RESUMO
Cattle ticks Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus are mainly controlled in Brazil by means of acaricide products, without any official policies in this regard. Acaricides continue to be sold indiscriminately, and this has contributed towards making the problem of resistance widespread, thus making diagnosis and monitoring of tick resistance essential. Here, bioassays (larval packet test) were performed on tick populations from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul regarding their susceptibility to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin. All the tick samples tested showed resistance to cypermethrin (10) (resistance factor (RF) ranging from 5.6 to 80.3) and deltamethrin (10) (RF ranging from 2.4 to 83.1). Six out of eight populations were resistant to flumethrin (RF ranging from 3.8 to 8.2). PCR molecular analyses did not show any T2134A mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, in any of the sampled populations. The results from this study highlight the critical status of resistance of the cattle tick to synthetic pyrethroids in the regions studied. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the resistant phenotypes observed in the bioassays. This was the first detection of flumethrin resistance in Brazil.
O controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus no Brasil é feito principalmente com produtos acaricidas, sem uma política de controle oficial. A venda destes produtos continua ocorrendo de maneira indiscriminada, o que tem contribuído para generalizar o problema da resistência em todo o país, tornando essencial seu diagnóstico e monitoramento. Bioensaios (teste do pacote de larvas) foram conduzidos com populações de carrapatos do Rio Grande do Sul e Mato Grosso do Sul, com relação à sua suscetibilidade a três princípios ativos piretróides. Todas as amostras analisadas mostraram resistência à cipermetrina (10), com fatores de resistência (FR) de 5,6 a 80,3, e à deltametrina, com FR variando de 2,4 a 83,1. Seis das oito amostras foram resistentes à flumetrina (FR de 3,8 a 8,2). Análises moleculares utilizando PCR demonstraram que em todas as populações amostradas não foram encontrados alelos com a mutação T2134A no gene do canal de sódio controlado por voltagem. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a situação crítica da resistência do carrapato bovino ao grupo dos piretróides sintéticos nas regiões estudadas. Novos estudos são necessários para identificar os mecanismos responsáveis pelos fenótipos resistentes observados nos bioensaios. Este é o primeiro relato da resistência a flumetrina no Brasil.
RESUMO
Background: The arthropod Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite that transmits a wide number of microorganisms to their host such as bacteria Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasmosis is responsible for serious damages to livestock due to mortality caused in herds, decrease in milk production and weight gain and expenses with prevention and control. Is an enzootic disease in temperate, subtropical and tropical countries. In these regions, cattle contamination may occur biologically by ticks, mechanically by fl ies or iatrogenically. The immune system of invertebrates has multiple mechanisms, but it is simpler than the immune system of vertebrates, however the ticks have a wide variety of protection mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which act directly against invading pathogens. To this date, only a few AMPs have been described in R. microplus, and little is known about the activity of these AMPs against A. marginale.Review: The tick R. microplus has several mechanisms to protect itself against invading microorganisms. Besides a protective cuticle and epithelia lining which are part of the fi rst line of defense against pathogens, there are intermediate compounds of melanization, coagulation, phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, reactive oxygen species, proteins such as cystatins and additionally a vast repertoire o
Background: The arthropod Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite that transmits a wide number of microorganisms to their host such as bacteria Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasmosis is responsible for serious damages to livestock due to mortality caused in herds, decrease in milk production and weight gain and expenses with prevention and control. Is an enzootic disease in temperate, subtropical and tropical countries. In these regions, cattle contamination may occur biologically by ticks, mechanically by fl ies or iatrogenically. The immune system of invertebrates has multiple mechanisms, but it is simpler than the immune system of vertebrates, however the ticks have a wide variety of protection mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which act directly against invading pathogens. To this date, only a few AMPs have been described in R. microplus, and little is known about the activity of these AMPs against A. marginale.Review: The tick R. microplus has several mechanisms to protect itself against invading microorganisms. Besides a protective cuticle and epithelia lining which are part of the fi rst line of defense against pathogens, there are intermediate compounds of melanization, coagulation, phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, reactive oxygen species, proteins such as cystatins and additionally a vast repertoire o
RESUMO
Background: The arthropod Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite that transmits a wide number of microorganisms to their host such as bacteria Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasmosis is responsible for serious damages to livestock due to mortality caused in herds, decrease in milk production and weight gain and expenses with prevention and control. Is an enzootic disease in temperate, subtropical and tropical countries. In these regions, cattle contamination may occur biologically by ticks, mechanically by fl ies or iatrogenically. The immune system of invertebrates has multiple mechanisms, but it is simpler than the immune system of vertebrates, however the ticks have a wide variety of protection mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which act directly against invading pathogens. To this date, only a few AMPs have been described in R. microplus, and little is known about the activity of these AMPs against A. marginale.Review: The tick R. microplus has several mechanisms to protect itself against invading microorganisms. Besides a protective cuticle and epithelia lining which are part of the fi rst line of defense against pathogens, there are intermediate compounds of melanization, coagulation, phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, reactive oxygen species, proteins such as cystatins and additionally a vast repertoire o
