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OBJECTIVE: Although the development of prevention and treatment strategies for sexually transmitted infections in key groups has improved over the years, they still remain a challenge for health systems worldwide. In this context, the objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence in the tested population, with an emphasis on key populations, aiming at identifying the participants' profile and consequently the development of testing strategies. METHODS: The present study analyzed the seroprevalence of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C, and the epidemiological profiles of key and general populations tested at a reference public health facility for sexually transmitted infections testing and counseling in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted to report data from 2010 to 2019. RESULTS: A total of 67,448 samples were analyzed, 9,086 of these tested positive, 3,633 (56%) for HIV, 4,978 (77%) for syphilis, 340 (5%) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), and 135 (2%) for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Overall, most of the participants were men (79 to 87%), and predominantly white. For HIV and syphilis, the predominant age groups were 21-30 years old (48 and 50%), HBV 21-40 years old (31%), and HCV 41-60 years old (25%). A high seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was observed in the investigated key populations with a higher frequency in sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgender. CONCLUSION: The progressive increase in syphilis cases emphasizes the need for effective interventions to enhance adherence to the use of condoms, and to expand diagnosis and treatment for these key populations.
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Infecções por HIV , Hepatite B , Hepatite C , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Sífilis , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The intense use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality of HIV infection. In Brazil, the specific contribution of diseases related to HIV infection leading to hospital admission and readmission is not well known. AIMS: The study aimed to determine the clinico-epidemiological profile, 30-day readmission rate, and factors associated with this outcome in a cohort of adults with HIV infection in southern Brazil. METHODS: Unicentric retrospective cohort, with data collection through the review of medical records and databases. RESULTS: We analyzed 574 index hospitalizations and 451 individuals. Of these, 57.6% were men and the mean (±SD) age was 42.2 ± 12.3 years. Only 43.4% used ART regularly and low CD4 count and high frequency of detectable viral load were observed. HIV/AIDS-related diseases were identified in 55.2%, and tuberculosis was the most frequent etiology leading to index hospitalization. We found a 30-day readmission rate of 11.5% and hospitalization for HIV/AIDS-related illness was associated with a higher risk for the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need to expand resources for prevention, early diagnosis, retention, and treatment of people living with HIV in the region to reduce HIV/AIDS-associated diseases and possibly minimize consequent hospital readmission of these individuals.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Readmissão do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carga ViralRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: Although the development of prevention and treatment strategies for sexually transmitted infections in key groups has improved over the years, they still remain a challenge for health systems worldwide. In this context, the objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence in the tested population, with an emphasis on key populations, aiming at identifying the participants' profile and consequently the development of testing strategies. Methods: The present study analyzed the seroprevalence of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C, and the epidemiological profiles of key and general populations tested at a reference public health facility for sexually transmitted infections testing and counseling in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted to report data from 2010 to 2019. Results: A total of 67,448 samples were analyzed, 9,086 of these tested positive, 3,633 (56%) for HIV, 4,978 (77%) for syphilis, 340 (5%) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), and 135 (2%) for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Overall, most of the participants were men (79 to 87%), and predominantly white. For HIV and syphilis, the predominant age groups were 21-30 years old (48 and 50%), HBV 21-40 years old (31%), and HCV 41-60 years old (25%). A high seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was observed in the investigated key populations with a higher frequency in sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgender. Conclusion: The progressive increase in syphilis cases emphasizes the need for effective interventions to enhance adherence to the use of condoms, and to expand diagnosis and treatment for these key populations.
