RESUMO

Spatial-temporal monitoring of the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water requires rigor in the choice of matrix to be analyzed. The use of matrices, isolated or combined, may better represent the real state of contamination. In this sense, the present work contrasted the effectiveness of using epilithic biofilms with active water sampling and with a passive sampler-POCIS. A watershed representative of South American agriculture was monitored. Nine sites with different rural anthropic pressures (natural forest, intensive use of pesticides, and animal waste), and urban areas without sewage treatment, were monitored. Water and epilithic biofilms were collected during periods of intensive pesticide and animal waste application. After the harvest of the spring/summer crop, a period of low agrochemical input, the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals was monitored using the POCIS and epilithic biofilms. The spot water sampling leads to underestimation of the level of contamination of water resources as it does not allow discrimination of different anthropic pressures in rural areas. The use of endogenous epilithic biofilms as a matrix for the analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals is a viable and highly recommended alternative to diagnose the health of water sources, especially if associated with the use of POCIS.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Retention is one of the processes controlling the behavior and fate of pesticides in soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the adsorption and desorption of glyphosate, AMPA, and metsulfuron-methyl in the main horizons of a Typic Argiudoll destined for agricultural use. For this purpose, the batch equilibrium method was used at a range of concentrations for each compound. Desorption was performed in three consecutive steps after the adsorption experiment. The results obtained showed strong adsorption of glyphosate and AMPA in the three horizons, following the trend B > A > C, with weak desorption. Metsulfuron-methyl, on the other hand, showed weak adsorption in the three horizons, following the trend A > B > C, with relevant desorption. Our results allow us to identify metsulfuron-methyl as the compound that poses the greatest environmental risk in terms of the potential contamination of other areas and groundwater. However, despite their strong adsorption and weak desorption, glyphosate and AMPA also represent potential contaminants of other environmental matrices.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Brazil is one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world. The high rainfall rate and inadequate soil use and management promote the transfer of these compounds to the aquatic system. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify pesticides present in epilithic biofilms in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this matrix as a bioindicator able to discriminate areas and periods with different inputs of pesticides. Among the 25 pesticides analyzed in the biofilms, 20 compounds were detected. The epilithic biofilms picked up pesticides independent of their polarities, even in the period of lower use. The frequency and median concentration of five herbicides (2,4-D, atrazine, desethyl-atrazine, simazine, nicosulfuron), three fungicides (carbendazim, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole), and one insecticide (imidacloprid) were highest in biofilms sampled in summer crops during the growing period. Biofilms collected in the upper region of the catchment, where genetically modified soybean and corn cultivated in a no-tillage system prevail, the highest frequency and median concentration of three herbicides (2,4-D, thifensulfuron, isoproturon), four fungicides (carbendazim, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole), and one insecticide (imidacloprid) were observed. Despite the excessive amounts of pesticides used in the catchment, the median values of all pesticides in the epilithic biofilm were considered low. The lower diversity and concentration of pesticides observed in the autumn/winter season is representative of lower use of pesticides, barriers to pesticide transfer from soil to water, and the biofilm's resilience capacity to decompose pesticides.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Results of detailed modeling of in situ redistribution of heavy metals in pedological horizons of low and moderately metal contaminated soils, considering distinctly different long-term land use, are scarcely reported in literature. We used Hydrus-2D software parameterized with abundant available local soil data to simulate future Zn and Pb movements in soils contaminated by metallurgical fallout in the 20th century. In recent work on comparing different modeling hypotheses, we validated a two-site reactive model set with adjusted chemical kinetic constant values by fitting the 2005 Zn and Pb concentration profiles in soils, with estimated 1901-1963 airborne Zn and Pb loads (Mallmann et al., 2012a). In the present work, we used the same approach to simulate 2005-2055 changes in Zn and Pb depth-distribution and soil-solution concentrations, comparing two hypotheses of chemical equilibrium: i) the validated two-site model (one site at equilibrium and the other involved in kinetic reactions with pore water) set with adjusted kinetic EDTA extraction constants, and ii) a non-linear one-surface site adsorption equilibrium model. Simulated transfers were found generally lower and more realistic when using the two-site model. Simulations showed that consistent Zn redistribution and loss occurred in the moderately contaminated soil until 2055, i.e., more than one century after the main metal deposition, but negligible in low contaminated soils. Transfer of Pb was small in the three soils and under both hypotheses. In 2055, simulated Zn outflow concentrations remained under threshold values for drinking water.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Successive pig slurry application can increase the copper and phosphorus levels in the soil and the losses of these elements by surface runoff and percolation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the losses and the forms of both copper and phosphorus in the surface runoff and also in/on the percolation solution, on soils with successive pig slurry application under no tillage system. The experiment was installed in 2000, at Typic Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of successive applications of 0, 40 and 80m³ ha-1 of pig slurry applied on soil surface in no tillage system. Samples of surface runoff and percolated solutions were collected during the life cycle of oat (Avena strigosa) in the 2006 winter, when the soil had a history of 16 pig slurry applications. The following parameters have been evaluated: Cu, P, cation, anion and pH, dissolved organic carbon and electric conductivity. The Visual MINTEQ program version 2.15 was utilized to estimate the copper and phosphorus ionic speciation. The surface runoff is the most important form of copper and phosphorus loss of the soil. In addition, copper was found in the organic form (CuCOD) and phosphorus in the free forms (HPO4(2-) e H2PO4-) in the surface runoff solution. Thus, these elements could be an important source of water contamination in places where pig farming is widespread.

As aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos podem aumentar os teores de cobre e fósforo na camada superficial do solo, aumentando as perdas de suas formas por escoamento superficial e percolação. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as perdas e as formas de cobre e de fósforo na solução escoada, na superfície e percolada em solo submetido a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento utilizado neste estudo foi instalado no ano de 2000, sobre um solo Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos foram aplicações sucessivas de 0, 40 e 80m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos a lanço e na superfície do solo, em sistema plantio direto. Para este trabalho, foram coletadas soluções escoadas e percoladas, durante o ciclo da aveia preta (Avena strigosa), no inverno de 2006, quando o solo apresentava um histórico de 16 aplicações de dejeto. Nas soluções, foi quantificado o sedimento e determinados os teores de Cu, P, cátions e ânions, pH, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Usando o programa Visual MINTEQ, versão 2.15, se realizou a especiação iônica de Cu e P nas soluções. As maiores perdas de cobre e fósforo do solo ocorrem por escoamento superficial, em áreas submetidas a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos em sistema plantio direto. O potencial contaminante desses elementos ficou evidenciado pela presença do cobre na forma predominante orgânica (CuCOD) e do fósforo nas formas livres (HPO4(2-) e H2PO4-), na solução escoada.

RESUMO

Successive pig slurry application can increase the copper and phosphorus levels in the soil and the losses of these elements by surface runoff and percolation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the losses and the forms of both copper and phosphorus in the surface runoff and also in/on the percolation solution, on soils with successive pig slurry application under no tillage system. The experiment was installed in 2000, at Typic Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of successive applications of 0, 40 and 80m³ ha-1 of pig slurry applied on soil surface in no tillage system. Samples of surface runoff and percolated solutions were collected during the life cycle of oat (Avena strigosa) in the 2006 winter, when the soil had a history of 16 pig slurry applications. The following parameters have been evaluated: Cu, P, cation, anion and pH, dissolved organic carbon and electric conductivity. The Visual MINTEQ program version 2.15 was utilized to estimate the copper and phosphorus ionic speciation. The surface runoff is the most important form of copper and phosphorus loss of the soil. In addition, copper was found in the organic form (CuCOD) and phosphorus in the free forms (HPO4(2-) e H2PO4-) in the surface runoff solution. Thus, these elements could be an important source of water contamination in places where pig farming is widespread.

As aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos podem aumentar os teores de cobre e fósforo na camada superficial do solo, aumentando as perdas de suas formas por escoamento superficial e percolação. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as perdas e as formas de cobre e de fósforo na solução escoada, na superfície e percolada em solo submetido a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento utilizado neste estudo foi instalado no ano de 2000, sobre um solo Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos foram aplicações sucessivas de 0, 40 e 80m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos a lanço e na superfície do solo, em sistema plantio direto. Para este trabalho, foram coletadas soluções escoadas e percoladas, durante o ciclo da aveia preta (Avena strigosa), no inverno de 2006, quando o solo apresentava um histórico de 16 aplicações de dejeto. Nas soluções, foi quantificado o sedimento e determinados os teores de Cu, P, cátions e ânions, pH, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Usando o programa Visual MINTEQ, versão 2.15, se realizou a especiação iônica de Cu e P nas soluções. As maiores perdas de cobre e fósforo do solo ocorrem por escoamento superficial, em áreas submetidas a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos em sistema plantio direto. O potencial contaminante desses elementos ficou evidenciado pela presença do cobre na forma predominante orgânica (CuCOD) e do fósforo nas formas livres (HPO4(2-) e H2PO4-), na solução escoada.

RESUMO

Successive pig slurry application can increase the copper and phosphorus levels in the soil and the losses of these elements by surface runoff and percolation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the losses and the forms of both copper and phosphorus in the surface runoff and also in/on the percolation solution, on soils with successive pig slurry application under no tillage system. The experiment was installed in 2000, at Typic Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of successive applications of 0, 40 and 80m³ ha-1 of pig slurry applied on soil surface in no tillage system. Samples of surface runoff and percolated solutions were collected during the life cycle of oat (Avena strigosa) in the 2006 winter, when the soil had a history of 16 pig slurry applications. The following parameters have been evaluated: Cu, P, cation, anion and pH, dissolved organic carbon and electric conductivity. The Visual MINTEQ program version 2.15 was utilized to estimate the copper and phosphorus ionic speciation. The surface runoff is the most important form of copper and phosphorus loss of the soil. In addition, copper was found in the organic form (CuCOD) and phosphorus in the free forms (HPO4(2-) e H2PO4-) in the surface runoff solution. Thus, these elements could be an important source of water contamination in places where pig farming is widespread.

As aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos podem aumentar os teores de cobre e fósforo na camada superficial do solo, aumentando as perdas de suas formas por escoamento superficial e percolação. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as perdas e as formas de cobre e de fósforo na solução escoada, na superfície e percolada em solo submetido a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento utilizado neste estudo foi instalado no ano de 2000, sobre um solo Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos foram aplicações sucessivas de 0, 40 e 80m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos a lanço e na superfície do solo, em sistema plantio direto. Para este trabalho, foram coletadas soluções escoadas e percoladas, durante o ciclo da aveia preta (Avena strigosa), no inverno de 2006, quando o solo apresentava um histórico de 16 aplicações de dejeto. Nas soluções, foi quantificado o sedimento e determinados os teores de Cu, P, cátions e ânions, pH, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Usando o programa Visual MINTEQ, versão 2.15, se realizou a especiação iônica de Cu e P nas soluções. As maiores perdas de cobre e fósforo do solo ocorrem por escoamento superficial, em áreas submetidas a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos em sistema plantio direto. O potencial contaminante desses elementos ficou evidenciado pela presença do cobre na forma predominante orgânica (CuCOD) e do fósforo nas formas livres (HPO4(2-) e H2PO4-), na solução escoada.

