RESUMO
Neoponcirin causes anxiolytic-like effects in mice when administered intraperitoneally but not orally. Neoponcirin is non-water-soluble and insoluble in solvents, and in medium acid, it isomerizes, reducing its bioavailability. To improve the pharmacological properties of neoponcirin, we formed a neoponcirin complex with beta-cyclodextrin (NEO/ßCD), which was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, and NMR, and their solubility profile. We evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of NEO/ßCD acutely administered to mice orally in the behavioral paradigms, the tail suspension (TST) and the forced swimming (FST) tests. We also analyzed the benefits of repeated oral doses of NEO/ßCD on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced in mice by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), using the FST, hole board, and open field tests. We determined the stressed mice's expression of stress-related inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNFα) and corticosterone. Results showed that a single or chronic oral administration of NEO/ßCD caused a robust antidepressant-like effect without affecting the ambulatory activity. In mice under CUMS, NEO/ßCD also produced anxiolytic-like effects and avoided increased corticosterone and IL-1ß levels. The effects of the NEO/ßCD complex were robust in both the acute and the stress chronic models, improving brain neurochemistry and recovering immune responses previously affected by prolonged stress.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos , Depressão , Estresse Psicológico , beta-Ciclodextrinas , Animais , beta-Ciclodextrinas/farmacologia , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , Camundongos , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Natação , Administração OralRESUMO
Citrus paradisi species belong to the Rutaceae family, and it is commonly known as grapefruit. Grapefruit consumption involves a large amount of waste that goes to landfills and produces significant pollution affecting the human health. To examine this phenomenon, we designed an efficient chemical method that recovers naringin-rich flavonoid extracts from the fresh waste of grapefruits, by using the solvent impregnation resin method (SIR) with XAD-4 amberlite and either methanol or water as elution systems. Additionally, we focused on evaluating these extracts' anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral predictive paradigms in mice. According to direct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by NMR, and Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DIESI-MS), methanol extracts obtained after resin treatment were free of coumarin compounds and evinced had a high content of naringin. Poncirin, phenylalanine, chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether, 5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavanone, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, tetrahydrocurcumin, corchoionoside C, 6'-coumaroyl-1'-O-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-ß-D-glucopyranoside were also detected. Naringin-rich methanol extract caused a clear anxiolytic-like effect in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Hole-Board (HBT) Tests, increasing oral doses of this extract did not produce a sedative effect. A single oral dose caused an antidepressant-like effect in the Tail Suspension Test (TST), while repeated administrations of the methanol extract elicited a robust antidepressant effect in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) in mice. Our evidence highlights the importance of bioprospecting studies of organic waste with therapeutic potentials, such as anxiety and depression disorders.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Ansiolíticos/química , Metanol/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, is a hormone that synchronizes the internal environment with the photoperiod. It is synthesized in the pineal gland and greatly depends on the endogenous circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the retina's exposure to different light intensities. Among its most studied functions are the regulation of the waking-sleep rhythm and body temperature. Furthermore, melatonin has pleiotropic actions, which affect, for instance, the modulation of the immune and the cardiovascular systems, as well as the neuroprotection achieved by scavenging free radicals. Recent research has supported that melatonin contributes to neuronal survival, proliferation, and differentiation, such as dendritogenesis and axogenesis, and its processes are similar to those caused by Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurotrophin-3, and Neurotrophin-4/5. Furthermore, this indolamine has apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions in specific brain regions akin to those exerted by neurotrophic factors. This review presents evidence suggesting melatonin's role as a neurotrophic factor, describes the signaling pathways involved in these processes, and, lastly, highlights the therapeutic implications involved.