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Xpert® MTB/RIF has been widely used for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in Brazil, since 2014. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the performance of Xpert in different contexts during a two-year period: (i) laboratory and clinical/epidemiological diagnosis; (ii) HIV-positive and -negative populations; (iii) type of specimens: pulmonary and extrapulmonary. Overall, 924 specimens from 743 patients were evaluated. The performance of the assays was evaluated considering culture (Lowenstein Jensen or LJ medium) results and composite reference standard (CRS) classification as gold standard. According to CRS evaluation, 219 cases (29.5%) were classified as positive cases, 157 (21.1%) as 'possible TB', and 367 (49.3%) as 'not TB'. Based on culture, Xpert and AFB smear achieved a sensitivity of 96% and 62%, respectively, while based on CRS, the sensitivities of Xpert, AFB smear, and culture were 40.7%, 20%, and 25%, respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of Xpert were 96% and 94%, respectively. Metric evaluations were similar between pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples against culture, whereas compared to CRS, the sensitivities were 44.6% and 29.3% for the pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases, respectively. The Xpert detected 42/69 (60.9%) patients with confirmed TB and negative culture on LJ medium, and 52/69 (75.4%) patients with negative AFB smear results. There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy based on the types of specimens and population (positive- and negative-HIV). Molecular testing detected 13 cases of TB in culture-negative patients with severe immunosuppression. Resistance to rifampicin was detected in seven samples. Herein, Xpert showed improved detection of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB cases, both among HIV-positive and -negative patients, even in cases with advanced immunosuppression, thereby performing better than multiple other diagnostic parameters.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Rifampina/farmacologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologiaRESUMO
The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of HIV-1 RNA level discordance between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma and of CSF viral escape (CVE) in patients with HIV-1 subtype C on antiretroviral therapy, and evaluate the CSF white blood cell (WBC) performance characteristics in predicting CSF discordance in HIV+ group and the frequency of cognitive impairment in individuals with CSF HIV discordance or escape. HIV-1 RNA levels were assessed in plasma and CSF samples from 68 HIV+ participants without opportunistic infection. CSF discordance was found in 7.4% and CVE in 10%, with comparable frequencies between HIV-1B and C. Twenty samples (29%) showed increased CSF WBC counts. This group had higher CSF and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels than the group with normal WBC counts (p < 0.0001 and 0.006, respectively). The odds of CSF discordance were 18 times higher for a person with CSF WBC count of > 5 cells/mm3 than the group with normal CSF WBC count. CSF WBC counts (cut-off of 15 cells/mm3) showed high-performance characteristics as a predictive biomarker of CSF discordance (AUC the ROC curve 0.98). The frequency of cognitive impairment for CSF escape or discordance was 83% and 80%. The odds of cognitive impairment in these groups were 19 and 15 times higher than those for an HIV(-) person. Viral discordance or escape in the CNS occurs at a comparable frequency for HIV-1C and HIV-1B. The CSF WBC count was effective as a predictive biomarker of CSF and plasma discordance.
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Infecções por HIV , Leucocitose/líquido cefalorraquidiano , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1 , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
This study aimed to compare serum amyloid processing biomarkers among HIV subtype B (n = 25), HIV subtype C (n = 26), healthy HIV-negative controls (n = 18), and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 24). Immunoassays were used to measure main soluble Aß isoforms Aß38, Aß40, Aß42, and Aß-total in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). People living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV(-) samples, including AD samples, were compared for gender and age, while HIV subtypes were compared for nadir CD4 and plasma viral load suppression. CSF/serum ratios of Aß40, Aß42, and Aß-total were lower in HIV-1C group than in HIV-1B group (p = 0.020, 0.025, and 0.050, respectively). In serum, these biomarkers were comparable. Serum Aß isoforms were significantly lower in PLWH than in AD. Serum Aß42 levels in PLWH were decreased compared to those in control group, thus similar to Aß42 alterations in CSF; these results were different from those observed in AD. Impaired cellular immunity, low CD4 cell count (nadir or current) influences serum Aß metabolism in HIV-1B but not HIV-1C. However, in PLWH overall, but not in individual HIV subtype groups, greater CD4 recovery, calculated as the difference between current and nadir CD4, correlated with Aß42/Aß40 ratio in serum (rs 0.246; p = 0.0479). No significant correlation was found with global deficit score (GDS), an index of neurocognitive performance, age, or duration of infection. These findings are consistent with those of subtype-dependent amyloid processing in blood in chronic HIV disease.
