RESUMO

RESUMEN Introducción: El trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) es el trastorno mental reportado con mayor comorbilidad con el trastorno de abuso de sustancias (TAUS). Específicamente se han encontrado trastornos asociados con el consumo de alcohol (TACDA) en más de la mitad de los pacientes con TAB. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario en una muestra poblacional de adultos en Colombia, con el objetivo de identificar la presencia de comorbilidad y los factores relacionados con el uso de alcohol en personas con TAB. El diagnóstico de TAB de los participantes se realizó a través del Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta (CIDI-CAPI) y el patrón de consumo de alcohol en el último año se determinó con la escala AUDIT C. Resultados: Se encontró que todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de TAB tenían algún patrón desadaptativo de consumo de alcohol. Entre las mujeres con TAB de esta muestra, se encontró un mayor riesgo de consumo de tipo dependencia, también mayor riesgo de consumo de nicotina y marihuana; entre quienes viven en centros urbanos, una mayor frecuencia de ideas suicidas y menor riesgo entre aquellos en una relación de pareja estable. Discusión: Se identificaron factores asociados novedosos respecto a publicaciones previas y otros ya descritos en estudios similares. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos indican la necesidad de evaluar, en el abordaje de los pacientes con TAB, el tipo de consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias, dada su relevancia en el manejo y el pronóstico de esta población.

ABSTRACT Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is reported to be the mental disorder with the highest rate of comorbidity with substance use disorders (SUD). More than half of patients with BD have been found to have disorders associated with alcohol use. Methods: A secondary analysis was performed in a population sample of Colombian adults. The aim was to identify bipolar-alcohol comorbidity and factors related to the use of alcohol in people with BD. The diagnosis of BD among participants was made with the "Composite International Diagnostic Interview" (CIDI-CAPI) and the pattern of alcohol consumption in the last year was evaluated with the AUDIT C screening tool. Results: It was found that all patients with BD had some type of problematic alcohol consumption pattern. Women with BD were at greater risk of having a dependence-type pattern, using nicotine and marijuana and, among those living in urban areas, had higher rates of suicidal ideation, although that risk was lower if they were in a stable relationship. Discussion: Some of the related factors we identified are new with respect to previous publications and others have already been described in similar studies. Conclusions: Given the importance of such factors in the management of this population and their prognosis, these findings highlight the need to determine consumption patterns of alcohol and other substances in patients with BD.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is reported to be the mental disorder with the highest rate of comorbidity with substance use disorders (SUD). More than half of patients with BD have been found to have disorders associated with alcohol use. METHODS: A secondary analysis was performed in a population sample of Colombian adults. The aim was to identify bipolar-alcohol comorbidity and factors related to the use of alcohol in people with BD. The diagnosis of BD among participants was made with the "Composite International Diagnostic Interview" (CIDI-CAPI) and the pattern of alcohol consumption in the last year was evaluated with the AUDIT C screening tool. RESULTS: It was found that all patients with BD had some type of problematic alcohol consumption pattern. Women with BD were at greater risk of having a dependence-type pattern, using nicotine and marijuana and, among those living in urban areas, had higher rates of suicidal ideation, although that risk was lower if they were in a stable relationship. DISCUSSION: Some of the related factors we identified are new with respect to previous publications and others have already been described in similar studies. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of such factors in the management of this population and their prognosis, these findings highlight the need to determine consumption patterns of alcohol and other substances in patients with BD.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, es un importante patógeno nosocomial y comunitario. El determinante genético de resistencia es el gen mecA. Se han descrito 11 tipos de SCCmec, encontrándose con frecuencia los tipos II, III en infecciones hospitalarias, y los tipos IV y V en infecciones comunitarias. La presente investigación se llevó a cabo para estudiar la distribución de los tipos de SCCmec y su relación con la Leucocidina Panton-Valentine, tipificados mediante la reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa. Para ello se estudiaron un total de 42 cepas resistentes a meticilina portadoras del gen mecA. Veintinueve (29) cepas mostraron la presencia del cassette cromosomal tipo IV (69,05%); 30,95% presentaron el SCCmec tipo I. Un 61,95% (n=13) de las cepas fueron portadoras del SCCmec IV resultando todas positivas para el gen PVL. Cabe destacar la diseminación del cassette tipo IV en cepas intrahospitalarias portadoras de PVL, lo que es preocupante tanto para la terapéutica como para el agravamiento de las infecciones en los pacientes.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is an important nosocomial and community pathogen. The genetic determinant of resistance is the mecA gene. 11 types of SCCmec have been described, with types II, III frequently found in hospital infections, and types IV and V in community infections. The present investigation was carried out to study the distribution of the SCCmec types and their relation with the Panton-Valentine Leucocidin, typified by the reaction in the Polymerase Chain. To this end, a total of 42 methicillin-resistant strains carrying the mecA gene were studied. Twenty-nine (29) strains showed the presence of type IV chromosomal cassette (69.05%); 30.95% presented SCCmec type I. A 61.95% (n= 13) of the strains were carriers of SCCmec IV, all of which were positive for the PVL gene. It is worth noting the dissemination of the type IV cassette in intrahospital strains carrying PVL, which is worrisome both for the therapeutic and for the aggravation of infections in patients.

