RESUMO
Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3N4, MoS2, and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we'll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.
Assuntos
Nanoestruturas , Purificação da Água , Nanoestruturas/química , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3N4, MoS2, and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we'll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.
Em vez do lixo doméstico típico, os complexos de metais pesados, produtos químicos orgânicos e outros venenos produzidos por grandes empresas ameaçam os sistemas de água em todo o mundo. Para proteger nossa água potável da poluição, devemos ficar de olho na situação. A nanotecnologia, especificamente nanomateriais bidimensionais (2D), é usada em certos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais. Grafeno, g-C3N4, MoS2 e MXene são apenas alguns exemplos de nanomateriais 2D emergentes que exibem uma extraordinária proporção de superfície (m3), proporcionando consumo de material, consumo de tempo e técnica de tratamento para limpeza e observação da água. Neste trabalho, trataremos das maneiras pelas quais os nanomateriais 2D podem ser ajustados para desempenhar determinadas funções, ou seja, como eles podem ser usados para o gerenciamento de água. A seguir, uma breve visão geral dos materiais nanoestruturados e seu possível uso no gerenciamento de água. Serão também discutidas detalhadamente as aplicações de nanomateriais 2D na purificação de água, incluindo adsorção de poluentes, filtração, desinfecção e fotocatálise. Sensores de fluorescência, colorimétricos, eletroquímicos e transistores de efeito de campo são apenas alguns dos dispositivos que estão sendo estudados para uso potencial no monitoramento da qualidade da água usando nanomateriais 2D. A utilização de conteúdo 2D tem seus benefícios e armadilhas quando utilizada para gerenciamento de água. Novos desenvolvimentos neste negócio em rápida expansão visam aumentar a qualidade e a acessibilidade do tratamento de água em resposta à crescente conscientização sobre a necessidade de água limpa e fresca entre as gerações futuras.
Assuntos
Poluição da Água/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento da Água , Purificação da Água , NanoestruturasRESUMO
Antecedentes: Colombia presenta un patrón de prevalencia heterogéneo para la infección por virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) con regiones de alta, moderada y baja prevalencia. Objetivo: identificar los casos de infección por VHB y caracterizar los genotipos virales en población con factores de exposición en las ciudades de Quibdó y Apartadó, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: la población del estudio correspondió a 768 individuos asintomáticos con factores de exposición a la infección por VHB. El primer análisis fue la detección del antígeno de superficie del VHB (HBsAg) por prueba rápida. En las muestras de individuos positivos para esta prueba, se confirmó la presencia del HBsAg por ELISA y se detectó el genoma del VHB por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). El genotipo viral fue determinado por secuenciación y análisis filogenético. Resultados: se identificaron 17/768 individuos con infección por VHB (2,2%) según la detección del HBsAg por prueba rápida y por ELISA. Los análisis filogenéticos permitieron la identificación de los genotipos F, (subgenotipos F3 y F1a) y A en las muestras. Conclusiones: se reporta por primera vez la circulación del subgenotipo F1a en Colombia y se confirma la circulación del subgenotipo F3 y el genotipo A.
