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The present research aims to determine whether environmental awareness, green self-identity, and subjective norms influence the attitudes of consumers who identify with environmental issues and have green purchasing intentions for organic products. The research was quantitative, correlational in scope, and cross-sectional in design. It was applied to 710 Peruvian millennials. A questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was applied, which was quantified through a five-point Likert scale. The results were processed through an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Statistical analyses were developed using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24. The study identified that the personal variables influencing the environmental attitudes of millennials who intend to buy green organic products are green self-identity and subjective norms. While environmental awareness does not influence environmental attitudes, it does influence the green self-identity of Peruvian millennials. This study is one of the first to identify the personal variables influencing the environmental attitudes of Peruvian millennials who intend to buy green organic products.

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Background and Aim: Brucellosis, paratuberculosis (PTb), and infections caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), formerly known as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), adversely affect goat production systems. Nonetheless, commonly used diagnostic tests can only determine one analyte at a time, increasing disease surveillance costs, and limiting their routine use. This study aimed to design and validate a multiplex assay for antibody detection against these three diseases simultaneously. Materials and Methods: Two recombinant proteins from the SRLV (p16 and gp38), the native hapten of Brucella melitensis, and the paratuberculosis-protoplasmic antigen 3 from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) were used to devise and assess a multiplex assay. Conditions for the Luminex® multiplex test were established and validated by sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility parameters. Cut-off points for each antigen were also established. Results: The 3-plex assay had high sensitivity (84%) and specificity (95%). The maximum coefficients of variation were 23.8% and 20.5% for negative and positive control samples, respectively. The p16 and gp38 SRLV antigens are 97% and 95%, similar to the CAEV sequence found in GenBank, respectively. Conclusion: The multiplex test can be effectively used for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against SRLV, MAP and B. melitensis in goats.

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Contexto: la deficiencia de hierro es un trastorno frecuentemente observado en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), sobre todo en estadios avanzados. Su presencia se asocia a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. La deficiencia de hierro puede ser absoluta o funcional. La deficiencia absoluta se refiere a una ausencia o una reducción de las reservas de hierro, mientras que la deficiencia funcional se define por la presencia de depósitos de hierro adecuados pero con una disponibilidad insuficiente de hierro para su incorporación en los precursores eritroides. Varios factores de riesgo contribuyen a la deficiencia absoluta y funcional de hierro en ERC, incluyendo pérdidas hemáticas, absorción alterada de hierro e inflamación crónica. Objetivo: con esta revisión narrativa se pretende presentar las definiciones, los aspectos fisiopatológicos, los criterios diagnósticos y las medidas terapéuticas en el paciente con diagnóstico de ERC con deficiencia de hierro. Metodología: se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed, incluyendo además las guías internacionales más utilizadas que abordan el tema de deficiencia de hierro en ERC. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 30 referencias bibliográficas. La deficiencia de hierro puede ser absoluta o relativa y el déficit absoluto de hierro se produce con valores de ferritina 100 mcg/l, pero con una TSAT < 20 %. El tratamiento del déficit absoluto consta de reposición de hierro oral o endovenoso y en pacientes que aún no reciben diálisis, se puede hacer una prueba terapéutica con hierro oral, de no haber respuesta se optará por hierro endovenoso, mientras que en pacientes que sí reciben diálisis, la medida ideal es el hierro endovenoso, preferiblemente en preparaciones que permitan esquemas de altas dosis y bajas frecuencias de administración. Las metas propuestas por las distintas guías presentan variaciones entre 500 y 700 mcg/l de ferritina. Conclusiones: el déficit de hierro debe buscarse activamente en pacientes con ERC, ya que su presencia y la falta de intervención conlleva a un incremento en los desenlaces adversos. La terapia con hierro es el pilar del tratamiento y la elección del agente a utilizar dependerá de las características individuales del paciente y de la disponibilidad de las preparaciones de hierro oral o endovenoso.