Background: The arthropod Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite that transmits a wide number of microorganisms to their host such as bacteria Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasmosis is responsible for serious damages to livestock due to mortality caused in herds, decrease in milk production and weight gain and expenses with prevention and control. Is an enzootic disease in temperate, subtropical and tropical countries. In these regions, cattle contamination may occur biologically by ticks, mechanically by fl ies or iatrogenically. The immune system of invertebrates has multiple mechanisms, but it is simpler than the immune system of vertebrates, however the ticks have a wide variety of protection mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which act directly against invading pathogens. To this date, only a few AMPs have been described in R. microplus, and little is known about the activity of these AMPs against A. marginale.Review: The tick R. microplus has several mechanisms to protect itself against invading microorganisms. Besides a protective cuticle and epithelia lining which are part of the fi rst line of defense against pathogens, there are intermediate compounds of melanization, coagulation, phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, reactive oxygen species, proteins such as cystatins and additionally a vast repertoire o
RESUMO
We report the finding of Amblyomma aureolatum (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing margay (Leopardus wiedii) in the locality of Gravataí (29º 47' 12.9'' S and 50º 53' 44.1'' W; 241 m alt.), State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. This is the first report of this species of Ixodidae on margay in Southern Brazil. This finding indicates an increased number of hosts for this tick species.
Foi registrado o encontro de Amblyomma aureolatum (Acari: Ixodidae) em gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii), na localidade de Gravataí (29º 47' 12,9'' S and 50º 53' 44,1'' O; 241 m alt.), região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Esse é o primeiro registro desse ixodídeo parasitando essa espécie de felídeo e amplia a distribuição de hospedeiros no estado.
RESUMO
Findings of epimastigotes forms of a tripanosomatide is reported in the hemolymph of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Morphological evidences suggest they are similar to Trypanosoma theileri, a species described as non pathogenic to cattle, and usually transmitted by tabanids.
Descreve-se a ocorrência de formas epimastigotas de um tripanosomatideo na hemolinfa do carrapato do bovino Boophilus microplus no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Evidências morfológicas sugerem tratar-se de Trypanosoma theileri , espécie descrita como não patogênica aos bovinos e que usualmente é transmitida por tabanídeos.
RESUMO
The record of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, an ixodid tick, on the brocket deer, Mazama nana (Hensel), represents a new report after 34 years of its last report in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The tick specimens (three males and one female) were found in Cachoeira do Sul, RS (30º0221"S, 52º5338"W). This place is elevated 72 m sea above, with an annual average temperature of 18.8°C, and annual average rainfall of 1.438 mm. This is the first record of this tick species in a Cervidae and it is the second occurrence report for the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
O encontro de Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, um carrapato ixodídeo, no veado bororó-do-sul, Mazama nana (Hensel), representa novo relato de ocorrência, após 34 anos de seu registro no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os exemplares de carrapatos (3 machos e 1 fêmea) foram encontrados em Cachoeira do Sul, RS (30º0221"S, 52º5338"W). O local está a 72 m acima do nível do mar, com uma média anual de temperatura de 18,8°C, e uma precipitação média anual de 1.438 mm. Este é o primeiro registro de H. juxtakochi nesta espécie de cervídeo e um segundo relato de ocorrência para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
RESUMO
The record of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, an ixodid tick, on the brocket deer, Mazama nana (Hensel), represents a new report after 34 years of its last report in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The tick specimens (three males and one female) were found in Cachoeira do Sul, RS (30º0221"S, 52º5338"W). This place is elevated 72 m sea above, with an annual average temperature of 18.8°C, and annual average rainfall of 1.438 mm. This is the first record of this tick species in a Cervidae and it is the second occurrence report for the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
O encontro de Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, um carrapato ixodídeo, no veado bororó-do-sul, Mazama nana (Hensel), representa novo relato de ocorrência, após 34 anos de seu registro no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os exemplares de carrapatos (3 machos e 1 fêmea) foram encontrados em Cachoeira do Sul, RS (30º0221"S, 52º5338"W). O local está a 72 m acima do nível do mar, com uma média anual de temperatura de 18,8°C, e uma precipitação média anual de 1.438 mm. Este é o primeiro registro de H. juxtakochi nesta espécie de cervídeo e um segundo relato de ocorrência para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
RESUMO
The occurrence of ticks on anteaters in the Pantanal region, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, between March and February 2001 is described. Tick species identified were Amblyomma cajennense (123 males and 63 females), A. parvum (35 males, 67 females) and A. nodosum (2 males), species considered as specific of anteater in its adult phase. A . cajennense was found in the majority of animals (15) followed by A. parvum (9) and by A. nodosum (2) from a total of 20 anteaters examined in the study period.
