RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess vitamin D dietary sources, intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and their association with individual and sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican children. DESIGN: Data obtained from 2695 children aged 1-11 years from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012) were analysed. Diet was assessed by a 141-item FFQ. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was measured by a chemiluminescent assay. RESULTS: Mean vitamin D intake was 3·38 (se 0·09) µg/d (135·2 (se 3·6) IU/d) among pre-school children and 2·85 (se 0·06) µg/d (114·0 (se 2·4) IU/d) in school-age children. Milk accounted for 64·4 % of vitamin D intake in pre-school children and 54·7 % in school-age children. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<50 nmol/l) was 25·9 % in pre-schoolers and 36·6 % in school-age children. Overweight/obese school-age children had a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency compared with normal-weight children (OR=2·23; 95 % CI 1·36, 3·66; P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D intakes are low in Mexican children, and milk is the main source of the vitamin. Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with overweight in school-age children.
Assuntos
Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos Nutricionais/estatística & dados numéricos , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Background: To analyse knowledge, attitudes and sexual practices on HIV/AIDS, and estimate HIV prevalence among residents of Sucre (Bolivia).Methodology: Population-based survey of residents aged 15-49 randomly selected during 2008/2009. Blood samples were collected on Whatman-filter paper and tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Knowledge on HIV/AIDS, sexual risk practices and discriminatory attitudes against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) were modelled with multiple logistic regression.Results: Of 1499 subjects, 59% were women. All subjects were HIV-negative. Inadequate knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention was observed in 67% and risk factors varied by gender (interaction p-value < 0.05). Discriminatory attitudes were displayed by 85% subjects; associated factors were: rural residence, low educational level and low income. Unsafe sex was reported by 10%; risk factors varied by residence area (interaction p-value < 0.05). In urban areas, risk factors were male sex, younger age and being in common-law union.Conclusions: Prevalence of HIV infection is very low and unsafe sex is relatively uncommon. Inadequate knowledge on HIV/AIDS and discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHA are extremely high and are associated to gender, ethnic and economic inequalities.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Prevalência , População Rural , Comportamento Sexual , População UrbanaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To analyse knowledge, attitudes and sexual practices on HIV/AIDS, and estimate HIV prevalence among residents of Sucre (Bolivia). METHODOLOGY: Population-based survey of residents aged 15-49 randomly selected during 2008/2009. Blood samples were collected on Whatman-filter paper and tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Knowledge on HIV/AIDS, sexual risk practices and discriminatory attitudes against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) were modelled with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 1499 subjects, 59% were women. All subjects were HIV-negative. Inadequate knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention was observed in 67% and risk factors varied by gender (interaction p-value<0.05). Discriminatory attitudes were displayed by 85% subjects; associated factors were: rural residence, low educational level and low income. Unsafe sex was reported by 10%; risk factors varied by residence area (interaction p-value<0.05). In urban areas, risk factors were male sex, younger age and being in common-law union. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of HIV infection is very low and unsafe sex is relatively uncommon. Inadequate knowledge on HIV/AIDS and discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHA are extremely high and are associated to gender, ethnic and economic inequalities.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , População Rural , Comportamento Sexual , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage renal disease (pRIFLE) criteria serve to characterize the pattern of acute kidney injury in critically ill pediatric patients. To identify if pRIFLE score will predict morbidity and mortality in our patient's cohort. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Multidisciplinary, tertiary care, ten-bed PICU. PATIENTS: A total of 266 patients admitted to PICU from November 2009 to November 2010. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The incidence of acute kidney injury in the PICU was 27.4%, of which 83.5% presented within 72 hours of admission to the PICU. Patients with acute kidney injury were younger; weighed less; were more likely to be on fluid overload greater than or equal to 10%; and were more likely to be on inotropic support, diuretics, or aminoglycosides. No difference in gender, use of other nephrotoxins, or mechanical ventilation was observed. Fluid overload greater than or equal to 10% was an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. In multivariate analysis, acute kidney injury and failure categories, as defined by pRIFLE, predicted mortality, hospital length of stay, and PICU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of critically ill pediatric patients, acute kidney injury identified by pRIFLE and fluid overload greater than or equal to 10% predicted increased morbidity and mortality. Implementation of pRIFLE scoring and close monitoring of fluid overload upon admission may help develop early interventions to prevent and treat acute kidney injury in critically ill children.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Tempo de Internação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Injúria Renal Aguda/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Creatinina/sangue , Creatinina/urina , Cuidados Críticos , Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Urina , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Our objective was to identify and describe the major dietary patterns in the Mexican adult population and their association with being overweight or obese. Dietary intake was evaluated by a FFQ that was completed by 15,890 Mexican adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006. Dietary patterns were generated by cluster analysis based on the percent contribution to total energy intake from 30 food groups. We identified 3 major dietary patterns: refined foods and sweets (RS), traditional (T), and diverse (D). The T pattern was characterized by low dietary diversity, with maize and maize foods accounting for ~47% of energy intake. This pattern had the lowest contribution of most food groups, with the exception of beans (~4.0%). The RS pattern had the highest contribution of alcohol (9.4%), soft drinks (9.4%), white bread (7.7%), fast food, sweets, and snacks. The D pattern had the lowest contribution of maize (15.5%) and the highest contribution of whole-fat dairy (8.0%), rice and pasta, meat, poultry, eggs, saturated fat, fruits, and vegetables. After adjusting for age, gender, physical activity, socioeconomic status, area, and region, the RS and D dietary patterns were associated with 14 and 17% increased risk of being overweight (P < 0.01) and 20% increased risk of being obese, respectively, compared with the T dietary pattern (P < 0.001). These findings support an association of dietary patterns with being overweight or obese in a nationally representative sample of Mexican adults.
