RESUMO
Yeasts are a diverse group of fungal microorganisms that are widely used to produce fermented foods and beverages. In Mexico, open fermentations are used to obtain spirits from agave plants. Despite the prevalence of this traditional practice throughout the country, yeasts have only been isolated and studied from a limited number of distilleries. To systematically describe the diversity of yeast species from open agave fermentations, here we generate the YMX-1.0 culture collection by isolating 4524 strains from 68 sites with diverse climatic, geographical, and biological contexts. We used MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for taxonomic classification and validated a subset of the strains by ITS and D1/D2 sequencing, which also revealed two potential novel species of Saccharomycetales. Overall, the composition of yeast communities was weakly associated with local variables and types of climate, yet a core set of six species was consistently isolated from most producing regions. To explore the intraspecific variation of the yeasts from agave fermentations, we sequenced the genomes of four isolates of the nonconventional yeast Kazachstania humilis. The genomes of these four strains were substantially distinct from a European isolate of the same species, suggesting that they may belong to different populations. Our work contributes to the understanding and conservation of an open fermentation system of great cultural and economic importance, providing a valuable resource to study the biology and genetic diversity of microorganisms living at the interface of natural and human-associated environments.
Assuntos
Agave , Humanos , Fermentação , Agave/microbiologia , México , Leveduras , Bebidas Alcoólicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Subtelomeric gene silencing is the negative transcriptional regulation of genes located close to telomeres. This phenomenon occurs in a variety of eukaryotes with salient physiological implications, such as cell adherence, virulence, immune-system escape, and ageing. The process has been widely studied in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where genes involved in this process have been identified mostly on a gene-by-gene basis. Here, we introduce a quantitative approach to study gene silencing, that couples the classical URA3 reporter with GFP monitoring, amenable to high-throughput flow cytometry analysis. This dual silencing reporter was integrated into several subtelomeric loci in the genome, where it showed a gradual range of silencing effects. By crossing strains with this dual reporter at the COS12 and YFR057W subtelomeric query loci with gene-deletion mutants, we carried out a large-scale forward screen for potential silencing factors. The approach was replicable and allowed accurate detection of expression changes. Results of our comprehensive screen suggest that the main players influencing subtelomeric silencing were previously known, but additional potential factors underlying chromatin conformation are involved. We validate and report the novel silencing factor LGE1, a protein with unknown molecular function required for histone H2B ubiquitination. Our strategy can be readily combined with other reporters and gene perturbation collections, making it a versatile tool to study gene silencing at a genome-wide scale.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomycetales , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Informação Silenciosa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de Informação Silenciosa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomycetales/genética , Saccharomycetales/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Telômero/genética , Telômero/metabolismo , Heterocromatina/metabolismo , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Microbial communities' taxonomic and functional diversity has been broadly studied since sequencing technologies enabled faster and cheaper data obtainment. Nevertheless, the programming skills needed and the amount of software available may be overwhelming to someone trying to analyze these data. Here, we present a comprehensive and straightforward pipeline that takes shotgun metagenomics data through the needed steps to obtain valuable results. The raw data goes through a quality control process, metagenomic assembly, binning (the obtention of single genomes from a metagenome), taxonomic assignment, and taxonomic diversity analysis and visualization.
Assuntos
Metagenômica , Microbiota , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Metagenoma , Metagenômica/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , SoftwareRESUMO
The ascomycetous yeast Kazachstania humilis is an active species in backslopped sourdough and in the spontaneous fermentation of several traditional foods and beverages. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a K. humilis strain isolated from agave must from a traditional distillery in Mexico.