Assuntos
Melatonina , Glândula Pineal , Melatonina/farmacologia , Melatonina/metabolismo , Glândula Pineal/metabolismo , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Núcleo Supraquiasmático/metabolismo , Sono/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
Melatonin (MEL), an indolamine with diverse functions in the brain, has been shown to produce antidepressant-like effects, presumably through stimulating neurogenesis. We recently showed that the combination of MEL with ketamine (KET), an NMDA receptor antagonist, has robust antidepressant-like effects in mice, at doses that, by themselves, are non-effective and have no adverse effects. Here, we show that the KET/MEL combination increases neurogenesis in a clone derived from human olfactory neuronal precursors, a translational pre-clinical model for effects in the human CNS. Neurogenesis was assessed by the formation of cell clusters > 50 µm in diameter, positively stained for nestin, doublecortin, BrdU and Ki67, markers of progenitor cells, neurogenesis, and proliferation. FGF, EGF and BDNF growth factors increased the number of cell clusters in cultured, cloned ONPs. Similarly, KET or MEL increased the number of clusters in a dose-dependent manner. The KET/MEL combination further increased the formation of clusters, with a maximal effect obtained after a triple administration schedule. Our results show that the combination of KET/MEL, at subeffective doses that do not produce adverse effects, stimulate neurogenesis in human neuronal precursors. Moreover, the mechanism by which the combination elicits neurogenesis is meditated by melatonin receptors, CaM Kinase II and CaM antagonism. This could have clinical advantages for the fast treatment of depression.
Assuntos
Ketamina , Melatonina , Animais , Antidepressivos/metabolismo , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Ketamina/metabolismo , Ketamina/farmacologia , Melatonina/metabolismo , Melatonina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Neurogênese , NeurôniosRESUMO
Melatonin (MEL) is a pleiotropic indolamine that reaches multiple intracellular targets. Among these, MEL binds to calmodulin (CaM) with high affinity. In presence of Ca2+, CaM binds to CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). The Ca2+-CaM/CaMKII pathway regulates a myriad of brain functions in different cellular compartments. Evidence showing the regulation of this cellular pathway by MEL is scarce. Thus, our main objective was to study the interaction of MEL with CaM and its effects on CaMKII activity in two microenvironments (aqueous and lipidic) naturally occurring within the cell. In addition, colocalization of MEL with CaM in vivo was explored in mice brain hippocampus. In vitro CaM-MEL interaction and the structural conformations of CaM in the presence of this indoleamine were assessed through electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point. The functional consequence of this interaction was evaluated by measuring CaMKII activity. Ca2+-CaM-MEL increased the activity of CaMKII in aqueous buffer but reduced the kinase activity in lipid buffer. Importantly, MEL colocalizes in vivo with Ca2+-CaM in the hippocampus. Our evidence suggests that MEL regulates the key cellular Ca2+-CaM/CaMKII pathway and might explain why physiological MEL concentrations reduce CaMKII activity in some experimental conditions, while in others it drives biological processes through activation of this kinase.
Assuntos
Calmodulina , Melatonina , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Melatonina/farmacologia , Camundongos , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Major depressive disorder is a disabling disease with the number of affected individuals increasing each year. Current antidepressant treatments take between three to six weeks to be effective with forty percent of patients being resistant to treatment, making it necessary to search for new antidepressant treatments. Ketamine, a phencyclidine hydrochloride derivative, given intravenously, induces a rapid antidepressant effect in humans. In mice, it causes increased neurogenesis and antidepressant-like effects. However, it also produces psychomimetic effects in humans and in rodents increases the locomotor activity. In contrast, melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland and synthesized in extrapineal sites, increases new neuron formation and causes antidepressant-like effects in adult rodents with no collateral effects. Here, we assessed the effects of a non-effective dose of ketamine in combination with melatonin (KET/MEL), both on neurogenesis as well as on the antidepressant-like effect in mice. Our results showed that KET/MEL combination increased neurogenesis and produced antidepressant-like effects without altering locomotor activity after both single and triple administration protocols. Our data strongly suggest that KET/MEL combination could be used to simultaneously promote neurogenesis, reverting neuronal atrophy and inducing antidepressant-like effects.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Ketamina/uso terapêutico , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antidepressivos/administração & dosagem , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Ketamina/administração & dosagem , Ketamina/farmacologia , Masculino , Melatonina/administração & dosagem , Melatonina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Introducción: El clima organizacional en salud es un factor que trasciende en el desempeño profesional; asimismo un ambiente laboral y cultura de seguridad en adecuadas condiciones repercutirían en mejores prácticas sanitarias. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación y características de las variables clima organizacional y cultura de seguridad. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, transversal, correlacional, no experimental, ejecutada entre marzo y diciembre del 2019, en el servicio de Cuidados Intermedios Neonatales del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Perú. La población fue 53 enfermeros. Se emplearon los instrumentos: En Clima Organizacional, se aplicó el cuestionario del Ministerio de Salud peruano y En cultura de seguridad, se aplicó la encuesta Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture de la Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. La información fue analizada mediante la prueba de normalidad Kolmogorov-Smirnov y coeficiente correlacional Rho de Spearman. Resultados: Existe un coeficiente correlacional de 0,43 entre variables. La motivación, toma de decisiones, innovación, remuneración, liderazgo, identidad y comunicación organizacional del clima organizacional están significativamente relacionadas (p ≤ 0,05) con la cultura de seguridad. El 70 por ciento de profesionales percibe un clima organizacional no saludable; reflejado en cuatro dimensiones en proceso de avance y cuatro con bajos índices de respuesta, el 56,35 por ciento refirió una cultura de seguridad positiva con dos dimensiones en fortalezas y tres en oportunidad de mejora. Conclusiones: El clima organizacional y siete de sus dimensiones están relacionados con la cultura de seguridad en Cuidados Intermedios Neonatales. La evaluación de características supone que, pese a las debilidades del clima organizacional, entorno a la remuneración, recompensa, liderazgo e innovación, estas son compensadas por una apropiada cultura de seguridad, con un favorable aprendizaje organizacional y trabajo en equipo(AU)