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Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/sangue , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1 , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isoformas de Proteínas/sangue , Carga ViralRESUMO
Worldwide, the convergence of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection epidemics is a public health challenge. In Brazil, TB is the leading cause of death by infectious disease in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to report the clinical, demographic, epidemiological, and laboratory data for TB in PLWH. This cross-sectional study involved a retrospective analysis of data for patients with TB/HIV coinfection who attended from 2006 to 2015 through a review of medical records. A total of 182 patients were identified, of whom 12 were excluded. Patients were divided according to whether they had pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB; n = 48; 28%) or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB; n = 122; 72%). The diagnosis was laboratory confirmed in 75% of PTB patients and 78.7% of EPTB patients. The overall 1-year mortality rate was 37.6%, being 22.9% in PTB patients and 69% in EPTB patients; 84% of these deaths were TB-related. The CD4+ count and disseminated TB were independent risk factors for death. The frequency of resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates was 14%. TB in PLWH is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and severe immunosuppression is a risk factor for death. Appropriate measures for early TB detection should reduce the case fatality rate in high-burden settings.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genetic compartmentalization is defined as genetic differences in HIV in different tissue compartments or subcompartments that characterize viral quasispecies. This descriptive, longitudinal study assessed the dynamics of inflammation, humoral immune response, blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, as well as neuronal injury biomarkers in serially obtained CSF and serum samples from an antiretroviral (ARV) therapy-naïve patient with HIV-1 subtype C with CSF HIV genetic compartmentalization that resolved spontaneously without ARV treatment. The first CSF sample showed an increase in white blood cell (WBC) count (382 cells/mm3) and a marked increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-10, IP-10, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), which raise the suspicion of dual infection. Serum sample analysis showed all cytokine levels to be normal, with only IP-10 slightly increased. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the CNS immunologic response in a patient with HIV infection was independent of the systemic immunologic response. The patient also had persistently elevated levels of sCD14, neopterin, and ß2M, which were strongly suggestive of persistent CNS immunologic stimulation. This report describes a patient with HIV subtype C who developed a transient episode of asymptomatic HIV meningitis with compartmentalization of HIV in the CSF that resolved independently of ARV therapy. Extensive CSF studies were performed as part of an ongoing longitudinal study, which revealed CNS immune abnormalities. This case presents evidence of HIV-1 subtype C neurotropism and compartmentalization.
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Complexo AIDS Demência/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Complexo AIDS Demência/virologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Meningite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meningite/virologia , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Although cognitive impairment has been well documented in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infections, research on neurocognitive effects is limited in the context of HIV/HCV co-infection. The aims of this study were to explore the interplay between HIV and HCV infections in the expression of neurocognitive impairment (NCI), and to examine the differences in test performance between HIV/HCV co-infected and HIV or HCV mono-infected patients. A total of 128 participants from Southern Brazil underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological (NP) battery comprising 18 tests. Participants were grouped according to their serological status: HCV mono-infected (n = 20), HIV mono-infected (n = 48), HIV/HCV co-infected (n = 12), and HIV-/HCV-uninfected controls (n = 48). The frequencies of HIV subtypes B and C between the HIV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected groups were comparable. There was greater prevalence of neuropsychological impairment among all three infection groups compared with the uninfected control group, but no statistically significant differences among mono- and co-infected groups were found. HCV infection was associated with cognitive deficits, independently of liver dysfunction. HCV infection did not show an additive effect on neurocognitive function among HIV+. NCI was independent of HCV RNA on peripheral blood, CSF, and hepatic injury. While we did not find additive global effect, in the present study, there was some evidence of additive HIV/HCV co-infection effects in speed of information processing, executive function, and verbal fluency domains when comparing the co-infected group with the other three groups. NP impairment was not dependent on HCV subtypes.
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Cognição , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Função Executiva , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C Crônica/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Atenção , Brasil , Disfunção Cognitiva/complicações , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Disfunção Cognitiva/virologia , Coinfecção , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , HIV/genética , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Hepatite C Crônica/diagnóstico , Hepatite C Crônica/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Aprendizagem VerbalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Neprilysin (NEP) is the dominant Aß peptide-degrading enzyme in the brain. HIV-1 subtype B transactivator of transcription protein is known to interfere with NEP function, but whether this is true of HIV-1C transactivator of transcription, which has a defective chemokine motif, is not known. This study aimed to analyze the impact of HIV subtype on NEP-mediated cleavage of Aß by comparing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of NEP between HIV+ (27 patients with HIV-1B and 26 with HIV-1C), healthy HIV- controls (n = 13), and patients with Alzheimer disease (n = 24). METHODS: NEP and Aß oligomers 38, 40, 42 levels were measured in CSF and serum by immunoassays. Ratios between NEP and Aß-38, 40, 42, and total were calculated in CSF and serum. Comparisons between HIV(+) and HIV(-) were adjusted by linear regression for sex and age; HIV subtype comparisons were adjusted for nadir CD4 and plasma viral load suppression. RESULTS: Levels of NEP and ratios in CSF were comparable for HIV-1C and B subtypes. The ratio of serum NEP/Aß-40 was lower for HIV1-C than HIV1-B (P = 0.032). The CSF/serum index of NEP/Aß-40, NEP/Aß-42, and NEP/Aß-total were lower for HIV1-B than HIV1-C (P = 0.008, 0.005, and 0.017, respectively), corroborating the findings for serum. CSF NEP was comparable for HIV+, HIV-, and AD. CONCLUSION: There was impact of HIV subtype on NEP. The ratio of NEP/Aß-40 on serum was lower on HIV1-C than HIV1-B. These results are consistent with the results of CSF Aß-42 levels decreased in HIV1-C compared with HIV1-B, suggesting higher amyloid ß deposit on HIV1-C than HIV1-B.