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La investigación constituye una aproximación cualitativa al fenómeno de la sexualidad adolescente, centrada en describir la mentalidad de los jóvenes respecto a su propia sexualidad. Es decir; los conocimientos relacionados a las prácticas sexuales y la salud reproductiva asociada a dichos conocimientos, manifestados por los estudiantes participantes en el estudio. La finalidad fue descubrir la calidad y procedencia del tipo de conocimiento que poseen los jóvenes y su coherencia con las ideas sobre las prácticas sexuales y la salud reproductiva, a fin de identificar qué porcentaje de la población posee un conocimiento confiable, atendiendo a la calidad. Condición que los exponen a adquirir infecciones de transmisión sexual que pueden poner en riesgo su salud reproductiva. El objetivo perseguido fue: describir el tipo de conocimiento y las prácticas sobre salud sexual y reproductiva en los 306 estudiantes del primer año de la Universidad Salvadoreña Alberto Masferrer que participaron en el estudio. Los resultados señalan que un 30 % de la población estudiada, no poseen un conocimiento confiable, sino basado en creencias y mitos, que no existe una fuente científica confiable que les permita desarrollarse plenamente en esta área fundamental en sus vidas. El otro descubrimiento fue la presencia de un carácter constante es sus conocimientos: y que los conocimientos que poseen no son coherentes entre sí. Por lo que carecen consistencia y revelan la falta de correspondencia a un sistema teórico confiable para orientar correctamente su sexualidad y su salud sexual y reproductiva.
This research constitutes a qualitative approximation to the phenomenon of adolescent sexuality focused on describing the mentality of young people regarding their own sexuality. That is, the knowledge as it relates to the sexual practices and reproductive health associated with said knowledge, manifested (expressed) by the students participating in the study. The purpose was to describe the quality and provenance of the type of knowledge that young people possess; its coherence with ideas about sexual practices and reproductive health, lastly to identify the type of knowledge the population have and how reliable is such knowledge. Conditions that exposes them to acquire sexually transmitted diseases potentially putting their reproductive health at risk. The objective was to describe the type of knowledge and practices on sexual and reproductive health in 306 first year Salvadorian University Alberto Masferrer students, who participated in the study. The results indicates that 30% of the studied population do not possess reliable knowledge, but based on beliefs, and myths, there is no reliable scientific source that allows them to fully develop in this fundamental area in their life. The other discovery was the presence of constant character in their knowledge: and that the knowledge possessed is not coherent within each other. They lack consistency and reveal a lack of correspondence and reliable theoretical system to correctly guide their sexuality and sexual and reproductive health.
Assuntos
Sexualidade , Estudantes , Saúde ReprodutivaRESUMO
In this research, the adsorption of three synthetic dyes dissolved in an aqueous solution on chitosan cryogel beads (Q-C-EGDE) was compared. The effect of the pH of the solution on the adsorption capacity of each dyes was analyzed. Furthermore, the kinetics and adsorption isotherms were compared, at temperatures of 283.15 K, 303.15 K and 323.15 K, and the kinetic and adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to three mathematical models, respectively. The biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the nitrogen physisorption BET method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization results show that the cryogel is composed of low-surface, macroporous, porous grooved walls. The functional groups that took part in the adsorption were mainly amino groups (NH3+). When comparing the adsorption capacities, it was found that the dyes adsorb in the following order Blue 1 > Red 2 > Yellow 5 reaching capacities from 1600 mg/L to 850 mg/L. The results of the adsorption and mathematical modelling suggest that the process is regulated mainly by physisorption and is largely limited by mass transfer mechanisms within the cryogel, where the electrostatic charges present affect adsorption. The latter was corroborated by the Monte Carlo simulation.
Assuntos
Quitosana/química , Corantes/química , Criogéis/química , Adsorção/efeitos dos fármacos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/métodos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Temperatura , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Purificação da Água/métodosRESUMO
The azo dyes, Yellow 5 (Y5), Red 2 (R2) and Blue 1 (B1), quantified in solutions and in mixtures of binary dyes, were studied by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy. In this work was used a CIE algorithm developed in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). The CIE algorithm is based on the tristimulus chromaticity diagram, as an alternative to the shielding effect that arises in dye mixtures, and it can also be applied to complex quantification methods such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The results obtained through of the algorithm, showed a higher accuracy from 97 to 99% in relation with similar UV-Vis quantification methods. In contrast, linear methods only managed to reach an accuracy from 78 to 98%. Additionally, the algorithm yielded significant similar values to the UHPLC reference method. The results showed that the method CIE algorithm was accessible and reliable to quantify binary mixtures of the dyes used which suggests the possibility to apply this method on other dyes, within the limits of quantification obtained in this study (0.076-24.56 mg/L) and the pH values from 2 to 10.