Registra-se a ocorrência de carrapatos em tamanduás-bandeira e tamanduás-mirim na região do pantanal sul mato-grossense entre os meses de março e novembro de 2001. As espécies identificadas foram Amblyomma cajennense (123 machos e 63 fêmeas), A. parvum (35 machos, 67 fêmeas) e A. nodosum (2 machos), um parasita específico de tamanduás em sua fase adulta. De um total de 20 tamanduás examinados no período de estudo, A . cajennense foi encontrado na maioria dos animais (15), seguido por A. parvum (9) e por A. nodosum (2).
RESUMO
The occurrence of ticks on anteaters in the Pantanal region, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, between March and February 2001 is described. Tick species identified were Amblyomma cajennense (123 males and 63 females), A. parvum (35 males, 67 females) and A. nodosum (2 males), species considered as specific of anteater in its adult phase. A . cajennense was found in the majority of animals (15) followed by A. parvum (9) and by A. nodosum (2) from a total of 20 anteaters examined in the study period.
Registra-se a ocorrência de carrapatos em tamanduás-bandeira e tamanduás-mirim na região do pantanal sul mato-grossense entre os meses de março e novembro de 2001. As espécies identificadas foram Amblyomma cajennense (123 machos e 63 fêmeas), A. parvum (35 machos, 67 fêmeas) e A. nodosum (2 machos), um parasita específico de tamanduás em sua fase adulta. De um total de 20 tamanduás examinados no período de estudo, A . cajennense foi encontrado na maioria dos animais (15), seguido por A. parvum (9) e por A. nodosum (2).
RESUMO
The use of chemical acaricide still remains as the main tool against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. In Southern Brazil, amitraz applied by immersion and/or spray is the main active ingredient to control organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid resistant strains. In consequence it is important to conduct investigations in order to prolong useful life of this ingredient. In this article, toxicological behaviour of a strain of Boophilus microplus named "Santa Luiza" collected in the locality of Alegrete, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was analyzed against acaricides organophosphorous, pyrethroids, mixtures SP and OP and amitraz. Results showed factors of resistance from 2.3 to 3.95 to OP, 23.3 to 147.56 to SP and 3.76 to 21.57 to amitraz indicating that this strain showed multiple resistance to tested acaricides. Characterization and purification of a B. microplus strain resistant to amitraz will allow its use as a reference strain for future utilization in biological evaluation of alternative acaricides as well as to standard and to validate diagnostic methods to detect resistant to this acaricide.
O uso dos acaricidas químicos ainda se constitui no principal instrumento de controle do carrapato bovino Boophilus microplus. No sul do Brasil, o amitraz aplicado por imersão e aspersão é o ingrediente ativo mais utilizado, nos últimos anos, contra as cepas de carrapatos resistentes aos organofosforados (OF) e piretróides sintéticos (PS). Em conseqüência, torna-se importante a realização de investigações que possam contribuir para prolongar a vida útil desse ixodicida. No presente estudo, foi analisado o comportamento toxicológico de uma cepa de B. microplus colhida na localidade de Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, usando-se químicos da família dos OF, PS, misturas OF/PS, além do amitraz. Os resultados indicaram que a cepa denominada "Santa Luiza" apresentou fatores de resistência (FR) que variaram entre 2,3 e 3,95 para OF, 23,3 e 147,56 para PS e de 3,76 a 21.57 para amitraz em testes realizados com larvas de carrapatos. A caracterização e purificação de uma cepa de B. microplus resistente ao amitraz permitem seu uso como cepa de referência para a avaliação biológica de ixodicidas alternativos, além de padronizar e validar métodos de diagnósticos toxicológicos que possam detectar resistência frente a esse acaricida.