Introduction: Colombia has a varied geographical pattern of prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections with regions of high, moderate and low prevalences. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify cases of HBV infection and characterize viral genotypes in population with factors of exposure in the cities of Quibdo and Apartado, Colombia. Materials and Methods: The study population included 768 asymptomatic individuals with factors of exposure to HBV infections. An HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid detection test was the first test used. Samples from individuals who tested positive were tested with ELISA to confirm the diagnosis and with PCR to detect the HBV genome. Viral genotypes were determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Seventeen individuals (17/768, 2.2%) were diagnosed with HBV infections by both the Rapid Test and Elisa. Phylogenetic analyses allowed identification of genotypes F (F3 and Subgenotype F1a) and A in the samples. Conclusions: We report for the first time the presence of the F1a subgenotype in Colombia and confirme the presence of subgenotype F3 and genotype A.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Genótipo , Vírus da Hepatite B , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de infección por nemátodos gastrointestinales en ovinos y caprinos de apriscos de algunos municipios de Antioquia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte realizado entre febrero y junio del 2011 en muestras de materia fecal de 84 caprinos y 11 ovinos distribuidos entre 2 y 132 meses de edad en 6 apriscos de Antioquia. Se determinó el recuento de huevos por gramo de heces (hpg) usando la técnica de Mcmaster, y para obtención del estadio larvario 3, la técnica de Corticelli y Lai. Para la identificación del género de las larvas se emplearon claves taxonómicas de nemátodos gastrointestinales de ovinos y caprinos. Se calcularon la frecuencia y asociación entre los datos epidemiológicos y la infección por tricostrongilidos mediante la prueba de independencia de Chi cuadrado, y prueba de contraste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados. La frecuencia de infección fue 86.6% y los nemátodos con mayor prevalencia fueron Haemonchus contortus (66.3%), Oesophagostomum spp., (38.9%), Trichostrongylus spp., (34.7%) y Ostertagia spp., (24.2%). Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la proporción de infectados y no infectados según la raza. Conclusiones. Existen diferencias entre la frecuencia de infección de las razas Camuro, La mancha y Toggenburg, en comparación con otras razas de los mismos apriscos. Esta variación puede relacionarse con procesos de resistencia, reponiéndose a la infección, sobre los cuales se hace necesaria la realización de investigaciones enfocadas al estudio de mecanismos de acción en ovinos y caprinos de Antioquia.
Objective. To determine the frequency of gastrointestinal nematode infection in goat and sheep folds of some municipalities of Antioquia. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between February and June 2011 in fecal samples of 84 goats and 11 sheep between 2 and 132 months of age in six folds in Antioquia. The number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) was determined using the McMaster technique, and the 3rd larval stage was obtained by means of Corticelli and Lai technique. For larval gender identification, gastrointestinal nematode taxonomical keys for goats and sheep were used. Tricostrongilides infection frequency and its association with epidemiological data was measured by means of chi-square test and comparison of proportions by column with Z test and U of Mann-Whitney contrast test. Results. Nematode infection frequency was 86.6% and Haemonchus contortus (66.3%), Oesophagostomum spp (38.9%), Trichostrongylus spp (34.7%) and Ostertagia spp. (24.2%) were the most prevalent nematodes. A statistically significant difference was found between infected and non-infected proportion per animal breed. Conclusions. There are differences between infection frequencies in Camuro, La mancha and Toggenburg breeds compared with other breeds in the same folds. These differences can be related with resistance and/or recovering from infection, but more research focused in mechanisms of action in goats and sheep of Antioquia is necessary.
Assuntos
Epidemiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal , Cabras , Infecções , Nematoides , OvinosRESUMO