Assuntos
Compostos Azo/análise , Colorimetria/métodos , Colorimetria/normas , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/métodos , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/normas , Espectrofotometria/métodos , Espectrofotometria/normas , Algoritmos , Calibragem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Limite de Detecção , Linguagens de ProgramaçãoRESUMO
The chronological lifespan of budding yeast is a model of aging and age-related diseases. This paradigm has recently allowed genome-wide screening of genetic factors underlying post-mitotic viability in a simple unicellular system, which underscores its potential to provide a comprehensive view of the aging process. However, results from different large-scale studies show little overlap and typically lack quantitative resolution to derive interactions among different aging factors. We previously introduced a sensitive, parallelizable approach to measure the chronological-lifespan effects of gene deletions based on the competitive aging of fluorescence-labeled strains. Here, we present a thorough description of the method, including an improved multiple-regression model to estimate the association between death rates and fluorescent signals, which accounts for possible differences in growth rate and experimental batch effects. We illustrate the experimental procedure-from data acquisition to calculation of relative survivorship-for ten deletion strains with known lifespan phenotypes, which is achieved with high technical replicability. We apply our method to screen for gene-drug interactions in an array of yeast deletion strains, which reveals a functional link between protein glycosylation and lifespan extension by metformin. Competitive-aging screening coupled to multiple-regression modeling provides a powerful, straight-forward way to identify aging factors in yeast and their interactions with pharmacological interventions.
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Dietary restriction is arguably the most promising nonpharmacological intervention to extend human life and health span. Yet, only few genetic regulators mediating the cellular response to dietary restriction are known, and the question remains which other regulatory factors are involved. Here, we measured at the genomewide level the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene deletion strains under two nitrogen source regimens, glutamine (nonrestricted) and γ-aminobutyric acid (restricted). We identified 473 mutants with diminished or enhanced extension of lifespan. Functional analysis of such dietary restriction genes revealed novel processes underlying longevity by the nitrogen source quality, which also allowed us to generate a prioritized catalogue of transcription factors orchestrating the dietary restriction response. Importantly, deletions of transcription factors Msn2, Msn4, Snf6, Tec1, and Ste12 resulted in diminished lifespan extension and defects in cell cycle arrest upon nutrient starvation, suggesting that regulation of the cell cycle is a major mechanism of chronological longevity. We further show that STE12 overexpression is enough to extend lifespan, linking the pheromone/invasive growth pathway with cell survivorship. Our global picture of the genetic players of longevity by dietary restriction highlights intricate regulatory cross-talks in aging cells.
Assuntos
Longevidade/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomycetales/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Restrição CalóricaRESUMO
A novel equine arteritis virus (EAV) was isolated and sequenced from feral donkeys in Chile. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the new virus and South African asinine strains diverged at least 100 years from equine EAV strains. The results indicate that asinine strains belonged to a different EAV genotype.
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Infecções por Arterivirus/veterinária , Equartevirus/isolamento & purificação , Equidae , Animais , Infecções por Arterivirus/virologia , Chile , Equartevirus/classificação , Equartevirus/genética , Masculino , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Proteínas Virais/análiseRESUMO
We report the combined antibacterial/tissue regeneration responses to thermal burns promoted by functional chitosan/silver nanocomposites (CS/nAg) with ultralow silver content (0.018wt.%, 7-30nm). Our approach allows one to produce CS/nAg nanocomposites without silver nanoparticles (nAg) agglomeration, with bactericide potency higher than 1wt.% of nAg (ca. 10nm) content and, promoting the healing process in controlled thermal burns. CS/nAg films exhibit high antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa after 1.5h of incubation, demonstrating the bacterial penetration into hydrated films and their interaction with nAg. Additionally, exceptional healing of induced thermal burns was obtained by increasing myofibroblasts, collagen remodeling, and blood vessel neoformation. These factors are associated with epiderma regeneration after 7days of treatment with no nAg release. Our results corroborate the controlled synthesis of nAg embedded in CS matrix with combined antibacterial/biocompatibility properties aiming to produce functional nanocomposites with potential use in wound dressing and health care applications.