Background: Iron deficiency is a disorder frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in advanced stages. Its presence is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency can be absolute or functional. Absolute deficiency refers to absent or reduced iron stores, while functional deficiency is defined by the presence of adequate iron stores but insufficient iron availability for incorporation into erythroid precursors. Several risk factors contribute to absolute and functional iron deficiency in CKD, including blood fi, impaired iron absorption, and chronic inflammation. Purpose: With this narrative review, it is intended to present the details, pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease with iron deficiency. Methodology: A non-systematic review of the fi ron ra was carried out, in the PubMed database, also including the most used international guidelines that address the issue fi ron deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Results: A total of 30 bibliographical references were included. Iron deficiency can be absolute or relative. The absolute iron deficiency occurs with ferritin values 100 mcg/l but with a TSAT <20 % Treatment of absolute deficiency consists of oral or intravenous iron replacement. In a patient who is not yet receiving dialysis, a therapeutic trial with oral iron can be done, if there is no response, intravenous iron will be chosen. In patients receiving dialysis, the ideal measure is intravenous iron, preferably in preparations that allow high-dose schemes and low frequencies of administration. The goals proposed by the different guidelines present variations between 500 and 700 mcg/l d ferritin. Conclusions: iron deficiency should be actively sought in patients with CKD, since its presence and lack of intervention leads to an increase in adverse outcomes. Iron therapy is the mainstay of treatment; the choice of the agent to be used depends on the individual characteristics of the patient and the availability of oral or intravenous iron preparations.

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Over time, inertial sensors have become an essential ally in the biomechanical field for current researchers. Their miniaturization coupled with their ever-improvement make them ideal for certain applications such as wireless monitoring or measurement of biomechanical variables. Therefore, in this article, a compendium of their use is presented to obtain biomechanical variables such as velocity, acceleration, and power, with a focus on combat sports such as included box, karate, and Taekwondo, among others. A thorough search has been made through a couple of databases, including MDPI, Elsevier, IEEE Publisher, and Taylor & Francis, to highlight some. Research data not older than 20 years have been collected, tabulated, and classified for interpretation. Finally, this work provides a broad view of the use of wearable devices and demonstrates the importance of using inertial sensors to obtain and complement biomechanical measurements on the upper extremities of the human body.

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The ability of animals to maximize benefits and minimize costs during approach-avoidance conflicts is an important evolutionary tool, but little is known about the emergence of specific strategies for conflict resolution. Accordingly, we developed a simple approach-avoidance conflict task in rats that pits the motivation to press a lever for sucrose against the motivation to step onto a distant platform to avoid a footshock delivered at the end of a 30 s tone (sucrose is available only during the tone). Rats received conflict training for 16 days to give them a chance to optimize their strategy by learning to properly time the expression of both behaviors across the tone. Rats unexpectedly separated into three distinct subgroups: those pressing early in the tone and avoiding later (Timers, 49%); those avoiding throughout the tone (Avoidance-preferring, 32%); and those pressing throughout the tone (Approach-preferring, 19%). The immediate early gene cFos revealed that Timers showed increased activity in the ventral striatum and midline thalamus relative to the other two subgroups, Avoidance-preferring rats showed increased activity in the amygdala, and Approach-preferring rats showed decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. This pattern is consistent with low fear and high behavioral flexibility in Timers, suggesting the potential of this task to reveal the neural mechanisms of conflict resolution.

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Abstract Introduction: Hyponatremia is the most frequently encountered electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients, and its incidence is even greater when a neurological condition is present. A significant association has been found between hyponatremia and increases in mortality rates. Objective: To describe the incidence of hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients of a university hospital in southern Colombia. Methods: Descriptive, observational study that analyzed the medical records of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit after having undergone a neurosurgical procedure in the period between 2014 and 2015. Perioperative characteristics and neurological outcomes were compared, central trend and scatter were calculated, and statistical confidence tests were applied. Results: A total of 79 patients were included in the study. The median age was 40 years and 73.4% were male. The most frequent diagnosis was head injury, followed by space-occupying lesion and non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The incidence of hyponatremia was 25.3%; patients with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage were 8 times more likely to have hyponatremia (odds ratio 8.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.777-36.018). Mortality for the group of patients presenting hyponatremia was 35%, and unfavorable neurological outcomes were present in 80%. Conclusions: Neurosurgical patients with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage or space-occupying lesion associated with hyponatremia have a less favorable neurologic outcome, without circumstantially affecting mortality.

Resumen Introducción: La hiponatremia es el trastorno electrolítico más frecuentemente encontrado en los pacientes hospitalizados y su incidencia es aún mayor cuando se padece alguna afección neurológica. Se ha vinculado en forma significativa con incremento en las tasas de mortalidad. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de la hiponatremia en los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos de un hospital universitario en el sur de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional, se analizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes adultos, que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos después de haberles realizado algún procedimiento neuroquirúrgico en el periodo comprendido entre 2014 - 2015. Se compararon las características perioperatorias y los desenlaces neurológicos, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, se aplicaron pruebas de confianza estadística. Resultados: En total 79 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. La mediana para la edad fue 40 años y 73,4% fueron del género masculino. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue trauma craneoencefálico, seguido por lesión ocupante de espacio y por hemorragia subaracnoidea no traumática. La incidencia de hiponatremia fue del 25,3%; los pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea presentaron 8 veces más probabilidad de hiponatremia (odds ratio 8,0; IC95%: 1,777-36,018). La mortalidad para el grupo de paciente que presentó hiponatremia fue del 35% y los resultados neurológicos desfavorable se presentaron en un 80%. Conclusiones: Los pacientes que fueron intervenidos neuroquirúrgicamente con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea o lesión ocupante de espacio asociados a hiponatremia suponen un desenlace neurológico más desfavorable, sin incidir circunstancialmente en la mortalidad.