Introduction: Organizational climate in health is a factor transcending professional performance. Likewise, a work environment and safety culture in adequate conditions would have repercussions in better sanitary practices. Objective: To assess the relationship and characteristics of the variables organizational climate and safety culture. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational and non-experimental research carried out, between March and December 2019, in the neonatal intermediate care service of the National Maternal-Perinatal Institute, Peru. The population was 53 nurses. The following instruments were used: Organizational Climate, from the Peruvian Ministry of Health, as well as the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. The information was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient. Results: There is a correlational coefficient of 0.43 between variables. Motivation, decision making, innovation, remuneration, leadership, identity and organizational communication of the organizational climate are significantly related (p ≤ 0.05) with safety culture. 70 percent of the professionals perceive an unhealthy organizational climate, reflected in four dimensions in progress and other four with low response rates. 56.35 percent reported a positive safety culture with two dimensions in strengths and three in opportunity for improvement. Conclusions: Organizational climate and seven of its dimensions are related to safety culture in neonatal intermediate care. The assessment of characteristics presupposes that, despite the weaknesses of organizational climate, around remuneration, reward, leadership and innovation, these are compensated by an appropriate safety culture, with favorable organizational learning and teamwork(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Cultura Organizacional , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Tomada de Decisões , Segurança do Paciente , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Calea zacatechichi is a plant with an extensive popular and ritual use in Mexico. In healthy volunteers, it induces well-being and tranquility senses, and facilitates superficial stages of sleep. However, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like effects and changes on the sleep-waking stages have not been explored. AIM: To determine anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of C. zacatechichi (CZ) in rodents and to analyze their effects on hippocampal activity in the rat sleep-waking cycle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CZ anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects were evaluated in several mice and rat behavioral paradigms. CZ effects on temporal distribution of sleep were described, and hippocampus EEG frequency patterns were analyzed during the sleep-waking cycle; absolute and relative powers were analyzed during Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and non-REM sleep stages. CZ chemical analysis was performed by UPLC-ESI-MS. RESULTS: CZ produced specific and robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice and rats, similar to those of prototypical drugs, at doses ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/kg. CZ at 100 mg/kg produced visible mild sedative effects in rats, associated with a significant increase in Slow Wave Sleep episodes during a 6 h recording, and enhanced fast frequencies of hippocampus (gamma-band:31-50 Hz) during REM sleep. CONCLUSION: Results could support the well-being and tranquility senses reported by healthy consumers, and to explain the oneiric content during dreams and some improvements in cognitive processes described by consumers. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of this species, reported for first time in this study could improve some aspects of mental health.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiolíticos/administração & dosagem , Ansiolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Antidepressivos/administração & dosagem , Antidepressivos/isolamento & purificação , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , México , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sono/efeitos dos fármacos , Sono REM/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Plant cuticles have attracted attention because they can be used to produce hydrophobic films as models for novel biopolymers. Usually, cuticles are obtained from agroresidual waste. To find new renewable natural sources to design green and commercially available bioplastics, fruits of S. aculeatissimum and S. myriacanthum were analyzed. These fruits are not used for human or animal consumption, mainly because the fruit is composed of seeds. Fruit peels were object of enzymatic and chemical methods to get thick cutins in good yields (approximately 77% from dry weight), and they were studied by solid-state resonance techniques (CPMAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and direct injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DIESI-MS) analytical methods. The main component of S. aculeatissimum cutin is 10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid (10,16-DHPA, 69.84%), while S. myriacanthum cutin besides of 10,16-DHPA (44.02%); another two C18 monomers: 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid (24.03%) and 18-hydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-octadecanoic acid (9.36%) are present. The hydrolyzed cutins were used to produce films demonstrating that both cutins could be a potential raw material for different biopolymers.
RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piper auritum Kunth is employed as an aphrodisiac in the traditional medicine, but corroborative evidence for such effect is scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY: The pro-sexual effect of an aqueous extract of P. auritum and its possible mechanisms were analyzed in two paradigms of male sexual function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Effects of an aqueous extract of P. auritum (PA, single administration) were investigated in the fictive ejaculation, and copulatory behavior paradigms in sexually sluggish male rats. WAY 100635 (antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors), atosiban (antagonist of oxytocinergic receptors), L-NAME (inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthase) and baclofen (antagonist of GABAB receptors) were used as pre-treatments in order to investigate the role of different neurotransmitter systems in PA actions. Chemical profile of PA was determined by Gases Chromatography and Ultra Performance Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Masses Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). RESULTS: In males with retarded ejaculation, PA stimulated ejaculatory behavior and recovered electromyographic activity of pelvic musculature participating in seminal emission and ejaculation. All pre-treatments blocked stimulating effects of PA on the fictive ejaculation; additionally WAY 100635 interfered with PA actions on ejaculatory behavior. Safrol, apigenin dimethylether, myristicin, vaccihein A, sakuranin and sakuranetin flavonoids, were main constituents of PA, with possible participation in its pro-sexual effects. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-sexual effects of P. auritum elicited at level of ejaculation were mediated by several neurotransmitter systems, among which serotonin and its 5-HT1A receptors play an important role. Present findings support P. auritum reputation as an aphrodisiac, with potential use in delayed ejaculation disorder.
Assuntos
Afrodisíacos/farmacologia , Piper , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Comportamento Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Afrodisíacos/química , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ejaculação/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Piper/química , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/fisiologia , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Melatonin is synthesized by the pineal gland with a circadian rhythm in synchrony with the environmental light/dark cycle. A gradual increase in circulating levels of melatonin occur after lights off, reaching its maximum around the middle of the dark phase. Agonists of melatonin receptors have proved effectiveness as antidepressants in clinical trials. However, there is contradictory evidence about the potential antidepressant effect of melatonin itself. Herein we studied melatonin administration in mice at two zeitgeber times (ZT; ZT = 0 lights on; 12:12 L/D), one hour before the beginning (ZT11) and at the middle (ZT18) of the dark phase after either a single or a three-dose protocol. Behavioral despair was assessed through a forced-swimming test (FST) or a tail suspension test (TST), at ZT18.5. A single dose of 4 mg/kg melatonin at ZT11 was effective to reduce the immobility time in both tests. However, acute administration of melatonin at ZT18 was not effective in mice subjected to FST, and a higher dose (16 mg/kg) was required to reduce immobility time in the TST. A three-dose administration protocol of 16 mg/kg melatonin (ZT18, ZT11, and ZT18) significantly reduced immobility time in FST. Data indicate that the timely administration of melatonin could improve its antidepressant-like effect.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antidepressivos/sangue , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Masculino , Melatonina/sangue , Camundongos , Natação/fisiologiaRESUMO
Mood disorders are a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by changes in the emotional state. In particular, major depressive disorder is expected to have a worldwide prevalence of 20% in 2020, representing a huge socio-economic burden. Currently used antidepressant drugs have poor efficacy with only 30% of the patients in remission after the first line of treatment. Importantly, mood disorder patients present uncoupling of circadian rhythms. In this regard, melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine), an indolamine synthesized by the pineal gland during the night, contributes to synchronization of body rhythms with the environmental light/dark cycle. In this review, we describe evidence supporting antidepressant-like actions of melatonin related to the circadian modulation of neuroplastic changes in the hippocampus. We also present evidence for the role of melatonin receptors and their signalling pathways underlying modulatory effects in neuroplasticity. Finally, we briefly discuss the detrimental consequences of circadian disruption on neuroplasticity and mood disorders, due to the modern human lifestyle. Together, data suggest that melatonin's stimulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation is beneficial to patients with mood disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Melatonina/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Animais , Depressão/metabolismo , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Melatonina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Previous work showed that Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) lectins exhibit differential cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines by apoptosis induction. In vivo studies using a Tepary bean lectin fraction (TBLF, 50â¯mg/kg of body weight) after colon cancer induction in rats showed that TBLF inhibited early precancerous lesions without systemic toxicity however, loss of body weight gain and activation of immune cells were observed. In order to know more about the possible adverse effects, we evaluated the administration of TBLF on digestive and immune organs. Sprague Dawley rats were administered TBLF for six weeks and allowed to recover for two weeks. Immune activation was observed through an increased lymphocyte-granulocyte ratio, an increased number of lymphoid follicles in intestinal Peyer's patches and a slight expansion of the splenic white pulp. Atrophy was observed in small intestine villi and crypt foci of the colon without normalization after the recovery period. Pancreas histopathology showed hypertrophy after the six-week administration period, particularly vacuolation and trabecular widening; but after the two-week recovery period atrophy was observed, suggesting a partial compensatory type process. Our results show that TBLF activates the immune system and affects digestive organs through direct interaction with intestinal epithelium, and indirectly by producing pancreatic hyperfunction. Further work will focus in longer recuperation periods after TBLF treatment.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent literature on community intervention research stresses system change as a condition for durable impact. This involves highly participatory social processes leading to behavioural change. METHODS: Before launching the intervention in the Nicaraguan arm of Camino Verde, a cluster-randomised controlled trial to show that pesticide-free community mobilisation adds effectiveness to conventional dengue controls, we held structured discussions with leaders of intervention communities on costs of dengue illness and dengue control measures taken by both government and households. These discussions were the first step in an effort at Socialising Evidence for Participatory Action (SEPA), a community mobilisation method used successfully in other contexts. Theoretical grounding came from community psychology and behavioural economics. RESULTS: The leaders expressed surprise at how large and unexpected an economic burden dengue places on households. They also acknowledged that large investments of household and government resources to combat dengue have not had the expected results. Many were not ready to see community preventive measures as a substitute for chemical controls but all the leaders approved the formation of "brigades" to promote chemical-free household control efforts in their own communities. CONCLUSIONS: Discussions centred on household budget decisions provide a good entry point for researchers to engage with communities, especially when the evidence showed that current expenditures were providing a poor return. People became motivated not only to search for ways to reduce their costs but also to question the current response to the problem in question. This in turn helped create conditions favourable to community mobilisation for change. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN27581154 .
Assuntos
Atitude , Participação da Comunidade , Análise Custo-Benefício , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Controle de Mosquitos , Motivação , Características de Residência , Aedes , Animais , Humanos , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Mosquitos/economia , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , NicaráguaRESUMO
Camino Verde (the Green Way) is an evidence-based community mobilisation tool for prevention of dengue and other mosquito-borne viral diseases. Its effectiveness was demonstrated in a cluster-randomised controlled trial conducted in 2010-2013 in Nicaragua and Mexico. The Nicaraguan arm of the trial was preceded, from 2004 to 2008, by a feasibility study that provided valuable lessons and trained facilitators for the trial itself. Here, guided by the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR), we describe the Camino Verde intervention in Nicaragua, presenting its rationale, its time and location, activities, materials used, the main actors, modes of delivery, how it was tailored to encourage community engagement, modifications made from the feasibility study to the trial itself, and how fidelity to the process originally designed was maintained. We also present information on costs and discuss the place of this study within the literature on implementation science. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN27581154 .