The antifungal activities of 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid (5-CQA) and of methyl, butyl, octyl, and dodecyl esters or 5-CQA, were tested on five toxigenic moulds from the Aspergillus genus (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae). These mycotoxin producers' moulds may contaminate many types of food crops throughout the food chain posing serious health hazard to animals and humans. The use of chemical methods to decrease mycotoxin producer moulds contamination on food crops in the field, during storage, and/or during processing, has been proved to be efficient. In this work, the antifungal effect of 5-CQA and a homologous series of 5-CQA esters (methyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl), was investigated using the microdilution method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50 and MIC80). All molecules presented antifungal activity, and two esters showed a MIC for all fungi: octyl (MIC50 ≤ 0.5-0.75 mg/mL, MIC80 = 1.0-1.5 mg/mL) and dodecyl (MIC50 = 0.75-1.25 mg/mL) chlorogenates. Dodecyl chlorogenate showed a MIC80 (1.5 mg/mL) only for A. parasiticus. The maximum percent of growth inhibition on aspergillii was observed with octyl (78.4-92.7%) and dodecyl (54.5-83.7%) chlorogenates, being octyl chlorogenate the most potent antifungal agent. It was thus concluded that lipophilization improved the antifungal properties of 5-CQA, which increased with the ester alkyl chain length, exhibiting a cut-off effect at 8 carbons. As far as we know, it is the first report demonstrating that lipophilization may improve the antifungal activity of 5-CQA on five toxigenic moulds from the Aspergillus genus. Lipophilization would be a novel way to synthesize a new kind of antifungal agents with a good therapeutic value or a potential use as preservative in food or cosmetics.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Aspergillus/classificação , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Clorogênico/análogos & derivados , Café/química , Ésteres/farmacologia , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Antifúngicos/química , Aspergillus flavus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus ochraceus/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Clorogênico/química , Ácido Clorogênico/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Clorogênico/farmacologia , Ésteres/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/normas , Ácido Quínico/química , Ácido Quínico/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Quínico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Este artículo describe los principales marcadores moleculares utilizados para la identificación de B. bovis y B. bigemina reportados en la literatura científica. Para ello se diseñó una revisión sistemática a partir de la aplicación de la estrategia metodológica PICO modificada con el objetivo de definir las secuencias nucleotídicas detectadas en los diferentes sitios geográficos y su utilidad diagnóstica. Se realizó una búsqueda avanzada con los términos Babesia bovis y DNA y Babesia bigemina y DNA en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, SpringerLink y PubMed que después de ser filtradas permitieron obtener un resultado total de 68 artículos originales. Tanto los artículos incluidos como los excluidos fueron almacenados en tablas, en las cuales se presenta la justificación de su condición dentro del estudio. A los 68 artículos seleccionados se les aplicó una evaluación con criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente definidos, de este modo, 21 artículos originales cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y se incluyeron en el estudio. Se describe la utilidad de los marcadores moleculares referenciados en la literatura científica desde 1995 hasta el 2010: la subunidad pequeña RNAr, el gen citocromo b, gen msa-1 and msa-2c, el gen Bv, el factor de elongación alfa (EF-1α), el gen de la beta-Tubulina, SBP 1-2-3, y los RAP; su aplicación diagnóstica y su utilización en los diferentes sitios geográficos. Los marcadores moleculares utilizados para la detección de las babesias bovinas varían dependiendo de la región geográfica, grado de conservación genética y resultados de estudios previos que concluyen su utilidad diagnóstica.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Citocromos b , DNA , Marcadores Genéticos , TubulinosRESUMO
Introducción: El año 2009 el mundo fue sorprendido por una pandemia provocada por el virus de la influenza A(H1N1). Ha existido gran controversia por el uso de la vacuna dada su supuesta alta prevalencia de reacciones adversas. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de las reacciones adversas relacionadas con la vacunación H1N1 2010, en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de La Frontera de Temuco en abril-mayo 2010. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal. Se aplicó, presencialmente, un cuestionario con campo obligatorio de síntomas frecuentes según Laboratorio Sanofi Pasteur: dolor, enrojecimiento, mialgias, fiebre y malestar general y un campo abierto para describir otros tipos de reacciones, a estudiantes seleccionados mediante muestreo simple por concurrencia, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de La Frontera de Temuco, tras la campaña de vacunación de abrilmayo de 2010. El análisis de datos se realizó con Stata 10.0. Resultados: Se encuestó 98 alumnos (15,43 por ciento), del total de vacunados. Un 50 por ciento no tuvo síntomas. De los que presentaron síntomas, 40,8 por ciento refirió inflamación en la zona de inyección, 49 por ciento malestar general, 20,1 por ciento fiebre y 26,5 por ciento mialgias. Además, 88 por ciento tuvo uno o dos síntomas, el 12 por ciento refirió 3 síntomas o más. Discusión: Un alto porcentaje presentó alguna reacción adversa, sin embargo las más frecuentes fueron menores: inflamación local y malestar general. Sólo hubo un 6 por ciento que presentó más de 3síntomas y no se presentaron reacciones adversas que requirieran hospitalización.
