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BACKGROUND: The impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on healthcare costs remains unclear in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of MetS on primary healthcare costs of adults, as well as to identify the impact of physical activity and other covariates on this phenomenon. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo/Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The sample comprised 159 older adults (> 50 years) of both sexes (110 women) who were identified from their medical records in the Brazilian National Health Service. Healthcare costs (US$) were assessed through medical records and divided into medical consultations, medications, laboratory tests, and total costs. MetS was assessed using medical records. RESULTS: The Brazilian National Health Service spent more on consultations (US$ 22.75 versus US$ 19.39; + 17.3%) and medication (US$ 19.65 versus US$ 8.32; + 136.1%) among adults with MetS than among those without MetS, but the costs for laboratory tests were similar (P = 0.343). Total costs were 53.9% higher in adults with MetS than in those without the diagnosis of the disease (P = 0.001). Regarding total costs, there was an increase of US$ 38.97 when five components of MetS were present (P = 0.015), representing an increase of approximately 700%, even after adjusting for sex, age, and physical activity. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the presence of the MetS is responsible for increasing primary care costs among older adults, especially in those related to medicines.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on healthcare costs remains unclear in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of MetS on primary healthcare costs of adults, as well as to identify the impact of physical activity and other covariates on this phenomenon. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo/Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The sample comprised 159 older adults (> 50 years) of both sexes (110 women) who were identified from their medical records in the Brazilian National Health Service. Healthcare costs (US$) were assessed through medical records and divided into medical consultations, medications, laboratory tests, and total costs. MetS was assessed using medical records. RESULTS: The Brazilian National Health Service spent more on consultations (US$ 22.75 versus US$ 19.39; + 17.3%) and medication (US$ 19.65 versus US$ 8.32; + 136.1%) among adults with MetS than among those without MetS, but the costs for laboratory tests were similar (P = 0.343). Total costs were 53.9% higher in adults with MetS than in those without the diagnosis of the disease (P = 0.001). Regarding total costs, there was an increase of US$ 38.97 when five components of MetS were present (P = 0.015), representing an increase of approximately 700%, even after adjusting for sex, age, and physical activity. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the presence of the MetS is responsible for increasing primary care costs among older adults, especially in those related to medicines.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Research on the economic burden of sedentary behavior and abdominal obesity on health expenses associated with cardiovascular diseases is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify whether sedentary behavior, isolated and combined with abdominal obesity, influences the medication expenditure among adults with cardiovascular diseases. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of President Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil in 2018. METHODS: The study included adults with cardiovascular diseases, aged 30-65 years, who were treated by the Brazilian National Health Services. Sedentary behavior was assessed using a questionnaire. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference. Medication expenditures were verified using the medical records of each patient. RESULTS: The study included a total of 307 adults. Individuals classified in the group with risk factor obesity combined (median [IQ] USD$ 29.39 [45.77]) or isolated (median [IQ] USD$ 27.17 [59.76]) to sedentary behavior had higher medication expenditures than those belonging to the non-obese with low sedentary behavior group (median [IQ] USD$ 13.51 [31.42]) (P = 0.01). The group with combined obesity and sedentary behavior was 2.4 (95%CI = 1.00; 5.79) times more likely to be hypertensive. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was a determining factor for medication expenses, regardless of sedentary behavior, among adults with cardiovascular diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Research on the economic burden of sedentary behavior and abdominal obesity on health expenses associated with cardiovascular diseases is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify whether sedentary behavior, isolated and combined with abdominal obesity, influences the medication expenditure among adults with cardiovascular diseases. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of President Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil in 2018. METHODS: The study included adults with cardiovascular diseases, aged 30-65 years, who were treated by the Brazilian National Health Services. Sedentary behavior was assessed using a questionnaire. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference. Medication expenditures were verified using the medical records of each patient. RESULTS: The study included a total of 307 adults. Individuals classified in the group with risk factor obesity combined (median [IQ] USD$ 29.39 [45.77]) or isolated (median [IQ] USD$ 27.17 [59.76]) to sedentary behavior had higher medication expenditures than those belonging to the non-obese with low sedentary behavior group (median [IQ] USD$ 13.51 [31.42]) (P = 0.01). The group with combined obesity and sedentary behavior was 2.4 (95%CI = 1.00; 5.79) times more likely to be hypertensive. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was a determining factor for medication expenses, regardless of sedentary behavior, among adults with cardiovascular diseases.

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OBJECTIVE: Investigate whether obesity is responsible for costs due to productivity loss (PL) in adults, during 30 months of follow-up. METHODS: Absenteeism and disability retirement were considered as PL. For classification of obesity, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) values were considered. The statistical software BioEstat (release 5.0) was used and the significance level was set at P value < 0.05. RESULTS: For the men, BMI and WC accounted for ∼60% and ∼30% of retirement due to disability (P = 0.001). For the women, this percentage represented ∼19% for BMI and ∼8% for WC, both P < 0.05. Physical activity was not a significant confounder in any of the analyses (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Total and abdominal obesity were responsible for increased costs from PL due to early retirement among adults aged 50 years or older.

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A privação do sono está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiometabólicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre qualidade do sono e ocorrência de doenças cardiometabólicas em adultos atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Estudo longitudinal composto por 169 adultos (68,6% do sexo feminino), média de idade 61,80 (desvio padrão = 8,80), acompanhados por 30 meses. A presença das doenças hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e ocorrência de infarto e a qualidade do sono foram mensuradas por meio de questionários. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a qualidade do sono (adequada/inadequada). Para verificar a diferença de idade, classe econômica, atividade física habitual e circunferência de cintura, entre os grupos a e b, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para comparar a proporção das doenças (hipertensão arterial, infarto, diabetes e dislipidemias) entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. A regressão logística binária foi utilizada para testar a magnitude de tais associações, ajustadas por sexo, idade, atividade física, obesidade abdominal, etilismo e tabagismo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software BioEstat (versão 5.0) e o nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. Verificou-se que 83,4% dos adultos reportaram ao menos uma alteração na qualidade do sono e os que apresentaram inadequada qualidade do sono tiveram 3,4 vezes mais chances de reportar diabetes (OR = 3,47; IC95%: 1,06-11,30), comparados aos com o sono adequado. Inadequada qualidade do sono parece contribuir para o aumento da ocorrência de diabetes mellitus, independente do tempo de prática de atividade física e a obesidade abdominal

Sleep deprivation is related to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sleep quality and occurrence of cardiometabolic diseases in adults attending Primary Health Care. Longitudinal study of 169 adults (68.6% female), mean age 61.80 (deviation = 8.80), followed for 30 months. The presence of the diseases hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and occurrence of infarction and the quality of sleep were measured using questionnaires. Participants were divided into groups according to sleep quality (adequate / inadequate). To verify the difference in age, economic class, habitual physical activity and waist circumference, between groups a and b, the Student's t test for in-dependent samples was used. To compare the proportion of diseases (hypertension, heart attack, diabetes, and dyslipidemia) between the groups, the chi-square test with Yates correction was used. Binary logistic regression was used to test the magnitude of such associations, adjusted for gender, age, physical activity, abdominal obesity, alcoholism and smoking. Statistical analyzes were performed using BioEstat software (version 5.0) and the significance level adopted was p <0.05. 83.4% of adults reported at least one change in sleep quality and those with inadequate sleep quality were 3.4 times more likely to report diabetes (OR = 3.47; 95%CI: 1.06 -11.30) compared to those with adequate sleep. Inadequate sleep quality seems to contribute to the increased occurrence of diabetes mellitus, regardless of the length of physical activity and abdominal obesity

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