the Cancer 101 curriculum to train Master of Public Health (MPH) students to educate PR communities. First, an expert panel collaboratively reviewed the curriculum for content, legibility, utility, and colloquialisms. Recommendations included incorporating local references and resources, replacing words and examples with culturally relevant topics, and updating objectives and evaluation items. Subsequent focus groups with 10 MPH students assessed the adaptation's strengths, weaknesses, and utility for future trainees. Participants were satisfied with the curriculum's overall adaptation, ease of use, and listed resources; further improvements were suggested for all modules. Final expert panel revisions highlighted minor feedback, with the final curriculum containing nine transcreated modules. The transcreation process identified the need for changes to content and cultural translation. Changes were culturally and literacy-level appropriate, represented PR's social context, and were tailored for future trainees to successfully deliver cancer education. Findings highlight the importance of adapting Spanish educational materials across Hispanic sub-groups.
Assuntos
Competência Cultural/educação , Educação em Saúde , Letramento em Saúde , Idioma , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Características de Residência , Adulto , Currículo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To get good results in the treatment of chronic diseases, we need the participation of patients who take decisions, where education is the most relevant factor. We analyze the limits and impact of an educational strategy during six group sessions through a month. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical control in patients with diabetes and hypertension after group sessions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was included a group of 172 patients with diabetes and hypertension who went to a help group in 2003; There were two groups, a Group A with 88 patients who finished the educational strategy and a group B with 88 patients who left after the second session. RESULTS: The group A diminish glucose average -82 mg/dL (p<0.0001) and also lowered the systolic arterial tension -11.7 mm Hg (p<0.0001) and the diastolic tension -6.9 mm Hg (p<0.0001); there were not significant changes in group B. We used a repeated measured model 4 months before, during and 4 months after educational strategy, and there was a difference between the groups (p=0.008) and also the persistent effect after the educative strategy. CONCLUSION: We consider that improvement in clinical control was associated with the strategy used, because education motivate patients to take decisions to face real problematic situations, and helps them to think over life circumstances, and to have health live styles to control both diabetes and hypertension.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Angiopatias Diabéticas/terapia , Hipertensão/terapia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Psicoterapia de Grupo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The Gram-positive cocci (GPC), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, have become important causes of community and nosocomial-acquired infections. The prevalence of multiple resistant isolates to standard antimicrobial drugs has significantly increased over the past decades. Few prospective studies have been performed in Puerto Rico (PR) concerning the GPC antimicrobial susceptibilities pattern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of GPC clinical isolates from PR to selected standard antibiotics and to the new antimicrobial agents, linezolid (LZ), quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) and gemifloxacin (GM). The in vitro susceptibility utilizing disk diffusion and Etest methods to selected antibiotics was determined for a total of 429 isolates obtained during a period of 5 months from the Puerto Rico Medical Center Bacteriology Laboratory. The distribution of GPC collected was as follows: 213 S. aureus isolates, 162 E. faecalis, 16 E. faecium and 38 S. pneumoniae. The results of the susceptibility test demonstrated: 1) that in S. aureus, 100 per cent of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (VAN), LZ and Q/D; 93 per cent to GM; and 61 per cent to methicillin/oxacillin; 2) in S. pneumoniae, 100 per cent were susceptible to LN and GM; 87 per cent to Q/D; and 53 per cent to penicillin; 3) in E. faecalis, 99 per cent were susceptible to ampicillin; 93 per cent to LZ; 79 per cent to GM; 78.6 per cent to VAN; and 0 per cent to Q/D. Sixty eight and 66 per cent of the E. faecalis isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and streptomycin respectively; and 4) in E. faecium, 100 per cent were susceptible to LZ; 94 per cent to Q/D; 69 per cent to GM; 37.5 per cent to VAN and 20 per cent to ampicillin. In E. faecium isolates, 50 per cent and 31 per cent were susceptible to gentamicin and streptomycin, respectively. Of the vancomycin resistant enterococci, 88.9 per cent and 21 per cent of E. faecium and faecalis showed VanA phenotypic resistance, respectively...
Assuntos
Humanos , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Prospectivos , Porto RicoRESUMO
La actividad socioeconómica de la II Región de Chile es la minería del cobre, generándose subproductos que son eliminados al medio. Se ha informado en centros industrializados, que los metales pesados se transfieren de las madres a los fetos, vía placenta. Se propone conocer la bioacumulación de cobre en órganos y fluidos en ratas gestantes y su efecto en la formación de centros primarios de osificación (CPO). Hembras de tres meses Sprague Dowley, se ciclan y se cruzan en estro. Al octavo día de gestación, se inyectan i.p. con 1 ml de CuSO en concentraciones 1024, 512, 256, 128 y 64 ppm y suero fisiológico, el grupo control. A los 18 días, se sacrifican y se evalúan los fetos, procesándose por técnicas de tinción, diafanización e histológica. Secciones de 5 um se tiñen con azul de Alcian /Azul de Toluidina. Se recupera sangre materna, membranas amniocoriónica, líquido amniótico y placenta, entre grupos tratados y controles. Una diferencia significativa en la formación de los CPO en vértebras y dorsales, se encontró con el tratamiento de 256 ppm, en comparación con el control (p<0.05). No se observaron anomalías externas. Se infiere que ión cobre se transfiere a los fetos vía placenta, bioacumulándose en el hígado e induciendo alteraciones o retardo en la formación de CPO, especialmente a nivel de vértebras cervicales y dorsales; observándose microscópicamente en dichas zonas, ausencias de tejido cartilaginoso característico
Assuntos
Animais , Gravidez , Ratos , Cobre/intoxicação , Desenvolvimento Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bioacumulação , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to a small group of viruses which are known to cause tumors in humans. Not only do they cause benign papillomas, but they are also implicated in the pathogenesis of some malignancies. For this reason, it is important for both the practicing physicians and students to know about recent advances in the study of these viruses. The following is a review of the etiologic role of HPV in non-genital and genital warts, laryngeal papillomas, and their possible roles in several malignancies.