Introduction: In 2009 the World was shocked by the influenza A (H1N1) pandemia. A huge debate has taken place for the convenience of the anti A(H1N1) vaccination in relation to the few clinical trials and the adverse reactions generated by other vaccines produced under the same process. Methods: Cross-sectional study in students selected by simple sampling and concurrence criteria in the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de La Frontera in Temuco, Chile, after the vaccination campaign from april to may 2010. We developed a simple cuestionnaire with obligatory fields of frequent symptoms reported by Sanofi Pasteur: local pain, redness, myalgias, fever, malaise, and an open field to describe any other reaction. Data analysis was performed with Stata 10.0. Results: We surveyed 98 students (15.43 percent) of the total vaccinated students population. 50 percent had no symptoms, 40,8 percent reported swelling in the area, malaise 49 percent, 20,1 percent fever and 26,5 percent myalgias. Of those with symptoms 88 percent had one or two symptoms, 12 percent reported three or more symptoms. Discussion: A high percentage had some adverse reaction, however the most frequent were mild: local swelling and general discomfort. There were only 6 percent who presented more than 3 symptoms and there were no adverse events requiring hospitalisation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/efeitos adversos , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Coleta de Dados , Prevalência , Estudantes , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Chemical investigations of Prionosciadium thapsoides roots led to the isolation of the new dihydrofurochromones (S)-(+)-4'-O-angeloyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (1) and (S)-(+)-4'-O-senecioyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (2), together with the known coumarins jatamansin, buchtormin, isopteryxin, isosamidin, psoralen, and bergapten. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments, and their absolute configuration was established by chemical correlation with (+)-5-O-methylvisamminol (3), whose structure was secured by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and its absolute configuration was established as S by vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy in comparison to DFT B3LYP/DGDZVP calculations.
Assuntos
Apiaceae/química , Cromonas/isolamento & purificação , Cromonas/química , Dicroísmo Circular , Cristalografia por Raios X , México , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Se presentan los hallazgos intracardíacos en CT de coronarias realizados en Clínica Alemana de Santiago entre noviembre 2003 - agosto 2006. La tomografía computada cardíaca es utilizada para la evaluación de las arterias coronarias, pero también puede ser útil para la evaluación de otras estructuras cardíacas. En estas estructuras podemos encontrar patología asociada como aneurismas auriculares o ventriculares, secuelas de infartos entre otros. Nosotros describimos nuestro protocolo y revisamos los principales hallazgos no coronarios.
We present the retrospective review of incidental intracardiac findings in coronary CTA performed at Clínica Alemana Santiago between november2003 until august 2006. Cardiac CT is frequently used in clinical practice for evaluation coronary arteries, but can be useful for evaluation of other cardiac structures. In these structures we can find associated pathology as auricular and ventricular aneurysms, damage of heart infarcts, among others. We describe our study protocol and review principal findings.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Angiografia Coronária/estatística & dados numéricos , Coração , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Septos Cardíacos , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
The goal of this pictorial review is the evaluation of perianal fistulas by means of magnetic resonance imaging. This technique has been shown to demonstrate accurately the anatomy of the perianal region. Our MRI protocol is simple and easy to standardize. We use the classification of St James University Hospital which employs simple anatomic discriminators identifiable on axial and coronal planes. Several examples are shown with emphasis in the importance of this classification.