RESUMO

Since 1984, the 'Chilero' spring wheat line developed by CIMMYT has proven to be highly resistant to leaf rust and stripe rust. Amid efforts to understand the basis of resistance of this line, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Avocet and Chilero was studied. The parents and RILs were characterized in field trials for leaf rust and stripe rust in three locations in Mexico between 2012 and 2015 and genotyped with DArT-array, DArT-GBS, and SSR markers. A total of 6,168 polymorphic markers were used to construct genetic linkage maps. Inclusive composite interval mapping detected four colocated resistance loci to both rust diseases and two stripe rust resistant loci in the Avocet × Chilero population. Among these, the quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1BL was identified as a pleotropic adult plant resistance gene Lr46/Yr29, whereas QLr.cim-5DS/QYr.cim-5DS was a newly discovered colocated resistance locus to both rust diseases in Chilero. Additionally, one new stripe rust resistance locus on chromosome 7BL was mapped in the current population. Avocet also contributed two minor colocated resistance QTLs situated on chromosomes 1DL and 4BS. The flanking SNP markers can be converted to breeder friendly Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers for wheat breeding programs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Algunas especies de Aeromonas han emergido como patógenos importantes, asociadas al desarrollo de infecciones gastrointestinales y extraintestinales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial de virulencia de cepas de Aeromonas procedentes de vegetales. Se analizó los factores de virulencia: DNAsa, lecitinasa, caseinasa, gelatinasa, β-hemolisinas y hemaglutininas, en 59 cepas de A. hydrophila y 61 de A. caviae, aisladas de cilantro, perejil y lechuga, comercializados en Maracaibo. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante el estadístico χ². Los factores de virulencia estudiados fueron expresados por más del 80% de las cepas. Cuatro de los 6 factores fueron expresados en mayor proporción por las cepas de A. hydrophila, aunque la diferencia entre las especies sólo resultó significativa para la expresión de caseinasa (94,9% vs 72,1% p 0,05). Se evidenció una diferencia significativa en el número de factores de virulencia expresado por las dos especies, siendo mayor para A. hydrophila (p < 0,05). La expresión de un número elevado de factores de virulencia por las cepas de Aeromonas analizadas, permite atribuirles un potencial de patogenicidad similar al descrito en las cepas procedentes de infecciones humanas.

Some species of Aeromonas have emerged as important pathogens associated with the development of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential virulence of Aeromonas strains from vegetables. Virulence factors were analyzed: DNase, lecitinasa, caseinase, gelatinase, hemolysines and hemaglutinies, in 59 strains of A. hydrophila and 61 of A. caviae, isolated from coriander, parsley and lettuce obtained in establishments in Maracaibo city. The results were analyzed through statistics χ2. The virulence factors studied were expressed for more of the 80% of the strains. Four of the 6 factors were expressed in greater proportion in Aeromonas hydrophila strains, although the difference between the species only significant in for caseinase expression (94.9% vs 72.1%, p 0.05). A significant difference was evident in the number of virulence factors expressed by the two species, being higher for A. hydrophila (p <0.05). The expression of a large number of virulence factors the analyzed Aeromonas strains, allow to attribute a potential of pathogenicity to the strain of human infections.