RESUMO
The use of chemical acaricide still remains as the main tool against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. In Southern Brazil, amitraz applied by immersion and/or spray is the main active ingredient to control organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid resistant strains. In consequence it is important to conduct investigations in order to prolong useful life of this ingredient. In this article, toxicological behaviour of a strain of Boophilus microplus named "Santa Luiza" collected in the locality of Alegrete, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was analyzed against acaricides organophosphorous, pyrethroids, mixtures SP and OP and amitraz. Results showed factors of resistance from 2.3 to 3.95 to OP, 23.3 to 147.56 to SP and 3.76 to 21.57 to amitraz indicating that this strain showed multiple resistance to tested acaricides. Characterization and purification of a B. microplus strain resistant to amitraz will allow its use as a reference strain for future utilization in biological evaluation of alternative acaricides as well as to standard and to validate diagnostic methods to detect resistant to this acaricide.
O uso dos acaricidas químicos ainda se constitui no principal instrumento de controle do carrapato bovino Boophilus microplus. No sul do Brasil, o amitraz aplicado por imersão e aspersão é o ingrediente ativo mais utilizado, nos últimos anos, contra as cepas de carrapatos resistentes aos organofosforados (OF) e piretróides sintéticos (PS). Em conseqüência, torna-se importante a realização de investigações que possam contribuir para prolongar a vida útil desse ixodicida. No presente estudo, foi analisado o comportamento toxicológico de uma cepa de B. microplus colhida na localidade de Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, usando-se químicos da família dos OF, PS, misturas OF/PS, além do amitraz. Os resultados indicaram que a cepa denominada "Santa Luiza" apresentou fatores de resistência (FR) que variaram entre 2,3 e 3,95 para OF, 23,3 e 147,56 para PS e de 3,76 a 21.57 para amitraz em testes realizados com larvas de carrapatos. A caracterização e purificação de uma cepa de B. microplus resistente ao amitraz permitem seu uso como cepa de referência para a avaliação biológica de ixodicidas alternativos, além de padronizar e validar métodos de diagnósticos toxicológicos que possam detectar resistência frente a esse acaricida.
RESUMO
A field test aiming an evaluation of the injectable doramectin on the horn-fly Haematobia irritans was carried out simultaneously in Brazil and Argentina. Both places, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil and Rafaela, Santa Fé, Argentina, utilized a total number of forty adult animals being twenty treated and twenty controls. Flies were counted on days 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-treatment (p.t.). By comparison with control group efficacy in Brazil was less than 50% in day +1 p.t., 84.4, 72.6, 81.4, 74.2, 79.2, 50.7 and 64.7% in the subsequent days while in Argentina was 97.3, 84.2, 95.9, 92.2, 93.6, 63.3, 73.8 and 66.9% respectively. A decrease on natural population of horn-fly was observed in both places indicating a contribution of this avermectin formulation in the control of this insect although results in Brazil showed less efficacy than in Argentina.
Um teste de campo, realizado simultaneamente no Brasil (Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul) e Argentina (Rafaela, Santa Fé), avaliou o comportamento da doramectina injetável sobre insetos adultos de Haematobia irritans. Em ambos os locais, utilizaram-se 40 animais (20 vacas e 20 novilhas), sendo que 20 foram tratados e 20 permaneceram como controle. Realizaram-se contagens de moscas nos dias 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 e 35 pós-tratamento. Em comparação com o grupo controle, a eficácia observada no Brasil foi inferior a 50% no dia 1, e 84,4, 72,6, 81,4, 74,2, 79,2, 50,7 e 64,7% nos demais dias de observação enquanto na Argentina, foi de 97,3, 84,2, 95,9, 92,2, 93,6, 63,3, 73, 8 e 66,9%, respectivamente. Em ambos os países, ocorreu uma contribuição dessa avermectina para a diminuição da população de insetos adultos de H. irritans embora os resultados obtidos no Brasil tenham apresentado uma eficácia menor que os constatados na Argentina.