El objetivo de esta revisión pictográfica es la evaluación de las fístulas anorrectales mediante resonancia magnética. Esta técnica ha demostrado ser altamente confiable para estudiar la anatomía de la región perianal. Nuestro protocolo de estudio es simple y fácil de estandarizar. Usamos la clasificación del Hospital de la Universidad de Saint James (Inglaterra) que enfatiza la relación de la fístula con el esfínter externo y su importancia en la continencia anal.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Fístula Retal/diagnóstico por imagem , Fístula Retal/classificação , Fístula Retal/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To contribute to the knowledge on the impact of human productive activities on the environment, human health, and the survival of animal species. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study case of water bodies in the south of Sonora was conducted in 1996. The software Decision Support System for Industrial Pollution Control DSS-IPC (IPC)IPC developed by the World Bank and the Pan American Health Organization was used to analyze data. RESULTS: At least three factors have contributed to the loss of fish and shrimp hatcheries in the municipality of Huatabampo: the filtration of fertilizers and pesticides into the irrigation drainage system, blockage produced by the continuous disposal of industrial waste water, and the discharge of sewer water into the drainage system. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings provide evidence that environmental deterioration resulting from human activity is decimating the population of fish and shrimp in the area. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html
Assuntos
Poluição da Água/análise , MéxicoRESUMO
The distribution of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and choline-O-acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry in the basal forebrain was studied in newborn mice (P0) and until 60 days of postnatal life (P60). A weak acetylcholinesterase activity was found at P0 and P2 in the anterior and intermediate parts of the basal forebrain, and higher in the posterior region. The intensity of labeling, neuronal size and dendritic growth seems to increase progressively in all regions of basal forebrain from P4 to P10. The AChE+ cell count shows that in the anterior portion of the magnocellular basal nucleus the number of cells does not vary significantly from birth to the second month of postnatal life. However, in the intermediate and posterior portions of the nucleus the mean number of labeled cells increases significantly from birth to the end of the second week of postnatal life (P13). The choline-acetyltransferase immunoreactivity appears only detectable at the end of the first week (P6) as a slight immunoreaction, which increases progressively in intensity at P8, and at P10 seems to attain the same intensity of labeling found at P60. These results seem to indicate that the acetylcholinesterase could have a non-classic cholinergic role in the first stages of postnatal development, acting as a growth and cellular differentiation factor.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/análise , Colina O-Acetiltransferase/análise , Fibras Colinérgicas/enzimologia , Prosencéfalo/citologia , Prosencéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Anticorpos , Contagem de Células , Colina O-Acetiltransferase/imunologia , Histocitoquímica , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vias Neurais , Prosencéfalo/enzimologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The hydrolysis enzymes of the acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase are involved in non-cholinergic functions such as proliferation processes and cellular adhesion. These enzymes have been found in several tumors other from brain tumors. METHODS: Thirty fresh brain tumor specimens were obtained from biopsies taken during neurosurgical procedures. The specimens were cut in two parts, one designated for routine histopathological control and the other for histochemical and growth studies. The formalin fixed specimens were serially cut at 10 microm in a freezing cryostat, mounted in gelatin-coated slides, and processed for sensitive histochemical detection of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The other specimens were processed for a HMEM cell growth culture. RESULTS: The results show the coexistence of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in all tumors studied. Type II and III gliomas and oligodendrogliomas show moderate activity of both cholinesterases, whereas in type IV glioma and meningiomas the labeling of both cholinesterases was high. In the craniopharyngiomas a high acetylcholinesterase activity was observed and low level of butyrylcholinesterase labeling. The cell growth was high only in the cases in which butyrylcholinesterase activity was high, such as type IV glioma. In type II and III gliomas, oligodendroglioma, and craniopharyngioma the growth rate was slow. CONCLUSIONS: These results could indicate a possible relationship between the presence of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in brain tumor tissue and cellular proliferation in tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Adesão Celular/fisiologia , Divisão Celular/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Craniofaringioma/patologia , Feminino , Glioma/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Meníngeas/patologia , Meningioma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Oligodendroglioma/patologia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
The postnatal development of basal forebrain cholinergic projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in mice was analyzed by means of the double labeling track-tracing study. The tracer was injected into the medial prefrontal cortex of mice, on the day of birth (P0) to 60 days after birth. The total number of basal forebrain neurons increased from P4 to P8, and began to decrease until P13 (52.9% vs. the maximal average (P8)). After P13, the mean average remains stable up to P60. On the other hand, differential pattern of frontocortical projections of the anterior, intermediate, and posterior regions can be observed.