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Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Neprilisina/sangue , Neprilisina/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Brasil , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Quimiocinas , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Fatores Sexuais , Estados Unidos , Carga ViralRESUMO
Based on prior reports that the HIV-1 Tat protein modulates amyloid-beta (Aß) metabolism, this study aimed to compare CSF neural injury biomarkers between 27 patients with HIV subtype B, 26 patients with HIV subtype C, 18 healthy HIV-negative controls, and 24 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immunoassays were used to measure soluble amyloid precursor protein α and ß (sAPPα, sAPPß), Aß oligomers 38, 40, 42, and Aß-total; phosphorylated tau (P-tau181), and total tau (T-tau). Comparisons between HIV(+) and HIV(-) (including AD) were adjusted by linear regression for gender and age; HIV subtype comparisons were adjusted for nadir CD4 and plasma viral load suppression. The p values were corrected for multiple testing with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. CSF Aß-42 and Hulstaert (P-tau181) index were lower in HIV1-C than B (p = 0.03, and 0.049 respectively); subtypes did not differ on other CSF biomarkers or ratios. Compared to AD, HIV(+) had lower CSF levels of T-tau, P-tau181 (p < 0.001), and sAPPα (p = 0.041); HIV(+) had higher CSF Aß-42 (p = 0.002) and higher CSF indexes: [Aß-42/(240 + 1.18 T-tau)], P-tau181/Aß-42, T-tau/Aß-42, P-tau181/T-tau, sAPPα/ß (all p ≤ 0.01) than AD. Compared to HIV(-), HIV(+) had lower CSF Aß-42, and T-tau (all p ≤ 0.004). As conclusion, amyloid metabolism was influenced by HIV infection in a subtype-dependent manner. Aß-42 levels were lower in HIV1-C than B, suggesting that there may be greater deposition of Aß-42 in HIV1-C. These findings are supported by CSF Hulstaert (P-tau181) index. Differences between HIV and AD in the patterns of Aß and Tau biomarkers suggest that CNS HIV infection and AD may not share some of same mechanisms of neuronal injury.
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Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por HIV/líquido cefalorraquidiano , HIV-1/classificação , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/sangue , Doença de Alzheimer/imunologia , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Carga Viral , Proteínas tau/sangueRESUMO
INTRODUCTION:: HIV and viral hepatitis infections are major causes of chronic disease worldwide and have some similarities with regard to routes of transmission, epidemiology, front barriers faced during access of treatment, and strategies for a global public health response. The objective was to describe the HIV-1 subtypes, viral tropism and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin 28B (IL28B) from a case series of HIV/viral hepatitis coinfected patients from southern Brazil. METHODS:: Clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated by a review of medical records. Periodic blood draws were taken to determine the viral and host characteristics. RESULTS:: This study included 38 patients with HIV/HBV or HIV/HCV coinfection; the median age was 49 years. Thirty-seven (97.4%) were on antiretroviral therapy, 32 (84.2%) had an undetectable viral load, a median CD4+ T-cell count of 452 cells/mm3. HIV-1 subtyping showed 47.4 and 31.6% of patients with subtypes C and B, respectively. Analysis of viral co-receptor usage showed a predominance of the R5 variant (64.7%), with no significant difference between the subtypes. Twenty patients with HIV/HCV coinfection were eligible to receive HCV therapy with pegylated-interferon-alpha plus ribavirin, and 10/20 (50%) of them achieved sustained virological response. SNPs of IL28B were evaluated in 93.3% of patients with HIV/HCV coinfection, and 17 (60.7%) presented the CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS:: In the present case series, a higher frequency of HIV subtype C was found in coinfected patients. However such findings need to be prospectively evaluated with the inclusion of data from regional multicenter analyses.
