RESUMO
The livelihood of inhabitants from rural agricultural valleys in the arid Arica and Parinacota Region, northernmost Chile, strongly depends on water from high altitude rainfall and runoff to lower elevation areas. However, elevated arsenic, boron, and other potentially harmful elements compromise water quality, especially in rural areas. Samples (n = 90) of surface, underground, cold, geothermal springs, and treated and raw tap water were studied to assess water quality and to determine the main geochemical controls on water composition, origin, and geochemical evolution along dominant flowpaths. Water from major river basins across the region (Lluta, San Jose, Codpa-Chaca, Camarones and Altiplanicas) were collected for hydrogeochemical analysis of a suite of major and trace elements, δD and δ18O. Our new dataset was supplemented by hydrochemical data (n > 1500 data points) from secondary sources. Results show that 72% of the collected samples had As >10 µg/L (WHO drinking water provisional guideline) and affected 44% of the studied waters used for drinking (n = 32). Based on Chilean irrigation guidelines, elevated salinity (EC > 0.75 mS/cm) affected 80% of sampled waters, which were also impacted by high B (89% > 0.75 mg/L), and As (31% > 50 µg/L). Water composition was strongly controlled by geothermal water and freshwater mixing in high altitude areas. Magnitude and fate of As and B concentration was determined by the geothermal input type. Highest As (~21 mg/L) was associated with circum-neutral Na-Cl waters in Camarones basin, while lower As (~5 mg/L) with acid SO4 waters in Lluta basin. Additionally, evaporative concentration and sediment-water interactions were shown to control the level of As in surface and groundwaters downstream. This works provides a comprehensive analysis and a conceptual model of geochemical controls on regional water compositions, contributing to better understanding the geochemical processes underpinning the water quality challenges in northern Chile.
Assuntos
Arsênio , Água Subterrânea , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Arsênio/análise , Boro , Chile , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The corpus callosum is a large fiber tract that connects neurons in the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is associated with a large number of human syndromes but little is known about why ACC occurs. In most cases of ACC, callosal axons are able to grow toward the midline but are unable to cross it, continuing to grow into large swirls of axons known as Probst bundles. This phenotype suggests that in some cases ACC may be due to defects in axonal guidance at the midline. General guidance mechanisms that influence the development of axons include chemoattraction and chemorepulsion, presented by either membrane-bound or diffusible molecules. These molecules are not only expressed by the final target but by intermediate targets along the pathway, and by pioneering axons that act as guides for later arriving axons. Midline glial populations are important intermediate targets for commissural axons in the spinal cord and brain, including the corpus callosum. The role of midline glial populations and pioneering axons in the formation of the corpus callosum are discussed. Finally the differential guidance of the ipsilaterally projecting perforating pathway and the contralaterally projecting corpus callosum is addressed. Development of the corpus callosum involves the coordination of a number of different guidance mechanisms and the probable involvement of a large number of molecules
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Axônios , Corpo Caloso , Neuroglia , Via Perfurante , Diferenciação Celular , Corpo Caloso , Proteína Glial Fibrilar ÁcidaRESUMO
The corpus callosum is a large fiber tract that connects neurons in the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is associated with a large number of human syndromes but little is known about why ACC occurs. In most cases of ACC, callosal axons are able to grow toward the midline but are unable to cross it, continuing to grow into large swirls of axons known as Probst bundles. This phenotype suggests that in some cases ACC may be due to defects in axonal guidance at the midline. General guidance mechanisms that influence the development of axons include chemoattraction and chemorepulsion, presented by either membrane-bound or diffusible molecules. These molecules are not only expressed by the final target but by intermediate targets along the pathway, and by pioneering axons that act as guides for later arriving axons. Midline glial populations are important intermediate targets for commissural axons in the spinal cord and brain, including the corpus callosum. The role of midline glial populations and pioneering axons in the formation of the corpus callosum are discussed. Finally the differential guidance of the ipsilaterally projecting perforating pathway and the contralaterally projecting corpus callosum is addressed. Development of the corpus callosum involves the coordination of a number of different guidance mechanisms and the probable involvement of a large number of molecules.