RESUMO

S. aureus se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, debido a la dificultad que representa el tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por SARM. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la producción de enterotoxinas A, B, C y D y la producción de biofilm en aislamientos de SARM. Se estudiaron 50 cepas aisladas de diferentes tipos de muestras clínicas. La detección de enterotoxinas se realizó por la técnica de aglutinación en fase reversa y la producción de biofilm mediante: agar rojo congo y el método en microplacas de cultivos celulares. La producción de enterotoxina se observó en 9 cepas (18%), siendo la enterotoxina D (64%) la más prevalente, seguida de la B (27%) y la A (9%). Se demostró una asociación significativa entre la producción de enterotoxina y el tipo de muestra de la que provenía la cepa. La producción de biofilm se constató en 30% y 98% de las cepas por los métodos de agar rojo congo y microplacas de cultivos celulares, respectivamente; sólo en 15 cepas (30%) se observó correlación de ambos ensayos, se demostró que el método en microplacas de cultivo celular es más eficaz para detectar la producción de biofilm en S. aureus.

S. aureus has become a public health problem, due to the difficulty of treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this research was to determine the production of enterotoxins A, B, C and D and the production of biofilm in clinical isolates of MRSA. Fifty MRSA strains isolated from different types of clinical samples were studied. Detection of enterotoxins was carried out using the technique of reversed phase agglutination, while biofilm production was studied through two tests: Congo red agar and the microplate cell culture method. Enterotoxin production was observed in 9 strains (18%); enterotoxin D (64%) was the most prevalent, followed by B (27%) and A (9%). A significant association was shown between enterotoxin production capacity and the type of sample that came from the strain. Biofilm production was found in 30% and 98% of the strains using the Congo red Agar and microplate cell culture methods, respectively. A correlation of both trials was observed in only 15 strains (30%). It was shown that the microplate cell culture method is more effective for detecting biofilm production in S. aureus strains.

RESUMO

Para analizar la calidad microbiológica en vegetales tipo hoja y la incidencia de bacterias enteropatógenas se analizaron 150 muestras (50 lechugas, 50 cilantros y 50 perejiles) recolectadas en dos supermercados de Maracaibo. Se determinó Coliformes Totales (CT) y Escherichia coli (EC) según la norma COVENIN Nº3276:1997; para la determinación de bacterias enteropatógenas (Salmonella, Aeromonas y Vibrio) se utilizaron medios de enriquecimiento y selectivos. La identificación de especies se realizó empleando pruebas bioquímicas. En 81,33% (122/150) de las muestras se obtuvieron contajes de CT entre 10³-10 5 UFC/g. La recuperación de EC fue de 10,00%. La frecuencia de enteropatógenos fue de 28%, siendo Aeromonas el género más aislado con un 95,91%. La mayor recuperación de enteropatógenos se obtuvo en las muestras de cilantro (40,00%), seguida de perejil (34,00%) y lechuga (20,00%); A. caviae fue la especie más recuperada (59,18%) seguida de A. hydrophila (30,62%). Salmonella spp se recuperó en 2 (4,08%) muestras. La presencia de indicadores entéricos (CT y EC) y de bacterias enteropatógenas sugiere que los vegetales tipo hoja presentan una inadecuada calidad sanitaria y pueden ser fuente de gastroenteritis

To analyze the microbiological quality of leaf vegetables and the incidence of enteropathogenic bacteria, 150 samples (50 lettuce, 50 coriander and 50 parsley) collected in two supermarkets in Maracaibo, were studied. Total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) according to COVENIN guideline N° 3276: 1997, were determined; for the identification of enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Aeromonas, Vibrio), enrichment and selective media were used. Species identification was made using biochemical tests. In 81.33% (122/150) of the samples obtained, TC counts were between 10³-10 5 CFU/g. EC recovery was 10.00%. The frequency of enteropathogens was 28%, with Aeromonas the most isolated genus (95.91%). Greater recovery of enteropathogens was obtained from coriander (40.00%), followed by the parsley (34.00%) and lettuce samples (20.00%); A. caviae was the most recovered specie (59.18%) followed by A. hydrophila (30,62%). Salmonella spp were recovered in 2 samples (4.08%). The presence of enteric indicators (TC and EC) and enteropathogenic bacteria suggests that the sanitary condition of the leafy vegetables is inadequate and can be a source of gastroenteritis