Assuntos
Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Queimaduras/fisiopatologia , Quitosana/química , Nanocompostos/química , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Prata/química , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
AIMS: To evaluate and compare the association of four potential insulin resistance (IR) biomarkers (pigment-epithelium-derived factor [PEDF], retinol-binding-protein-4 [RBP-4], chitinase-3-like protein 1 [YKL-40] and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) with objective measures of IR. METHODS: We studied 81 subjects with different metabolic profiles. All participants underwent a 5-point OGTT with calculation of multiple IR indexes. A subgroup of 21 participants additionally underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. IR was defined as belonging to the highest quartile of incremental area under the insulin curve (iAUCins), or to the lowest quartile of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI). RESULTS: PEDF was associated with adiposity variables. PEDF and RBP4 increased linearly across quartiles of iAUCins (for PEDF p-trend=0.029; for RBP-4 p-trend=0.053). YKL-40 and BDNF were not associated with any adiposity or IR variable. PEDF and RBP-4 levels identified individuals with IR by the iAUCins definition: A PEDF cutoff of 11.9ng/mL had 60% sensitivity and 68% specificity, while a RBP-4 cutoff of 71.6ng/mL had 70% sensitivity and 57% specificity. In multiple regression analyses simultaneously including clinical variables and the studied biomarkers, only BMI, PEDF and RBP-4 remained significant predictors of IR. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma PEDF and RBP4 identified IR in subjects with no prior diagnosis of diabetes.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/sangue , Proteína 1 Semelhante à Quitinase-3/sangue , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Endócrino , Proteínas do Olho/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/sangue , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/análise , Serpinas/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Técnica Clamp de Glucose , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/complicações , Intolerância à Glucose/diagnóstico , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/metabolismo , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Estado Pré-Diabético/complicações , Estado Pré-Diabético/diagnóstico , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/metabolismoRESUMO
Introducción: El incremento del número de personas poseedoras de un estoma, trae consigo la necesidad de contar con personal capacitado para proporcionarle los elementos necesarios para su reintegración a la vida social, familiar y laboral. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto que tiene la intervención educativa de enfermería para la rehabilitación de personas con una ostomia. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio de tipo cuasi-experimental, la muestra se constituyó de 110 personas ostomizadas de cuatro hospitales a las que se les aplicó un instrumento que fue validado por expertos en el área. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial por medio de la X2. Resultados: En los resultados se observa diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la intervención educativa y la rehabilitación laboral (p=0.000), también se observo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la intervención educativa y la rehabilitación social y familiar (p=0.000). Discusión: Coincidiendo con Montovani en donde afirma que la falta de información, educación y comunicación son la causa para que el paciente no pueda participar activamente en su autocuidado. De acuerdo con Boccardo se establece que la mayoría de los pacientes ostomizados no retornan totalmente al trabajo pero si parcialmentea sus actividades siendo ésta la parte más difícil de superar. Conclusiones: Se sustenta que la intervención educativa en personas ostomizadas planificada,estandarizada y evaluada, es fundamental para lograr su rehabilitación educativa, laboral, social y familiar.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estomia , ReabilitaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to analyze the nutritional status and household food security of a sample of healthy pregnant women who attend to external medicine service at Concepcion Palacios Maternity located in Caracas, Venezuela, and identify variables, which could predict the nutritional status of the evaluated group. METHOD: This cross sectional, descriptive, comparative study evaluates a sample of 89 pregnant women, between 14 and 44 years of age. Economical, social, demographic and alimentary consumption variables and nutritional conditions were studied. On the way, anthropometrics like weight, height, and middle-arm circumference and Household food security scale were obtained. In order to perform the descriptive statistic, bivariate, and multiple linear regression analysis required during the investigation, the software SPSS, version 12, was used. RESULTS: The predictive variables considered for the evaluation of the actual nutritional status in pregnant women were: right middle-arm circumference, household food security level and the supplementation with vitamins and/or minerals. These variables explain 78.2% of the actual nutritional status variation in this sample. Therefore, this investigation highlights the importance of the research on simple variables, as a good prediction of the actual nutritional status in pregnant women, with acceptable precision values and without requiring high-trained personnel to perform it. Under these findings, is very important the study of more predictive variables to evaluate the nutritional and alimentary conditions, with practical and easy mechanisms that can be applied by non-technical personnel. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to go deep into the study of methods, which evaluate the nutrition in an easy and practical way, applied by non-technical personnel, besides continuing the validation process of the variable combinations determined as predictive of the nutritional status.