Assuntos
Axônios/fisiologia , Corpo Caloso/embriologia , Neuroglia/fisiologia , Via Perfurante/fisiologia , Agenesia do Corpo Caloso , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Corpo Caloso/citologia , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/fisiologia , HumanosRESUMO
Cancrum oris (noma) has been most commonly described in malnourished debilitated children with poor oral hygiene following systemic childhood infections such as measles, pertussis or scarlet fever. We describe a patient who developed this condition during a period of profound neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Noma/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Gangrena , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por Klebsiella/patologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Lábio/patologia , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Neutropenia/patologia , Noma/patologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por Pseudomonas/patologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Indução de Remissão , Infecções Estafilocócicas/induzido quimicamente , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologiaRESUMO
Cancrum oris (noma) has been most commonly described in malnourished debilitated children with poor oral hygiene following systemic childhood infections such as measles, pertussis or scarlet fever. We describe a patient who developed this condition during a period of profound neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia(AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Relatos de Casos , Feminino , Humanos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Noma/induzido quimicamente , Gangrena , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/patologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Infecções por Klebsiella/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por Klebsiella/patologia , Lábio/patologia , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Neutropenia/patologia , Noma/patologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Infecções por Pseudomonas/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por Pseudomonas/patologia , Indução de Remissão , Infecções Estafilocócicas/induzido quimicamente , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Cancrum oris (noma) has been most commonly described in malnourished debilitated children with poor oral hygiene following systemic childhood infections such as measles, pertussis or scarlet fever. We describe a patient who developed this condition during a period of profound neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Noma/induzido quimicamente , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Gangrena , Indução de Remissão , Infecções Estafilocócicas/induzido quimicamente , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por Klebsiella/patologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por Pseudomonas/patologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/patologia , Lábio/patologia , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Neutropenia/patologia , Noma/patologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Pseudomonas aeruginosaRESUMO
Nocardiosis is an uncommon disease which occurs most often in patients with impaired cellular immunity, yet is rarely reported in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease. We present the first case of Nocardiosis seen at the University Hospital of the West Indies, occurring in a well-controlled diabetic with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Nocardiose/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Jamaica , MasculinoRESUMO
Nocardiosis is an uncommon disease which occurs most often in patients with impaired cellular immunity, yet is rarely reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. We present the first case of Nocardiosis seen at the University Hospital of the West Indies, occurring in a well-controlled diabetic with human immunodeficiency virus disease. (AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Relatos de Casos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Nocardiose/diagnóstico , Nocardiose/terapia , Jamaica , Diabetes Mellitus/complicações , Fluconazol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Forty-one women of reproductive age were included in the study, to establish the variation of serum lipids during the menstrual cycle and simultaneously, to determine the physiological fluctuation of FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) concentration in serum, during the menstrual cycle. A significant decrease of total serum cholesterol (165.29 +/- 3.6 mg/dl) and triglycerides (108.99 +/- 9.65) occurred during the luteal phase, as compared with the follicular phase (176.16 +/- 3.51, 108.99 +/- 9.65). Changes were not observed with HDL-cholesterol during the cycle. On the other hand, FSH showed an initial rise (mean 5 IU/l) followed by a surge (10 IU/l) and a progressive fall toward the midcycle. In contrast LH secretion showed a steady increase with a maximal concentration at surge (32.1 IU/l). PRL mean value was observed, with a discrete increase after day 13 of the menstrual cycle, that was more noticeable at the end of the cycle. Forty-eight hours after the FSH and LH midcycle surge, elevation of progesterone was observed, with maximal concentration occurring on day 24 (23 nmol/l) and later on progesterone levels fell rapidly. Thirty-six to 24 h before the surge of LH and FSH at midcycle was observed the peak serum concentration of estradiol (1300 pmol/l) followed by a progressive fall. Changes in the concentration of serum lipids during the menstrual cycle are presumably due to a direct or indirect effect of physiological fluctuation of sex hormones.
Assuntos
Colesterol/sangue , Estradiol/sangue , Gonadotropinas Hipofisárias/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/sangue , Progesterona/sangue , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , PanamáRESUMO
70 samples of vaginal secretions were collected from women with bacterial vaginosis syndrome, that were attended in Nuevo Veranillo' Health Center. All samples were tested in order to determinate the presence of amine and to Gram'methods stain to observe the morphologic characteristics of the "Clue" cells (epithelial cells with adhered bacteria). Samples were cultured in a selective media of blood agar in Columbia base with colistine and nalidixic acid, and incubated in an environment of CO2 at 37 degrees C. Tests of oxidase, catalase, glucid fermentation, hippurate hydrolysis and starch hydrolysis were made on the grown colonies. 27 out of 70 samples resulted in positive cultures for Gardnerella vaginalis, 11 to pregnant women and 16 to nonpregnant women; among these, 14 women used some kind of contraceptive methods as DIU or pill.
Assuntos
Gardnerella vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Este trabajo presenta el problema que representa la desnutrición primaria en edad pediátrica y sus implicaciones en el posterior desarrollo del niño. Revisaremos la epidemiología, fisiopatología, cuadro clínico y el tratamiento de afección; haremos énfasis en la prevención por su importancia en la solución del problema