RESUMO

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The vehicle for propofol in 1 and 2% solutions is soybean oil emulsion 10%, which may cause pain on injection, instability of the solution and bacterial contamination. Formulations have been proposed aiming to change the vehicle and reduce these adverse reactions. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of pain caused by the injection of propofol, with a hypothesis of reduction associated with nanoemulsion and the occurrence of local and systemic adverse effects with both formulations. METHOD: After approval by the CEP, patients undergoing gynecological procedures were included in this prospective study: control (n = 25) and nanoemulsion (n = 25) groups. Heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation were monitored. Demographics and physical condition were analyzed; surgical time and total volume used of propofol; local or systemic adverse effects; changes in variables monitored. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no difference between groups regarding demographic data, surgical times, total volume of propofol used, arm withdrawal, pain during injection and variables monitored. There was a statistically significant difference in pain intensity at the time of induction of anesthesia, with less pain intensity in the nanoemulsion group. CONCLUSIONS: Both lipid and nanoemulsion formulations of propofol elicited pain on intravenous injection; however, the nanoemulsion solution elicited a less intense pain. Lipid and nanoemulsion propofol formulations showed neither hemodynamic changes nor adverse effects of clinical relevance.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O veículo do propofol em soluções a 1 e 2% é a emulsão de óleo de soja a 10%, que pode provocar dor à injeção, instabilidade da solução e contaminação bacteriana. Formulações foram propostas com o objetivo de alterar o veículo e reduzir essas reações adversas. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a incidência de dor à injeção do propofol com a hipótese de redução associada à nanoemulsão e a ocorrência de efeitos adversos locais e sistêmicos com as duas formulações. MÉTODO: Após aprovação pelo Conselho de Ética em Pesquisa, foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo pacientes submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos ginecológicos: grupos controle (n = 25) e nanoemulsão (n = 25). Foram monitorados frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial não invasiva e saturação periférica de oxigênio. Foram analisados dados demográficos e estado físico; tempo cirúrgico e volume total usado de propofol; efeitos adversos locais ou sistêmicos; alterações nas variáveis de monitoramento. Considerou-se significativo valor de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a: dados demográficos, tempos cirúrgicos, volume total usado de propofol, retirada do braço, presença de dor durante a injeção e variáveis de monitoramento. Verificou-se diferença estatística significativa na intensidade da dor no momento da indução da anestesia, com menor intensidade no grupo nanoemulsão. CONCLUSÕES: Ambas as formulações de propofol, lipídica e em nanoemulsão, elicitaram dor à injeção venosa, porém a solução de nanoemulsão promoveu dor em menor intensidade. O propofol lipídico e o propofol em nanoemulsão não apresentaram alterações hemodinâmicas e efeitos adversos de relevância clínica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The vehicle for propofol in 1 and 2% solutions is soybean oil emulsion 10%, which may cause pain on injection, instability of the solution and bacterial contamination. Formulations have been proposed aiming to change the vehicle and reduce these adverse reactions. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of pain caused by the injection of propofol, with a hypothesis of reduction associated with nanoemulsion and the occurrence of local and systemic adverse effects with both formulations. METHOD: After approval by the CEP, patients undergoing gynecological procedures were included in this prospective study: control (n=25) and nanoemulsion (n=25) groups. Heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation were monitored. Demographics and physical condition were analyzed; surgical time and total volume used of propofol; local or systemic adverse effects; changes in variables monitored. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no difference between groups regarding demographic data, surgical times, total volume of propofol used, arm withdrawal, pain during injection and variables monitored. There was a statistically significant difference in pain intensity at the time of induction of anesthesia, with less pain intensity in the nanoemulsion group. CONCLUSIONS: Both lipid and nanoemulsion formulations of propofol elicited pain on intravenous injection; however, the nanoemulsion solution elicited a less intense pain. Lipid and nanoemulsion propofol formulations showed neither hemodynamic changes nor adverse effects of clinical relevance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brachial plexus block is used in surgical procedures of the upper limbs. The brachial plexus is a potential territory for absorption of local anesthetics. Studies on bupivacaine isomers have shown reduced cardiovascular toxicity of its levorotatory form (levobupivacaine). However, the anesthetic efficacy (sensorial and motor blockades) of levobupivacaine in neuroaxis blocks has been debated. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the anesthetic efficacy of levobupivacaine in brachial plexus block, using the perivascular subclavian approach, by comparing it to racemic bupivacaine. METHODS: Fifty adult patients of both genders, ASA I and II, underwent subclavian perivascular brachial plexus block, with the aid of a peripheral neurostimulator, for orthopedic surgeries of the upper limbs. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: G BUPI - racemic bupivacaine, and G LEVO - levobupivacaine, and they received 30 mL of the 0.5% solution. Sensorial blockade was evaluated by pinprick stimulation from C5 to C8 metameres; and the motor blockade was assessed 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after the administration of the local anesthetic or until blockade of fingers, hand, forearm, and arm movements was observed. RESULTS: Statistical differences in latency, failure rate, and degree of the motor blockade, and failure of the sensorial blockade between both groups were not observed, but the latency of the sensorial blockade in all metameres analyzed showed statistically significant differences. Adverse events inherent to the administration of local anesthetics were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthetic efficacy of levobupivacaine in brachial plexus block was similar to that of the racemic solution commonly used.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Justificativa e objetivos: O bloqueio de plexo braquial é técnica anestésica utilizada para procedimentos em membros superiores. O plexo braquial é território potencial para absorção de anestésicos locais. Estudos dos estereoisômeros da bupivacaína vêm demonstrando menor potencial de toxicidade da fração levógira (levobupivacaína) sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Porém, é discutida a eficácia anestésica (bloqueio sensitivo e motor) da levobupivacaína em anestesia do neuroeixo. Este estudo visa demonstrar a eficácia anestésica da levobupivacaína, comparandoa com a bupivacaína racêmica em bloqueio de plexo...