Assuntos
Fibras Colinérgicas/enzimologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/citologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prosencéfalo/citologia , Prosencéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Acetilcolinesterase/análise , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Colina O-Acetiltransferase/análise , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vias Neurais , Neurônios/enzimologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Conjugado Aglutinina do Germe de Trigo-Peroxidase do Rábano SilvestreRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Mexico, prostate cancer (PC) is the second highest cause of mortality by cancer in men. In 1991, there were 2,473 deaths, with a crude rate of 5.66 cases per 100,000 men age 40 or over. For this same year, the ratio of proportional mortality to the total number of malignant tumors was 12.6%. Our objectives were to determine the trends and geographic distribution of mortality for PC in Mexico for 1980-1995. METHODS: Crude and adjusted mortality rates were carried out for 1980-1995. A test for trend was done using the simple lineal regression method. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for 1980-1995 for each Mexican state. RESULTS: The total number of deaths by PC in Mexico for 1980-1995 was 32,349. The crude mortality rate increased during that period from 3.16 to 6.75 cases per 100,000 men over age 40. The statistical trend test with respect to time was significant (P<0.0001). The state of Southern Baja California showed a higher SMR, and a smaller SMR was shown for the state of Quintana Roo. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality trends for PC increased for the period studied. It represents a serious problem for public health. We find that the central and northern states of the country, characterized by a greater industrial and socioeconomic development, are those with a higher SMR.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Analyze the relation between reductions in fertility and the inverse en breast cancer mortality in the different states of Mexico for the period 1979-1994. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fertility rates and beast cancer mortality rates were utilized to analyze the proposed relationship in the states of the country. Principal component analysis and classification analysis were then used in the confirmatory analysis of this relationship. RESULTS: There is an important decrease in fertility trends overall with regional differences: the northern states of Mexico have lowest then the southern states. These regional differences are inversely related to the observed differences in breast cancer mortality within the states: the northern states have levels of breast cancer mortality much higher than the southern states. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in mortality due to breast cancer and its relation to the decrease in fertility illustrates the importance that must be given to the preventive aspect of health services since in the near future Mexican women will exhibit reproductive behaviors similar to women in developed countries.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , História Reprodutiva , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Demografia , Feminino , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paridade , Topografia MédicaRESUMO
The medical records of 84 patients submitted to extensive thyroidectomy from January 1991 to April 1995 were reviewed and the data was analyzed in order to verify a correlation between postoperative laboratories results and physical findings suggestive of hypocalcemia. It was verified that there was hypocalcemia in 51.2 percent of the patients, of which only 18.6 percent presented symptoms. It was concluded that asymptomatic hypocalcemia is frequent in extensive thyroidectomy and a routine screening for serum calcium in the postoperative period following thyroidectomy and calcium reposition must be systematic.
Assuntos
Hipocalcemia/etiologia , Tireoidectomia/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Hipocalcemia/epidemiologia , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-OperatórioRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Mortality in Mexico has decreased significantly, however, regional differences persist. The present work analyzes mortality in Mexico, considering how social and economic factors, as well as the presence of medical centers affect these differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were taken from the XI Population Census, from the statistics published by the Interinstitutional Information Group (Secretaría de Salud) and the publications from the National Statistics, Geography and Informatics Institute. The causal model is defined in terms of the models of covariance structures (LISREL) which allow an estimate of the effect of non-measurable factors affecting the phenomenon. The program used herein was LISREL7. RESULTS: Social and economic status directly affect regional differences in mortality. The effect of medical centers is less important. CONCLUSIONS: Regional differences in mortality can be explained by the interaction between social and economic levels and the presence of medical centers. The higher the social and economic level, the lower the mortality rate. Better medical centers are also more frequently used, which is reflected as a lower mortality rate. The regional distribution of medical centers should be improved.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde , Mortalidade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
"This article examines some of the possible determinants of spatial mortality differentials in Mexico, on the basis of [a] path analytical model with latent variables." (SUMMARY IN ENG)