Assuntos

RESUMO

En este artículo se describe el efecto anticonvulsivante del extracto obtenido de Cecropia membranacea Trécul (Urticaceae, N.V: “yarumo”), especie utilizada en Colombia con fines tranquilizantes. El extracto metanólico (0.5 g/kg v.o.), administrado a ratones albinos ICR, ejerce actividad anticonvulsivante (73% de protección) frente a las convulsiones mioclónicas inducidas por pentilentetrazol (PTZ), modelo químico de las crisis de ausencia. También confiere protección significativa frente a las convulsiones inducidas por electroshock (80% de protección), modelo de las crisis tónicas clónicas generalizadas; y ejerce efectos positivos en el parámetro de frecuencia de la prueba de laberinto en cruz elevado, modelo de trastornos de ansiedad (p<0.05). En contraste, carece de efectos significativos en las pruebas de sueño barbitúrico y de nado forzado, sugiriendo ausencia de efectos de tipo hipnótico y antidepresivo. En el análisis fitoquímico se detecta la presencia de taninos, terpenoides y flavonoides. El estudio sugiere que la especie C. membranacea podría ser fuente de sustancias con propiedades anticonvulsivantes y ansiolíticas.

The methanolic extract obtained from Cecropia membranacea Trécul (0,5 g/kg v.o.) administered to mice albinos ICR, elicits antiseizure activity (73% of protection) in mice exposed to pentilentetrazol (PTZ, 80 mg/kg, sc.), chemical model of absence crisis. Additionally, the extract conferred significant protection against the maximal electroshock seizure, model of tonic clonic seizures and the parameter of frequency in the elevated plus maze test, screening model of anxiety. On the other hand, the extract lacked effect on the pentobarbitone induced sleep test and in the forced swimming test, screening model for antidepressants. Phytochemical preliminary analysis showed presence of tannin, terpenoid and flavonoid metabolites. This study suggests that C. membranacea could be source of substances with anticonvulsant and anxiolitic properties.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El sodio es el catión extracelular más abundante con una concentración sérica normal de 135 a 145 mEq/L. Los mecanismos homeos¬táticos mantienen la concentración de sodio y la osmolaridad sérica dentro de rangos estrechos. Los trastornos del sodio son comunes en pacientes hospitalizados, y se deben evitar las correcciones inapropiadas ya que pueden producir complicaciones adicionales, morbilidad y muerte. Se propone una fórmula rápida que simplifica el cálculo para la corrección de los trastornos del sodio.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The foundations and methodology for an epidemiological study on acute respiratory diseases are described. The study took place in 4 urban health areas in Havana City and 4 rural doctor's offices in Matanzas. A discussion is carried out regarding the intervention design for the staff of the health primary assistance team headed by the family doctor.

Assuntos

RESUMO

1,100 internationalist workers were surveyed in order to assess the factors bearing upon the proper use of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in endemic areas of Africa. We detected difficulties concerning advisin and its quality. Most subjects did not begin chemoprophylaxis before leaving Cuba, according to the advice. It was proved that one third of them do not observe regularly this prophylactic measure.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Psychosocial and hygienico-epidemiologic characteristics of prevalence of leprosy in Artemisa Municipality, Havana Province, were studied and compared with a control group. In relation to psychical stability, they are normal individuals. The general personal profile shows a personality structure disposed to neuroticism. The hygienic conditions are good. The majority of patients does not feel marginated and they have been incorporated to social and labor life. There are not mutilating incapacities in these patients. All needed of rehabilitation have it. The patients, in this municipality, know the main aspects of the disease.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A study is made of the socioeconomic conditions, environmental sanitation, and hygienic habits in the members of a rural community in Havana province. This was compared with the results of a stool culture analysis made to all inhabitants of this locality in order to determine the degree of infestation by intestinal parasites. It was found that sanitation conditions are good, which explains the low prevalence of helminths. The greatest proportion of parasitized people show inappropriate habits of personal hygiene, which explains that most of them are due to protozoa.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The conclusions herein reported were derived from a study of the perceptions of the general public on leprosy compared with the concepts held by patients. This paper is based on a survey developed accordingly, which was applied to 150 patients and 100 healthy individuals in Havana City. Results show the need for increasing the Health Education provided patients.

Assuntos

Assuntos

Assuntos

Assuntos