Background and objetives: Brachial plexus block is used in surgical procedures of the upper limbs. The brachial plexus is a potential territory for absorption of local anesthetics. Studies on bupivacaine isomers have shown reduced cardiovascular toxicity of its levorotatory form (levobupivacaine). However, the anesthetic efficacy (sensorial and motor blockades) of levobupivacaine in neuroaxis blocks has been debated. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the anesthetic efficacy of levobupivacaine in brachial plexus block, using the perivascular subclavian approach, by comparing...

Justificativa y objetivos: El bloqueo de plexo braquial es la técnica anestésica utilizada para procedimientos en miembros superiores. El plexo braquial es el territorio potencial para la absorción de anestésicos locales. Estudios de los estereoisómeros de la bupivacaína han venido demostrando un menor potencial de toxicidad de la fracción levógira (levobupivacaína), sobre el sistema cardiovascular. Sin embargo, se discute la eficacia anestésica (bloqueo sensitivo y motor), de la levobupivacaína en anestesia del neuro eje. Este estudio pretende demostrar la eficacia anestésica de la levobupivacaína...

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous phosphatidylcholine to cause local lipolysis has been performed effectively and safely in the nonsurgical treatment of periorbital fat pads and also in the treatment of localized fat deposits in the abdomen, neck, arms and thighs. However, the studies do not explain the mechanism through which injectable phosphatidylcholine causes localized fat reduction. This study aimed to compare the local action of a phosphatidylcholine formulation with that of a physiologic saline solution in a histologic study investigating the fat tissue of rabbits. METHODS: Using a randomized, blind approach, 10 rabbits were injected with an experimental assay of phosphatidylcholine (the biologic model), and another 10 rabbits were injected with physiologic saline. A histologic study was conducted, and the Mann-Whitney test was applied. RESULTS: A marked difference was observed between the two groups with respect to necrosis, inflammatory exudation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Necrosis of the fat cells in all the phosphatidylcholine-injected animals was observed. Further studies should be performed to clarify and determine the mechanisms of action.

Assuntos

RESUMO

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A administração venosa de anestésico inalatório pode causar lesão pulmonar. Halotano em solução lipídica por via venosa promove anestesia com estabilidade hemodinâmica e respiratória. Esta pesquisa procurou estabelecer a dose de indução para emulsão lipídica de isoflurano a 10 por cento e observar as condições cardiovasculares e respiratórias, em anestesia experimental. MÉTODO: Sete porcos machos foram selecionados. Os animais receberam infusão de propofol para as preparações cirúrgicas invasivas: dissecção de artéria femoral e veia jugular, sensor de ecodopplercardiografia no esôfago. Foram registrados freqüência cardíaca (FC), eletrocardiograma (ECG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), média (PAM), venosa central (PVC), índice cardíaco (IC), débito cardíaco (DC) e índice bispectral (BIS). As frações inspirada e expirada dos gases respiratórios foram analisadas continuamente. Iniciada infusão da emulsão lipídica de isoflurano até o índice bispectral atingir valor de 40 ± 5 (BIS40). Os animais foram mantidos anestesiados e submetidos a laparotomia exploradora para sutura gástrica. RESULTADOS: O volume total infundido para atingir BIS40 foi 25,6 ± 11,2 ml (2,56 ml de isoflurano). O tempo médio para atingir BIS40 foi 15,6 ± 6,9 minutos. Maior velocidade de infusão reduziu o tempo para os animais atingirem BIS40. Condições cardiovasculares e respiratórias mostraram-se estáveis durante a experimentação. A freqüência cardíaca aumentou com a elevação da fração expirada do isoflurano. CONCLUSÕES: A infusão venosa do isoflurano em solução emulsificada promoveu diminuição do índice bispectral, estabilidades hemodinâmica e respiratória e correlação direta com sua fração expirada. O uso do isoflurano em emulsão lipídica pode se constituir em modalidade segura de aplicação deste anestésico.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intravenous infusion of inhalation anesthetics may promote lung injury. Intravenous halothane in lipid emulsion induces anesthesia with hemodynamic and respiratory stability. This investigation aimed at establishing the induction dose of isoflurane in 10% lipid emulsion and at observing cardiovascular and respiratory effects in experimental anesthesia. METHODS: This study involved 7 male piglets. Animals received intravenous propofol for invasive surgical preparations: femoral artery and jugular vein dissection and esophageal ecodopplercardiographic sensor. Heart rate (HR), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (MBP) blood pressure and central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI) and bispectral index (BIS) were recorded. Inspired and expired gases fractions were continuously evaluated. Isoflurane lipid emulsion was injected until bispectral index had decreased to 40 +/- 5 (BIS40). Animals were kept anesthetized and submitted to laparotomy for gastric suture. RESULTS: Total volume to reach BIS40 was 25.6 +/- 11.2 mL (2.56 mL isoflurane). Mean time to reach BIS40 was 15.6 +/- 6.9 minutes. The higher the infusion rate the shorter the time to reach BIS40. Cardiovascular and respiratory conditions were stable throughout the experiment. Heart rate has increased with increased end tidal isoflurane. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous isoflurane in lipid emulsion has promoted bispectral index decrease, hemodynamic and respiratory stability and direct correlation with its expired fraction. Intravenous isoflurane in lipid emulsion may be a safe modality for this anesthetic delivery.