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Antropometria , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , População Urbana , VenezuelaRESUMO
AIMS: Plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity of two Azospirillum strains and their effects on foliar and vascular bacterial diseases were evaluated on fresh market and cherry tomato. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tomato seeds were inoculated with A. brasilense Sp7 or Azospirillum sp. BNM-65. Four-week-old plants were challenge-inoculated with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial canker) or with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (bacterial spot). Azospirillum-induced PGP was greater on cherry than on fresh-market tomato. Cherry tomato was more resistant to bacterial canker but more susceptible to bacterial spot than the fresh-market tomato. Canker severity was not affected by Azospirillum seed treatments. However, leaf- and plant-death were delayed on Azospirillum-treated plants compared with nontreated controls. Azospirillum increased the bacterial spot severity on cherry but not on fresh-market tomato. CONCLUSIONS: PGP was observed on both tomato genotypes, although growth effects were larger on cherry tomato. Also, Azospirillum treatments may alter tomato susceptibility to bacterial diseases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The interaction between PGP rhizobacteria like Azospirillum spp., not known to induce systemic resistance, with plant pathogens distantly located is frequently overlooked. This work demonstrates the importance of this kind of evaluation.
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Azospirillum brasilense/metabolismo , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum lycopersicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Actinomycetales , Infecções por Actinomycetales/microbiologia , Biomassa , Genótipo , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiologia , Sementes/microbiologia , Xanthomonas campestrisAssuntos
Face/anormalidades , Esquizofrenia , Anormalidades Múltiplas , Adulto , Antropometria , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to estimate household measure diet quality, using a dietary diversity score, and its associated demographic and socio-economic factors. One hundred fifty three households representatives of the Capital District and Miranda State belonging of seventy seven day care children centers were studied. To gather data on dietary diversity, we used the food register method, collecting data on household food availability during a month. Dietary diversity at day care centers of the Capital District was 46 foods differed from that found, in Miranda State was 39 foods (p = 0.005). Likewise it differed in beneficiaries' households of the Capital District was 33 foods compared to those in Miranda State was 25 foods (p = 0.000). There were 13 and 14 foods more between day care centers and the households in both states. State (Capital District or Miranda), money spent on food per person, households size and social level were variables that explained 28.9 per cent of dietary diversity variation in households studied. Households in the Capital District had less members, spent more money on food, and a greater proportion were non-poor compared to those in Miranda. These factors could partially explain differences in diet quality among households in the two States. Whatever perspective studied indicates that the dietary diversity had a statistically significant difference between day care centers and households in states studied. Miranda State was more deficiency than Capital District. Higher dietary diversity reflects a better quality diet at day care centers compared to households studied.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Creches , Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Estudos Transversais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Comportamento do Consumidor , VenezuelaRESUMO
Reptiles can harbor pathogenic microorganisms asymptomatically and serve as potential reservoirs of infection for humans, domestic animals, and other reptiles. Infectious diseases are also problematic for free-ranging reptile populations and are an important consideration in reptile reintroduction and translocation projects. There have been limited serologic studies of free-ranging reptiles for evidence of exposure to potential pathogens. In the present study, serum or plasma samples from five male and five female free-ranging Venezuelan anacondas (Eunectes murinus) were screened for antibodies to eastern, western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, ophidian paramyxovirus, 19 Leptospira interrogans serovars, and Cryptosporidium serpentes. Antibodies to these agents were not detected, or antibody titers were low and possibly nonspecific. These results for the limited number of anacondas surveyed suggest that they do not serve as significant reservoirs for these infectious agents at this location.