Assuntos
Aedes , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Participação da Comunidade , Dengue/virologia , Vírus da Dengue , Humanos , Insetos Vetores , NicaráguaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: C. mexicana A. Gray (Asteraceae) is a native of North America plant. In Mexico׳s folk medicine it is used for the fever, rheumatism and as a diuretic, antispasmodic, general tonic or adaptogenic herb, and as a stimulant agent. The aim of the study was to examine the antidepressant-like properties of an aqueous extract of C. mexicana (Cm), in order to scientifically describe its potential value in the management of depressive disorders. To evaluate the acute and subacute toxic effects of Cm and effects on hepatic and biochemical functions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antidepressant-like effects of Cm were evaluated in the Forced swimming and suspension tail tests (FST and TST), the ambulatory activity was measure in the Open Field Test (OFT), motor coordination was evaluated in the inverted screen and gyratory roller (IST and Rota-rod), the biochemical and histopathological analysis were carried out. Phytochemical studies of organic and aqueous extracts of Cm were thoroughly conducted. RESULTS: Cm produced a significant reduction of the immobility time both FST and in TST, without affect the ambulatory activity of experimental mice. Cm did not produce any damage in the hepatic functions, nor produce any significant change in the morphological tissue of organs examined. CONCLUSIONS: Chrysactinia mexicana induces a clear antidepressant-like effect in mice, without affect any basic functions. The consumption of this medicinal plant does not represent risk for health. The chemical analysis showed the flavonoids free and glycosides mainly.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/toxicidade , Asteraceae , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Animais , Antidepressivos/análise , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/toxicidade , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/toxicidade , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , NataçãoRESUMO
We evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of kaempferitrin (Km) isolated from the plant Justicia spicigera (Asteraceae), which is used in traditional medicine for relieving emotional disorders, such as "la tristeza" (sadness or dysthymia) and "el humor" (mood changes). The actions of Km were evaluated in a forced swimming test (FST) and a suspension tail test (TST) in mice. We explored the involvement of the serotonergic system and the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis (HPA) in the antidepressant-like effect of Km. To evaluate nonspecific effects of Km on general activity, the open field test (OFT) was performed. Km at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg induced an antidepressant-like effect. Sub-effective dose of Km (1 mg/kg) produced a synergistic effect with imipramine (6.25 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) but not with desipramine (3.12 mg/kg). Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA), a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, N-{2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexecarboxamide (WAY-100635), a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and 8OH-DPAT, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, but not pindolol (10 mg/kg) blocked the anti- immobility effect induced by Km. Taken together, these results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of Km is related to the serotonergic system, principally 5-HT1A. This effect was not related to changes in locomotor activity.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Quempferóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Acanthaceae/química , Animais , Corticosterona/sangue , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Masculino , Camundongos , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/metabolismo , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , NataçãoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Agastache mexicana subspecies mexicana (Amm) and xolocotziana (Amx) are used in Mexican traditional medicine to relief cultural affiliation syndromes known as "susto" or "espanto", for "nervous" condition, and as a sleep aid. Despite its intensive use, neuropharmacological studies are scarce, and the chemical composition of the aqueous extracts has not been described. Aims of the study are: (1) To analyze the chemical composition of aqueous extracts from aerial parts of Amm and Amx. (2) To evaluate the anxiolytic-like, sedative, antidepressant-like effects. (3) Analyze the general toxic effects of different doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anxiolytic-like and sedative effects were measured in the avoidance exploratory behavior, burying behavior and the hole-board tests. The antidepressant-like actions were studied in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Finally, general activity and motor coordination disturbances were evaluated in the open field, inverted screen and rota-rod tests. The acute toxicity of Amm and Amx was determined by calculating their LD50 (mean lethal dose). The chemical analyses were performed employing chromatographic, photometric and HPLC-ESI-MS techniques. RESULTS: Low doses of Amm and Amx (0.1σ1.0mg/kg) induced anxiolytic-like actions; while higher doses (over 10mg/kg) induced sedation and reduced the locomotor activity, exerting a general inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). CONCLUSIONS: Results support the use of Amm and Amx in traditional medicine as tranquilizers and sleep inducers. Additionally, this paper contributes to the knowledge of the chemical composition of the aqueous extracts of these plants.