RESUMO
A field test aiming an evaluation of the injectable doramectin on the horn-fly Haematobia irritans was carried out simultaneously in Brazil and Argentina. Both places, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil and Rafaela, Santa Fé, Argentina, utilized a total number of forty adult animals being twenty treated and twenty controls. Flies were counted on days 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-treatment (p.t.). By comparison with control group efficacy in Brazil was less than 50% in day +1 p.t., 84.4, 72.6, 81.4, 74.2, 79.2, 50.7 and 64.7% in the subsequent days while in Argentina was 97.3, 84.2, 95.9, 92.2, 93.6, 63.3, 73.8 and 66.9% respectively. A decrease on natural population of horn-fly was observed in both places indicating a contribution of this avermectin formulation in the control of this insect although results in Brazil showed less efficacy than in Argentina.
Um teste de campo, realizado simultaneamente no Brasil (Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul) e Argentina (Rafaela, Santa Fé), avaliou o comportamento da doramectina injetável sobre insetos adultos de Haematobia irritans. Em ambos os locais, utilizaram-se 40 animais (20 vacas e 20 novilhas), sendo que 20 foram tratados e 20 permaneceram como controle. Realizaram-se contagens de moscas nos dias 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 e 35 pós-tratamento. Em comparação com o grupo controle, a eficácia observada no Brasil foi inferior a 50% no dia 1, e 84,4, 72,6, 81,4, 74,2, 79,2, 50,7 e 64,7% nos demais dias de observação enquanto na Argentina, foi de 97,3, 84,2, 95,9, 92,2, 93,6, 63,3, 73, 8 e 66,9%, respectivamente. Em ambos os países, ocorreu uma contribuição dessa avermectina para a diminuição da população de insetos adultos de H. irritans embora os resultados obtidos no Brasil tenham apresentado uma eficácia menor que os constatados na Argentina.
RESUMO
Performance of an ELISA kit for detecting antibodies to Babesia bovis, a bovine haemoparasite, was compared with the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) used in serological routine. Over 97 sera samples from a free tick area, ELISA showed an specificity of 98.9% against 97.9% obtained by IFA T. Both tests showed a sensitivity of 100% when compared over 22 sera samples from experimentally infected bovine with B. bovis. Results obtained with 1560 field samples showed an agreement of 90.1% (1406/1560) between positive and negativo samples while 4.2% (66) were positives to IFAT and negatives to ELISA, and 5.6% (88) owere negatives to IFAT and positives to ELISA.
Comparou-se o desempenho de um kit de ELISA para detectar anticorpos contra Babesia bovis, em hemoparasita bovino, com o teste de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI) usualmente empregado em rotina sorológica. Sobre 97 amostras de soros oriundas de uma região livre de carrapatos e hematozoários, o teste de ELISA demonstrou uma especificidade de 98.9% contra 97.9% do teste de IFI. Ambos os testes apresentaram uma sensibilidade de 100% quando utilizados sobre 22 amostras de soro de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com B. bovis. Os resultados obtidos sobre 1560 amostras colhidas à campo, mostraram uma concordância de 90,1% (1406/1560) entre amostras positivas e negativas, enquanto que 4,2% (66) foram positivas para IFI e negativas para ELISA e 5,6% (88) foram negativas para IFI e positivas para ELISA.
RESUMO
Performance of an ELISA kit for detecting antibodies to Babesia bovis, a bovine haemoparasite, was compared with the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) used in serological routine. Over 97 sera samples from a free tick area, ELISA showed an specificity of 98.9% against 97.9% obtained by IFA T. Both tests showed a sensitivity of 100% when compared over 22 sera samples from experimentally infected bovine with B. bovis. Results obtained with 1560 field samples showed an agreement of 90.1% (1406/1560) between positive and negativo samples while 4.2% (66) were positives to IFAT and negatives to ELISA, and 5.6% (88) owere negatives to IFAT and positives to ELISA.
Comparou-se o desempenho de um kit de ELISA para detectar anticorpos contra Babesia bovis, em hemoparasita bovino, com o teste de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI) usualmente empregado em rotina sorológica. Sobre 97 amostras de soros oriundas de uma região livre de carrapatos e hematozoários, o teste de ELISA demonstrou uma especificidade de 98.9% contra 97.9% do teste de IFI. Ambos os testes apresentaram uma sensibilidade de 100% quando utilizados sobre 22 amostras de soro de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com B. bovis. Os resultados obtidos sobre 1560 amostras colhidas à campo, mostraram uma concordância de 90,1% (1406/1560) entre amostras positivas e negativas, enquanto que 4,2% (66) foram positivas para IFI e negativas para ELISA e 5,6% (88) foram negativas para IFI e positivas para ELISA.