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Variação Genética , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Hepatite B/complicações , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Interleucinas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Coinfecção/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Interferons , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tropismo ViralRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION: HIV and viral hepatitis infections are major causes of chronic disease worldwide and have some similarities with regard to routes of transmission, epidemiology, front barriers faced during access of treatment, and strategies for a global public health response. The objective was to describe the HIV-1 subtypes, viral tropism and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin 28B (IL28B) from a case series of HIV/viral hepatitis coinfected patients from southern Brazil. METHODS: Clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated by a review of medical records. Periodic blood draws were taken to determine the viral and host characteristics. RESULTS: This study included 38 patients with HIV/HBV or HIV/HCV coinfection; the median age was 49 years. Thirty-seven (97.4%) were on antiretroviral therapy, 32 (84.2%) had an undetectable viral load, a median CD4+ T-cell count of 452 cells/mm3. HIV-1 subtyping showed 47.4 and 31.6% of patients with subtypes C and B, respectively. Analysis of viral co-receptor usage showed a predominance of the R5 variant (64.7%), with no significant difference between the subtypes. Twenty patients with HIV/HCV coinfection were eligible to receive HCV therapy with pegylated-interferon-alpha plus ribavirin, and 10/20 (50%) of them achieved sustained virological response. SNPs of IL28B were evaluated in 93.3% of patients with HIV/HCV coinfection, and 17 (60.7%) presented the CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS: In the present case series, a higher frequency of HIV subtype C was found in coinfected patients. However such findings need to be prospectively evaluated with the inclusion of data from regional multicenter analyses.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Variação Genética , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Interleucinas/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Hepatite B/complicações , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Estudos Transversais , Interferons , Tropismo Viral , Coinfecção/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Combination antiretroviral therapy promotes longer life expectancy, making it possible for perinatally HIV-infected patients to achieve adulthood. Past therapy was not always optimized, suggesting that virological and host features may also play a role in survival. The aim of this study is to describe characteristics of HIV disease progression associated with virological features in adolescents perinatally that were HIV infected. A case series was conducted including 81 patients that were in follow-up at Hospital de Clínicas/Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. Venous blood was collected to conduct tropism and viral subtype assays. The median age was 19 years old (interquartile range 18-21), and a majority of patients were female (54.3%). Viral subtype was obtained for 66 (82%) patients, and subtypes B and C were found in 34% and 59%, respectively. Tropism assay was conducted in 55 (67%) patients: 71% were R5 and 29% X4. Distribution of viral tropism and subtype shows a significant association of subtype C with R5 tropism. Subtype C is more prevalent in southern Brazil and also in the population infected with HIV by vertical transmission. Both R5 tropism and subtype C are associated with slower progression to AIDS. The survival of these patients may be related to virological features present in a benign pattern of disease progression.
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Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Tropismo Viral , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores CCR5/genética , Receptores CCR5/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR4/genética , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Carga Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Despite the effective suppression of viremia with antiretroviral therapy, HIV can still replicate in the central nervous system (CNS). This was a longitudinal study of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum dynamics of several biomarkers related to inflammation, the blood-brain barrier, neuronal injury, and IgG intrathecal synthesis in serial samples of CSF and serum from a patient infected with HIV-1 subtype C with CNS compartmentalization.The phylogenetic analyses of plasma and CSF samples in an acute phase using next-generation sequencing and F-statistics analysis of C2-V3 haplotypes revealed distinct compartmentalized CSF viruses in paired CSF and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. The CSF biomarker analysis in this patient showed that symptomatic CSF escape is accompanied by CNS inflammation, high levels of cell and humoral immune biomarkers, CNS barrier dysfunction, and an increase in neuronal injury biomarkers with demyelization. Independent and isolated HIV replication can occur in the CNS, even in HIV-1 subtype C, leading to compartmentalization and development of quasispecies distinct from the peripheral plasma. These immunological aspects of the HIV CNS escape have not been described previously. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CNS HIV escape and compartmentalization in HIV-1 subtype C.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Evasão da Resposta Imune , RNA Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Barreira Hematoencefálica/imunologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/virologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Quimiocina CCL5/sangue , Quimiocina CCL5/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalite Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalite Viral/imunologia , Encefalite Viral/patologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/sangue , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Proteína Básica da Mielina/sangue , Proteína Básica da Mielina/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Proteínas de Neurofilamentos/sangue , Proteínas de Neurofilamentos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Filogenia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