Assuntos
Dieta , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Adulto , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Pão , Bebidas Gaseificadas , Estudos Transversais , Cultura , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Obesidade/etiologia , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , População Urbana , Zea maysRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy, nutrient intake and diet adequacy in school-aged children based on the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Food intake data from food frequency questionnaires was analyzed for 8 716 children aged 5 to 11 years. Energy and nutrients intake and adequacy were obtained. Comparisons were made at regional, urban/rural areas, socioeconomic status (SES) and nutrition status (body mass index and height/age). RESULTS: Median energy intake was 1501 kcal/d (percent adequacy: 88.0). Overweight and obesity prevalence was 25.5%. Stunting prevalence was 10%. Children at lowest SES, indigenous and from rural communities showed the highest inadequacies for vitamin A, folate, zinc, and calcium. Overweight children and those highest SES had higher risk of excessive intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of over- and undernutrition reflects a polarized model of nutrition transition among Mexican children.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy, nutrient intake and diet adequacy in school-aged children based on the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Food intake data from food frequency questionnaires was analyzed for 8 716 children aged 5 to 11 years. Energy and nutrients intake and adequacy were obtained. Comparisons were made at regional, urban/rural areas, socioeconomic status (SES) and nutrition status (body mass index and height/age). RESULTS: Median energy intake was 1501 kcal/d (percent adequacy: 88.0). Overweight and obesity prevalence was 25.5 percent. Stunting prevalence was 10 percent. Children at lowest SES, indigenous and from rural communities showed the highest inadequacies for vitamin A, folate, zinc, and calcium. Overweight children and those highest SES had higher risk of excessive intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of over and undernutrition reflects a polarized model of nutrition transition among Mexican children.
OBJETIVO: Estimar el consumo y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos en niños escolares mexicanos que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en 8 716 niños de entre 5 y 11 años de edad. Se calcularon la ingesta y la adecuación de energía y nutrimentos. Se hicieron comparaciones por región, área urbana/rural, nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y estado nutricio (índice de masa corporal y talla/edad). RESULTADOS: La mediana de ingestión de energía fue 1 501 kcal/día ( por ciento adecuación 88.0); 25.5 por ciento de los niños tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad; 10 por ciento, retardo en talla. Los niños con menor NSE, los indígenas y los de comunidades rurales mostraron mayores inadecuaciones dietarias de vitamina A, folato, zinc y calcio. Los niños con sobrepeso y los de mayor NSE presentaron más riesgo de ingestiones excesivas. CONCLUSIONES: La coexistencia de malnutrición por exceso y por deficiencia evidencia una transición nutricional polarizada en niños mexicanos.
Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , MéxicoRESUMO
¿Qué es la Odontología Forense? ¿Cuál es su utilidad en nuestro país? ¿Cuáles son las técnicas odontológicas forenses más utilizadas en El Salvador? Estas son algunas de las preguntas fundamentales que este trabajo intenta responde, a través de una investigación realizada en el Instituto de Medicina Legal "Dr. Roberto Masferrer", y con el aporte de los odontólogos forenses que trabajan en las diferentes dependencias de ese instituto, a quienes se les solicitó su colaboración para contestar una serie de preguntas referidas al tema en estudio Con los resultados de esas entrevistas, se obtuvo importante información sobre las técnicas odontológicas forenses utilizadas. Dichos resultados han sido debidamente analizados, cuantitativa y cualitativamente, para lo cual se incluyen cuadros estadísticos Toda la información recogida, como se verá en el desarrollo de esta investigación, resultó muy novedosa e interesante. V El trabajo además incluye un apartado de objetivos, limitantes, alcances y otros, así como también un extenso y completo marco teórico y una explicación detallada de la metodología que se utilizó a lo largo de esta investigación. Se espera que, con este trabajo, las personas que desean conocer aspectos relevantes sobre las técnicas odontológicas forenses, obtengan conocimientos fundamentales y de interés general en el área de la Odontología Forense.
What is Forensic Dentistry? What is its usefulness in our country? What are the most used forensic dental techniques in El Salvador? These are some of the fundamental questions that this work tries to answer, through an investigation carried out in the Institute of Legal Medicine "Dr. Roberto Masferrer", and with the contribution of forensic dentists who work in the different dependencies of that institute, Their collaboration was requested to answer a series of questions related to the subject under study. With the results of these interviews, important information was obtained on the forensic dental techniques used. These results have been duly analyzed, quantitatively and qualitatively, for which statistical tables are included. All the information collected, as will be seen in the development of this research, was very novel and interesting. V The work also includes a section on objectives, limitations, scope and others, as well as an extensive and complete theoretical framework and a detailed explanation of the methodology used throughout this research. It is expected that, with this work, people who want to know relevant aspects of forensic dental techniques, obtain fundamental knowledge of general interest in the area of ââForensic Dentistry.
Assuntos
Odontologia Legal , Materiais Dentários , El SalvadorRESUMO
La presente guía constituye un contexto un instrumento útil para motivar e impulsar aquellas instituciones y organizaciones comunitarias que tienen la firme decisión de trabajar por estilos de vida no violentos y saludables en nuestras familias