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A decrease in the rate of acquired antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance (ADR) over time has been documented in high-income settings, but data on the determinants of this phenomenon are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that in heavily ARV-experienced patients in the Mexican ARV therapy (ART) roll-out program, the drop in ADR would be associated with changes in ARV drug usage. Genotypic resistance tests obtained from 974 HIV-infected patients with virological failure and at least 2 previously failed ARV regimens from throughout the country were analyzed for the presence of nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitor (PI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). Patients were divided into two groups according to their first ART start date: 488 patients initiated ART before mid-2003 (group 1) and 486 after mid-2003 (group 2). The rate of RAMs, median resistance score of several sentinel ARVs, and composition of ART drugs in patient's entire treatment history were compared between both groups. Patients in group 2 were less likely to have >3 thymidine analogue-associated mutations (TAMs) and >3 PI-mRAMs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.37; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.25-0.54; p < .001 and aOR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.36-0.77; p = .001, respectively] and had a significantly lower resistance score for zidovudine, tenofovir, ritonavir-boosted (r)-lopinavir, r-atazanavir, and r-darunavir than group 1 patients. A significantly lower proportion of patients in group 2 used monotherapy, bitherapy, thymidine analogue-containing regimens, nonboosted PI-containing regimens, and low resistance barrier PI-containing regimens. In Mexican ARV-experienced patients, the occurrence of TAM and PI-mRAM has significantly declined over time. This can be explained by treatment optimization in the national ART roll-out program in recent years.

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Cortical glutamatergic projections are extensively studied in behavioral neuroscience, whereas cortical GABAergic projections to downstream structures have been overlooked. A recent study by Lee and colleagues (Lee AT, Vogt D, Rubenstein JL, Sohal VS. J Neurosci 34: 11519-11525, 2014) used optogenetic and electrophysiological techniques to characterize a behavioral role for long-projecting GABAergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. In this Neuro Forum, we discuss the potential implications of this study in several learning and memory models.

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La rehabilitación en un sentido general tiene el objetivo de reincorporar a una persona a sus actividades de la vida cotidiana. Actualmente, un paciente que requiere de alguna rehabilitación sufre de largas esperas para ser atendido debido a la falta de personal en las clínicas y hospitales. Una alternativa para ayudar al personal médico en las terapias de rehabilitación es utilizando robots terapéuticos. Este artículo muestra el modelado y la simulación de un robot terapéutico para la rehabilitación de miembros inferiores. Se presenta el modelo cinemático y dinámico de un robot de tres grados de libertad con un efector final configurado en paralelo. Se presenta una ley de control por par calculado para el seguimiento de trayectorias planificadas. Se presentan simulaciones de ejercicios terapéuticos para cadera y rodilla realizadas en ADAMS y MATLAB para conocer el comportamiento cinemático y dinámico del robot. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el gran potencial del robot terapéutico para asistir en la rehabilitación de miembros inferiores.

Rehabilitation in a general sense aims to reinstate a person to their activities of daily living. Currently, a patient that requires a rehabilitation suffers long waits for treatment due to lack of staff in clinics and hospitals. An alternative to assist medical staff in rehabilitation therapies is using therapeutic robots. This paper shows the modeling and simulation of a therapeutic robot for lower limb rehabilitation. The kinematic and dynamic model of a robot of three degrees of freedom with an end-effector configured in parallel is presented. A computed torque control law for a planned trajectory tracking task is presented. Simulations of therapeutic exercises for hip and knee carried out in ADAMS and MATLAB for know the kinematic and dynamic behavior of the robot are presented. The results demonstrate the great potential of the therapeutic robot to assist in the rehabilitation of lower limbs.

