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Objetivo: Analizar la utilidad y seguridad de la maniobra de retrovisión en ciego y colon realizada en una serie de 20 pacientes. Sede: Centro Hospitalario del Estado Mayor Presidencial y Hospital Ángeles Lomas. Tipo de estudio: Prospectivo, comparativo, transversal y observacional. Análisis estadístico: Por porcentajes. Pacientes y método: Veinte pacientes con indicación de colonoscopia. Las variables evaluadas fueron: factibilidad de realizar la maniobra, complicaciones presentadas y comparación de lesiones localizadas con la endoscopia convencional y por medio de la retrovisión. Resultados: Edad promedio de 53 años (33 a 72 años); 12 mujeres y 8 varones. La maniobra de retrovisión fue factible en l6 de las colonoscopias (80%). La complicación más frecuentemente observada fue erosión leve de la mucosa por fricción de la punta del endoscopio en el ciego, en cuatro enfermos (20%), lo que no ameritó ningún tratamiento. No hubo perforación ni sangrado en caso alguno. La maniobra de retrovisión aportó un diagnóstico endoscópico adicional en tres enfermos (15%), siendo dos pólipos pequeños y un divertículo del ciego. Conclusiones: La maniobra de retrovisión en ciego fue útil y segura, ya que permitió diagnosticar un 15% más de lesiones que no fueron observadas antes de realizar la maniobra; esto sin presentar complicaciones.
Objective: To analyze the usefulness and safety of the retrograde-viewing maneuver in the cecum and colon performed in a series of 20 patients. Setting: Third level health care center. Type of study: Prospective, comparative, cross-sectional, and observational. Statistical analysis: Percentages. Patients and method: Twenty patients with indication for colonoscopy. Assessed variables were: feasibility of the maneuver. Complications and comparison of injuries localized with conventional endoscopy and by means of the retrograde-viewing device. Results: Average age was 53 years (33 to 72 years), 12 women and 8 men. The retrograde viewing maneuver was feasible in 16 of the colonoscopies (80%). The most frequent complication observed was slight erosion of the mucosa due to the friction caused by the tip of the endoscope in the cecum in four patients (20%), which did not need any treatment. There was no perforation or bleeding in any case. The retrograde-viewing maneuver provided an additional endoscopic diagnosis in three patients (15%), being these small polyps and a diverticulum in the cecum. Conclusions: Retrograde-viewing in the cecum was useful and safe, as it allowed to diagnose 15% more lesions than those observed before performing the maneuver; without presenting complications.
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OBJECTIVE: To know the patients' progress with distinct stages of hepatic failure, according to the Child Pugh classification, who underwent esophageal varices eradication with the use of endoscopic band ligation. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal, prospective and comparative study. CENTRE: Endoscopy Department of the Central Military Hospital, Mexico, D.F. METHODS: One-hundred twenty-four patients with esophageal varices and a history of bleeding, were submitted to various band ligation sessions every 4 weeks until the varices were eradicated and control sessions every 3 months. RESULTS: A total of 425 endoscopy sessions were performed of which 239 were ligature applications and 187 control sessions. Eradication of varices was achieved in 100% of the patients. Of the Child A, 2/3 of them were eradicated in one session and the other 1/3 with 2 sessions. The patients of the Child B class, 66% of varices were effaced in one session, 22% in two and 12% in three sessions. In the Child C group, 50% were obliterated in two sessions, 47% with three, 2% needed 4 sessions. The follow-up period was from 4 months being the minimum and 13 months the maximum (mean of 7 months). In 15% of the patients varices recurred. None were from the Child A group. Those pertaining to the Child B group varices reappeared in 7.3% of which 2/3 required another ligation session to eradicate them once again and the other 1/3 were removed in two sessions. In the Child C group the incidence of recidivation was 28%, 43% of these needing one session to eliminate them once again, 50% two sessions and 7% three sessions for complete eradication. Rebleeding appeared in 7.7% of the sample, all of them were from the Child C class. The occurrence of congestive gastropathy before ligature was 42%, and 73% at the conclusion of the follow-up period. Congestive gastropathy developed in 11% of the Child A patients after eradication, 34% of the Child B group and 38.5% of the Child C group. The incidence of gastric varices was 21% before ligature and at the end of the follow-up period 17% more developed gastric varices. None of the Child A patients developed gastric varices, 12% of group B and 24% of group C. From the (n = 124) 22.5% presented dysphagia as a complication which lasted less than one week and in 0.8% mucosal ulcer CONCLUSION: It is possible to eradicate esophageal varices by band ligation independently of the hepatic function reserve. A greater number of sessions is required to eradicate varices in the poor hepatic function group and the incidence of recidivation, rebleeding, and complications that developed such as gastric varices and gastropathy are more frequent in patients with poor hepatic function reserve.
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Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Endoscopia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Ligadura , Falência Hepática/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
For the primary prophilaxis of the variceal bleeding, non selective beta-blockers (propanolol, nadolol) are still the mainstay of treatment but endoscopic ligation are becoming more popular Thanks to modern control procedures the acute bleeding mortality has been reduced. Endoscopic ligation is the prefered method for esophageal varices and the cyanoacrylate injection is the better method for fundic varices. Pharmacological therapy with octreotide or terlipresine seems to be effective, specially if endoscopic treatment is not available. TIPS is a good salvage option in case of endoscopic or pharmacologic failure. Endoscopic ligation seems to be the prefered method for secondary prophylaxis, specially compared with sclerotherapy. Some drugs that reduce portal hypertension are a good alternative. It is still very necessary to define technique and criteria of endoscopic variceal eradication to reduce the great variability reported in published trials.