RESUMO

SUMMARY This work aimed to evaluate the lime, phosphorus and zinc effect on bahia grass (Paspalurn notatum Flugge var. saurae) dry matter. A greenhouse experiment was carried out using 2.5L pots with 3kg of sandy loam soil sample (Red yellow Podzolic - Paleudalf), in a factorial experimental design (3 x 3 x 2): two rates of lime (to reach pH 4.5 and 6.5), three zinc rates (0; 4 and 20ppm) and three phosphate rates (0; 30 and 150ppm P2O5). The dry matter production decreased when pH was raised to 6.5 for zero and 30ppm P2O5 rates. For zero ppm P2O5 ali seediings died and for 150 there were no differences in dry matter as compared to pH 4.5. The bahia grass dry matter production and phosphorus uptake for pH 4.5 treatament aiso decreased with zinc use when the rates of P2O5 was zero and 30ppm. This depressivo effect was anulated by the use of lime to reach soil pH 6.5 or 150ppm of P2O5 The zinc critical level for bahia grass was between 12 and 20ppm.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da calagem, e da adubação com fósforo e com zinco no rendimento da pensacola (Paspaium notatum Flugge var. saurae P.) em solo franco arenoso, conduziu-se uni experimento em casa de vegetação na UFSM, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de três doses de zinco (zero, 4 e 20ppm de Zn) e três doses de fósforo (zero, 30 e 150ppm de P2O5) com e sem acidez corrigida com calcário. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo rendimento de matéria seca, fósforo e zinco absorvidos pela planta. Observou-se interação entre calagem e fósforo e entre zinco e fósforo. O aumento de pH do solo pela calagem de 4,8 para 6,5, diminuiu o rendimento de matéria seca e o fósforo absorvido nas doses zero e 30ppm de P2O5, mas não diferiu na dose de 150ppm. No tratamento com dose zero de fósforo, onde foi corrigida a acidez (pH 6,5), a cultura não se estabeleceu e na dose de 30ppm foi inferior ao do pH 4,8. A aplicação de zinco teve efeito negativo no rendimento de matéria seca e absorção de fósforo nas doses zero e 30ppm de fósforo, mas este efeito depressivo foi anulado com a aplicação de fósforo na dose de 150ppm e/ou aplicação de calcário para pH 6,5. O nível crítico de zinco na planta parece situar-se entre 12 e 20ppm.

RESUMO

SUMMARY This work aimed to evaluate the lime, phosphorus and zinc effect on bahia grass (Paspalurn notatum Flugge var. saurae) dry matter. A greenhouse experiment was carried out using 2.5L pots with 3kg of sandy loam soil sample (Red yellow Podzolic - Paleudalf), in a factorial experimental design (3 x 3 x 2): two rates of lime (to reach pH 4.5 and 6.5), three zinc rates (0; 4 and 20ppm) and three phosphate rates (0; 30 and 150ppm P2O5). The dry matter production decreased when pH was raised to 6.5 for zero and 30ppm P2O5 rates. For zero ppm P2O5 ali seediings died and for 150 there were no differences in dry matter as compared to pH 4.5. The bahia grass dry matter production and phosphorus uptake for pH 4.5 treatament aiso decreased with zinc use when the rates of P2O5 was zero and 30ppm. This depressivo effect was anulated by the use of lime to reach soil pH 6.5 or 150ppm of P2O5 The zinc critical level for bahia grass was between 12 and 20ppm.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da calagem, e da adubação com fósforo e com zinco no rendimento da pensacola (Paspaium notatum Flugge var. saurae P.) em solo franco arenoso, conduziu-se uni experimento em casa de vegetação na UFSM, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de três doses de zinco (zero, 4 e 20ppm de Zn) e três doses de fósforo (zero, 30 e 150ppm de P2O5) com e sem acidez corrigida com calcário. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo rendimento de matéria seca, fósforo e zinco absorvidos pela planta. Observou-se interação entre calagem e fósforo e entre zinco e fósforo. O aumento de pH do solo pela calagem de 4,8 para 6,5, diminuiu o rendimento de matéria seca e o fósforo absorvido nas doses zero e 30ppm de P2O5, mas não diferiu na dose de 150ppm. No tratamento com dose zero de fósforo, onde foi corrigida a acidez (pH 6,5), a cultura não se estabeleceu e na dose de 30ppm foi inferior ao do pH 4,8. A aplicação de zinco teve efeito negativo no rendimento de matéria seca e absorção de fósforo nas doses zero e 30ppm de fósforo, mas este efeito depressivo foi anulado com a aplicação de fósforo na dose de 150ppm e/ou aplicação de calcário para pH 6,5. O nível crítico de zinco na planta parece situar-se entre 12 e 20ppm.