A reabilitação de um modo geral tem como objetivo restabelecer uma pessoa para as suas atividades de vida diária. Atualmente, um doente que necessite de alguma reabilitação sofrem com longas esperas para o tratamento devido à falta de pessoal em clínicas e hospitais. Uma alternativa para ajudar a equipe médica em terapias de reabilitação é o uso de robôs terapêuticos. Este artigo mostra o modelado e a simulação de um robô terapêutico para a reabilitação do membro inferior. Apresenta-se também Modelo cinemática e dinâmica de um robô de três graus de liberdade com uma extremidade atuante configurados em paralelo. A lei de controle para o acompanhamento calculados para par planejado trajetórias é apresentado. Simulações de exercícios terapêuticos para substituições de quadril e joelho realizadas em ADAMS e MATLAB para o comportamento cinemático e dinâmico do robô são apresentados. Os resultados demonstram o grande potencial do robô terapêutico para ajudar na reabilitação de membros inferiores.

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It is thought that discrete subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate different aspects of appetitive behavior, however, physiological support for this hypothesis has been lacking. In the present study, we used multichannel single-unit recording to compare the response of neurons in the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subregions of the mPFC, in rats pressing a lever to obtain sucrose pellets on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement (VI-60). Approximately 25% of neurons in both structures exhibited prominent excitatory responses during rewarded, but not unrewarded, lever presses. The time courses of reward responses in PL and IL, however, were markedly different. Most PL neurons exhibited fast and transient responses at the delivery of sucrose pellets, whereas most IL neurons exhibited delayed and prolonged responses associated with the collection of earned sucrose pellets. We further examined the functional significance of reward responses in IL and PL with local pharmacological inactivation. IL inactivation significantly delayed the collection of earned sucrose pellets, whereas PL inactivation produced no discernible effects. These findings support the hypothesis that PL and IL signal distinct aspects of appetitive behavior, and suggest that IL signaling facilitates reward collection.

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In this paper, we reported the butterflies and moths that are consumed in Mexico. We identified 67 species of Lepidoptera that are eaten principally in their larval stage in 17 states of Mexico. These species belong to 16 families: Arctiidae, Bombycidae, Castniidae, Cossidae, Geometridae, Hepialidae, Hesperiidae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Pyralidae, Saturniidae, Sesiidae, and Sphingidae.Saturniidae, Pieridae, Noctuidae and Nymphalidae were the more species consumed with 16, 11, 9, and 8 species, respectively. The genera with the largest numbers of species were: Phassus, Phoebis, Hylesia and Spodoptera, with three species.Their local distribution, corresponding to each state of Mexico, is also presented.

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OBJETIVO: Adaptar y evaluar una herramienta de autodiagnóstico de la capacidad de los equipos de gestión de salud para utilizar la investigación, con énfasis en su adquisición, análisis, adaptación y aplicación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La herramienta se tradujo al español y se elaboró un manual sometido a la autorización de la Comisión de Ética del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, antes de su aplicación durante el periodo de abril a noviembre del 2007 en 122 unidades (tasa de respuesta de 84.4 por ciento) para cubrir una amplia gama de instituciones en seis entidades contrastantes de México, según el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). Se validó la herramienta de manera interna y externa con métodos estadísticos. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias en la capacidad de los equipos para cada fase de utilización, sin importar cuáles fueran su composición por género, experiencia o estudios, pero sí la participación en la atención a los pacientes, de acuerdo con el IDH de los estados. CONCLUSIONES: La herramienta se validó de modo interno y externo para su aplicación en diversas condiciones de México. Puede aplicarse en cualquier país de habla hispana.

OBJECTIVE: A tool was adapted and evaluated for the self-assessment by health management teams of their capacity to utilize research, distinguishing between its acquisition, analysis, adaptation and application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tool was translated into Spanish and a manual was created. The manual was submitted for authorization to the Ethics Committee of the National Public Health Institute of Mexico. The kit was sent to 122 units (response rate of 84.4 percent), covering a wide range of institutions in six contrasting states of Mexico according to the Human Development Index (HDI). The tool was validated internally and externally using statistical methods. RESULTS: Differences were observed in the teams' research utilization capacity within each phase, regardless of their composition by gender, experience or academic level but with differences according to the extent of involvement in patient care and to the states' HDI. CONCLUSIONS: The tool was validated both internally and externally for its application under widely varying conditions in Mexico. The tool can be applied in any Spanish speaking country.