In Brazil, all patients who fulfill the criteria for AIDS have had free access to antiretroviral therapy since 1996. We performed this cross-sectional study to evaluate the causes of death among 643 HIV-infected patients over three non-consecutive years (2000, 2006, and 2010), using their epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data. The causes of death were classified as AIDS-defining or non-AIDS-defining conditions. We observed a progressive increase in the prevalence of HIV infection over the study period, although there was also a decrease in the mortality rate for various groups, and especially among pediatric patients. An AIDS-defining condition was recorded as the cause of death for approximately 30% of the patients. There was also a high frequency (>70%) of infectious and parasitic diseases, including opportunistic infections, and the most common diagnoses were septicemia, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and pneumocystosis. Acute respiratory failure was the underlying cause of death in 30% of these cases. Despite advances in HIV therapy, the mortality rate remains high in Brazil. As few Brazilian studies have investigated HIV/AIDS-related mortality, it is important to evaluate and improve the mortality notification databases, in order to provide information regarding the effects of HIV and to guide the implementation of appropriate healthcare measures.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , PrevalênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was developed to screen for HIV-associated dementia, but it has been used more generally for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). This study sought to examine the accuracy of the IHDS in a cohort of Brazilian HIV-infected individuals and compare its performance to an alternative screening battery for detecting HAND. METHODS: A total of 108 participants (including 60 HIV-infected persons) completed the IHDS and a gold standard neuropsychological (NP) battery of 17 tests. As alternative screening method, all possible 3-test combinations from the NP battery were examined and a superiority index (a marker of specificity and sensitivity) was calculated. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity to HAND using the standard IHDS cutpoint of 10 were 36% and 75%, respectively. The best balance between sensitivity and specificity was accomplished with a modified cutpoint of 11.5, which yielded sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 58%. The top two most sensitive test combinations, compared with the gold standard NP battery, were Trail Making Test A, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Digit Symbol and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Total Recall (sensitivity 91%, specificity 96%), and Digit Symbol, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Total Recall and Grooved Pegboard Test-dominant hand (sensitivity 94%, specificity 91%). CONCLUSIONS: Both test combinations can be administered in less than 10 minutes and were more accurate than the IHDS in classifying HIV+ participants as NP impaired or unimpaired. These data suggest that demographically corrected T-scores from commonly used NP measures with modest time and material demands can improve identification of patients with HAND who may benefit from a more extensive NP examination.
Assuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adulto , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fatores de Tempo , Pesos e MedidasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, Recife and Curitiba, in the year of 2013. METHODS: The method for estimating incidence was based on primary information, resulting from the Lag-Avidity laboratory test for detection of recent HIV infections, applied in a sample of the cases diagnosed in the two cities in 2013. For the estimation of the HIV incidence for the total population of the cities, the recent infections detected in the research were annualized and weighted by the inverse of the probability of HIV testing in 2013 among the infected and not diagnosed cases. After estimating HIV incidence for the total population, the incidence rates were estimated by sex, age group, and exposure category. RESULTS: In Recife, 902 individuals aged 13 years and older were diagnosed with HIV infection. From these, 528 were included in the study, and the estimated proportion of recent infections was 13.1%. In Curitiba, 1,013 people aged 13 years and older were diagnosed, 497 participated in the study, and the proportion of recent infections was 10.5%. In Recife, the estimated incidence rate was 53.1/100,000 inhabitants of 13 years and older, while in Curitiba, it was 41.1/100,000, with male-to-female ratio of 3.5 and 2.4, respectively. We observed high rates of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men, of 1.47% in Recife and 0.92% in Curitiba. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in the two cities showed that the group of men who have sex with men are disproportionately subject to a greater risk of new infections, and indicate that strategies to control the spread of the epidemic in this population subgroup are essential and urgent. OBJETIVO: Estimar a incidência de HIV em dois municípios brasileiros, Recife e Curitiba, no ano de 2013. MÉTODOS: O método de estimação da incidência foi baseado em informações primárias, resultantes do ensaio laboratorial Lag-Avidity para detecção de infecções recentes do HIV, aplicado em uma amostra dos casos diagnosticados nas duas cidades em 2013. Para a estimação da incidência de HIV para a população total das cidades, as infecções recentes detectadas na pesquisa foram anualizadas e ponderadas pelo inverso da probabilidade de teste de HIV no ano de 2013 entre os casos infectados e não diagnosticados. Após a estimação da incidência de HIV para a população total, foram estimadas as taxas de incidência por sexo, faixa de idade e categoria de exposição. RESULTADOS: Em Recife, foram diagnosticados 902 indivíduos de 13 anos e mais com infecção de HIV. Desses, 528 foram incluídos no estudo, e a proporção estimada de infecções recentes foi de 13,1%. Em Curitiba, foram diagnosticadas 1.013 pessoas de 13 anos e mais, 497 participaram do estudo, e a proporção de infecções recentes foi de 10,5%. Em Recife, a taxa de incidência estimada foi de 53,1 por 100 mil habitantes de 13 anos e mais, enquanto em Curitiba, de 41,1 por 100 mil, com razão do sexo masculino para o feminino de 3,5 e 2,4, respectivamente. Foram evidenciadas elevadas taxas de incidência de HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens, de 1,47% em Recife e 0,92% em Curitiba. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos nas duas cidades mostraram que o grupo dos homens que fazem sexo com homens está desproporcionalmente sujeito ao maior risco de novas infecções, e indicam que estratégias para controle da disseminação da epidemia nesse subgrupo populacional são essenciais e urgentes.
Assuntos
Cidades/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders associated with HIV infection; however, its risks and neurobiologic correlates in diverse cultures are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the frequency of MDD among HIV+ participants in southern Brazil. We hypothesized that the frequency and severity of MDD would be higher among individuals with HIV+ compared with HIV- and higher in HIV subtype B compared with C. Individuals with HIV (n = 39) as well as seronegative controls (n = 22) were enrolled in a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study. Current and lifetime history of MDD was diagnosed by MINI-Plus; symptom severity was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Current and past episodes of MDD were significantly more frequent in the HIV+ versus HIV- group: current MDD, 15 (38.5 %) vs. 0 (0 %), p = 0.0004; past MDD, 24 (61.5 %) vs. 3 (13.6 %), p = 0.0004. The median BDI-II score in the HIV+ group was significantly higher than that in the HIV- (13 (8-27.5) vs. 2.5 (1-5.5); p < 0.0001). Current suicide risk, defined as during the last month, was found in 18 % of participants in the HIV-positive and none in the HIV-negative group. Neither current MDD frequency (8 (57.1 %) vs. 6 (40 %), p = 0.47) nor BDI-II score differed across subtypes B and C. HIV+ group may be more likely to experience current MDD than HIV-. This was the first study to compare the frequency and severity of MDD in HIV subtypes B and C; we found no difference between HIV subtypes B and C.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/classificação , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tipagem Molecular , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Suicídio/psicologiaRESUMO
A defective chemokine motif in the HIV-1 Tat protein has been hypothesized to alter central nervous system cellular trafficking and inflammation, rendering HIV-1 subtype C less neuropathogenic than B. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared biomarkers of cellular chemotaxis and inflammation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in individuals infected with HIV-1 subtypes B (n = 27) and C (n = 25) from Curitiba, Brazil. None had opportunistic infections. Chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1ß, RANTES, IP-10) and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10) were measured using the multiplex bead suspension array immunoassays or ELISA HD. CSF and serum biomarker concentrations were compared between subtype B and C groups and HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects (N = 19) using an independent group t test (unadjusted analysis) and linear regression (adjusted analysis), controlling for nadir CD4 and CSF and plasma HIV RNA suppression. CSF levels of cytokines and chemokines were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in HIV-positive versus HIV-negative participants for 7/13 biomarkers measured, but levels did not differ for subtypes B and C. Serum levels were significantly elevated for 4/13 markers, with no significant differences between subtypes B and C. Although pleocytosis was much more frequent in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative individuals (27 vs. 0 %), subtypes B and C did not differ (32 and 22 %; p = 0.23). We did not find molecular evidence to support the hypothesis that intrathecal chemotaxis and inflammation is less in HIV-1 subtype C than in subtype B. Biomarker changes in CSF were more robust than in serum, suggesting compartmentalization of the immunological response to HIV.