Assuntos
Agastache/química , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Ansiolíticos/toxicidade , Antidepressivos/isolamento & purificação , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/toxicidade , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/isolamento & purificação , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/toxicidade , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , México , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
La presente investigación "Estilos de comunicación que practican los estudiantes de enfermería entre sus pares durante su convivencia académica en la Escuela Académico Profesional de Enfermería de la UNMSM 2013", tuvo como objetivo general, determinar los estilos de comunicación que utilizan los estudiantes de enfermería, y como objetivos específicos el identificar los estilos y describir sus características. Con la finalidad de que los resultados del estudio permitan aportar un marco de referencia que suscite una construcción crítica y reflexiva, tomando como punto de partida los estilos de comunicación. La investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo simple y de corte transversal, para recolectar datos se utilizó una escala de tipo Likert modificada que se aplicaron a 80 estudiantes del 1er y al 2do año de estudios de la E.A.P. de Enfermería de la UNMSM. Analizándose los datos y concluyendo que el estilo de comunicación que utilizan los estudiantes durante su convivencia académica es en su mayoría 53 (66 por ciento) de tipo asertivo, lo que promueve relaciones interpersonales basadas en la comprensión, tolerancia y sobre todo buen trato con sus pares, así mismo se ve influenciado en su capacidad formar grupos y adaptarse al ambiente universitario en donde interacciona recíprocamente.
This research "Communication styles practiced by the students of the School of Nursing Academic Professional National University of San Marcos during their cohabitation peer academic" aims generally determine the communication styles used by nursing students and specific objectives to identify the styles and describe their characteristics. In order to allow the results of the study provide a framework construction rising to a critical and reflective, taking as a starting point communication styles. The research is quantitative, application level, simple descriptive method of cross section, to collect data we used a modified Likert scale were applied to 78 students from 2nd to 5th year of study of the E.A.P. of Nursing at UNMSM. Analyzing the data and concluded that the style of communication used for nursing students during their academic coexistence is mostly 78 per cent (61) assertive type, which promotes relations based interpersonal understanding, tolerance and especially good deal with their peers, themselves are influenced in their ability to form groups and adapt to the university environment where mutually interacting.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Assertividade , Comunicação , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Permissividade , Estudos Transversais , Estudos de Avaliação como AssuntoRESUMO
STUDY AIMS: 2(S)-neopincirin (NEO) is a constituent from of Clinopodium mexicanum, which is used in traditional Mexican herbal medicine for its tranquilizing and analgesic properties. This study investigated the anxiolytic-like, sedative and antinociceptive effects of NEO in several mice models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anxiolytic-like effect was evaluated in the hole-board (HBT) and Open Field Tests (OFT); sedative effect was evaluated in sleeping time induced by sodium pentobarbital, and its antinociceptive actions were measured in the hot plate test. To evaluate if the GABA receptor could be involved in the anxiolytic-like effect produced by NEO, in independent experiments, the effects produced by co-administration of NEO plus muscimol (MUS) and NEO plus Pitrotoxin (PTX) were evaluated in the HBT. RESULTS: NEO was isolated from Clinopodium mexicanum leaves. The NMR, MS and optic rotation data helped establish its identity as (2S)-5-hydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone-7-O-{ß-glucopyranosyl-(1â6)-ß-rhamnoside}. NEO showed an anxiolytic-like effect and was able to counter the nociception induced by a thermal stimulus in a dose-dependent manner. PTX blocked the anxiolytic-like effect of NEO, while MUS was able to enhance it. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of present work demonstrated that NEO possesses anxiolytic-like and antinociceptive effects in mice. Such effects are not associated with changes in the locomotor activity. These results supported the notion that anxiolytic-like effect of NEO involves the participation of GABAergic system.