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OBJETIVO: La capacidad de los gestores de servicios de salud para utilizar la investigación en salud es una habilidad fundamental para su desempeño. Se describe y analiza dicha habilidad en relación con cuatro componentes: adquisición del conocimiento, análisis de su calidad y pertinencia, adaptación a las necesidades del proceso de gestión y aplicación en el contexto de la planeación estratégica y la toma de decisiones. Se describen y analizan asimismo las propuestas para fortalecer la capacidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicaron una herramienta de autodiagnóstico y una guía de discusión, sometidas para su autorización a la Comisión de Ética del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública antes de su aplicación. El trabajo se llevó a cabo durante los meses de abril a noviembre del año 2007 en 122 equipos de gestión en unidades locales de servicio y programación (84.4 por ciento de tasa de respuesta) de instituciones públicas y privadas no lucrativas, en seis entidades contrastantes y representativas de México. RESULTADOS: Se observó un gradiente en la capacidad de utilización entre las entidades. La adquisición del conocimiento es inversamente proporcional al índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre instituciones públicas ni entre el sector público y el privado. La principal necesidad detectada de fortalecimiento radica en la adquisición de investigación. La principal prioridad percibida consiste en incrementar la calificación del personal en investigación en salud. Las entidades con menor IDH tienen necesidades más inmediatas de fortalecimiento. Las medidas de fortalecimiento propuestas a través de los estados varían de acuerdo con su IDH y la sensibilización sobre las bondades de la investigación entre tomadores de decisión es la de mayor mención en las entidades con menor IDH. CONCLUSIONES: Debe impulsarse el autodiagnóstico de la capacidad en las unidades de servicio y programas institucionales...

OBJECTIVE: The perceived capacity of health management teams to utilize research for decision making is assessed, as well as proposals for strengthening such capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 management teams (84.4 percent response rate) from a wide range of institutions in six contrasting and representative states in Mexico were asked to assess their perceived capacity for utilizing research and to propose strategies to strengthen that capacity. Qualitative and statistical techniques were used from April to November 2007, after approval by the Mexico National Institute of Public Health (INSP) Ethics Commission. RESULTS: Significant differences across states were found. Only the acquisition of knowledge is significantly correlated with the human development index. The acquisition of research is identified as the priority for strengthening capacity, through increasing the qualifications of personnel in public health research. States with a lower human development index have more immediate needs for strengthening capacity. Proposals for strengthening capacity also depend on whether decision makers are aware of the importance of research. CONCLUSIONS: The use of self-assessment should be encouraged at the state and institutional levels. Different strategies should be used to address differences among states.

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OBJECTIVE: A tool was adapted and evaluated for the self-assessment by health management teams of their capacity to utilize research, distinguishing between its acquisition, analysis, adaptation and application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tool was translated into Spanish and a manual was created. The manual was submitted for authorization to the Ethics Committee of the National Public Health Institute of Mexico. The kit was sent to 122 units (response rate of 84.4%), covering a wide range of institutions in six contrasting states of Mexico according to the Human Development Index (HDI). The tool was validated internally and externally using statistical methods. RESULTS: Differences were observed in the teams' research utilization capacity within each phase, regardless of their composition by gender, experience or academic level but with differences according to the extent of involvement in patient care and to the states' HDI. CONCLUSIONS: The tool was validated both internally and externally for its application under widely varying conditions in Mexico. The tool can be applied in any Spanish speaking country.

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OBJECTIVE: The perceived capacity of health management teams to utilize research for decision making is assessed, as well as proposals for strengthening such capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 management teams (84.4% response rate) from a wide range of institutions in six contrasting and representative states in Mexico were asked to assess their perceived capacity for utilizing research and to propose strategies to strengthen that capacity. Qualitative and statistical techniques were used from April to November 2007, after approval by the Mexico National Institute of Public Health (INSP) Ethics Commission. RESULTS: Significant differences across states were found. Only the acquisition of knowledge is significantly correlated with the human development index. The acquisition of research is identified as the priority for strengthening capacity, through increasing the qualifications of personnel in public health research. States with a lower human development index have more immediate needs for strengthening capacity. Proposals for strengthening capacity also depend on whether decision makers are aware of the importance of research. CONCLUSIONS: The use of self-assessment should be encouraged at the state and institutional levels. Different strategies should be used to address differences among states.

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Se estudiaron 156 pacientes a los cuales se les practicó biopsia de próstata por aspiración según el método de Franzen. Del total de los pacientes, en 110 se emitió el diagnóstico de tejido benigno y en 20 el de malignidad, y se obtuvo confirmación histológica en 75 pacientes operados. Con los resultados obtenidos se demostró que en menos de los autores el método tuvo especificidad de 100 por ciento, sensibilidad de 86.6 por ciento, valor de predicción positivo de 1 y valor de predicción negativo de 0.967, con morbilidad de 1.2 por ciento. Lo anterior confirma que la biopsia de próstata por aspiración es un método útil digno de confianza como instrumento diagnóstico para identificar la presencia de enfermedad prostática, benigna o maligna, con un alto índice de seguridad

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