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Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/terapia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Endoscopia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Humanos , Ligadura , Derivação Portossistêmica Transjugular Intra-Hepática , EscleroterapiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease is very common among general population, today's standard treatments are medical with proton pump inhibitors and laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Endoscopic gastric plication has been described recently for the treatment of this disease. OBJECTIVE: Review recent advances of the endoscopic gastric plication procedures for the management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and report our experience. METHODS: Patients with symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease are selected, with esophagitis A and B according to Los Angeles classification and with a De Meester score higher than 26 in 24 hour pH determination. Patients younger than 18 or older than 60 years old are excluded as well as patients with a hiatal hernia greater than 3 cm, previous esophageal or gastric surgery, associated esophageal pathology or a C or D esophagitis. RESULTS: After this procedure the lower esophageal sphincter increases its length, nevertheless there are minimal changes in its pressure, it also diminishes esophageal acid exposure time. Most studies show improvement in symptoms and less drug requirements. In studies with greater follow up period only a minority of patients persists with a good complete response with this treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective randomized trials are needed to determine the real utility of this procedure, aside from these protocols there are no true indications to do this procedure in the general population.
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Cárdia/cirurgia , Mucosa Gástrica/cirurgia , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/cirurgia , Gastroscopia/métodos , Técnicas de Sutura , Adulto , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Se presenta la experiencia de cinco años en la realización de colangiopancreatografía Retrógrada Endoscópica (CPRE) de tipo terapéutico en el Servicio de Endoscopia del Hospital Central Militar. De mayo de 1992 a mayo de 1997, se llevaron a cabo 725 CPRE, de las cuales 285 (39 por ciento) se complementaron con algún procedimiento terapéutico endoscópico. De estos pacientes, 216 fueron del sexo femenino y 69 del sexo masculino (relación 3:1). El promedio de edad fue de 61 años con un rango de 16 a 95 años. De los 285 casos, se logró realizar el procedimiento planeado en 269 (94 por ciento). En todos se realizó CPRE diagnóstica y esfinterotomía. Se realizó CPRE diagnóstica y esfinterotomía. Se empleó técnica de precorte en 47 casos (16.5 por ciento). La mayor parte de los casos se realizaron bajo sedación con diazepam, empleando además butilhioscina y lidocaína local en faringe; en ocho casos se empleó anestesia endovenosa y dos pacientes se intubaron. En 184 el diagnóstico fue colédocolitiasis. En 168 (91 por ciento) se extrajeron todos los litos: 160 en una sola sesión, cinco casos en dos sesiones y tres pacientes requirieron más de tres sesiones. Dos casos se realizaron en mujeres embarazadas. En 16 pacientes no se pudieron extraer todos los litos y fueron enviados a cirugía. Se realizaron 52 esfinterotomías por diagnóstico de disfunción del esfínter de Oddi. Se colocaron 11 endoprótesis plásticas para drenaje de la vía biliar por obstrucción maligna y dos para manejo de escape de bilis postcolecistectomía laparoscópica, se colocaron dos prótesis en el conducto pancreático. Se presentaron las siguientes complicaciones: sangrado 21 casos (7 por ciento), perforación dos casos (0.7 por ciento), hiperamilasemia 101 casos (35.4 por ciento), pancreatitis seis casos (2 por ciento). Hubo dos defunciones asociadas al procedimiento (0.7 por ciento)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cálculos Biliares/diagnóstico , Cálculos Biliares/terapia , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica/estatística & dados numéricos , Esfinterotomia EndoscópicaRESUMO
Con el fin de estudiar el efecto y tolerancia terapéutica de silimarina en hepatopatías agudas de origen viral y alcohólico, se estudiaron 30 pacientes a los que se les administró el medicamento en grageas durante 30 días a razón de 140 mg, tres veces al día. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos. El grupo I fue compuesto por 15 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico, bioquímico y serológico de hepatitis viral. Doce pacientes fueron varones y tres mujeres, con edad de 18 a 38 años, edad media 25.5 ñ 5.81. El grupo II incluyó 15 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico, bioquímico e histológico de hepatitis alcohólica, 13 varones y dos mujeres con edad de 32 a 67 años, edad media 48.8 ñ 8.93. Cada semana fue valorada la eficacia y tolerancia al fármaco tomando como referencia da evolución clínica y exámenes de laboratorio practicados, los cuales fueron: pruebas funcionales hepáticas completas, biometría hepática, química sanguínea y examen general de orina. Los resultados demonstraron que silimarina fue bien tolerada en ambos grupos. En cuanto a la eficacia, los pacientes del grupo I presentaron respuesta terapéutica excelente en 40%, buena en 20%, regular en 6.67% y nula en 33.33%. En el grupo II la respuesta fue excelente en 33.33%m buena en 13.33%, regular en 40% y nula 13.33%. Silimarina fue útil en ambos grupos de pacientes, con respuesta eficaz clínica y bioquímica de 86.67% en el grupo II y de 66.67% en el grupo I