RESUMO
We describe the in vitro activity of two natural isomeric ent-beyerene diterpenes, several derivatives and synthetic intermediates. Beyerenols 1 and 2 showed EC50 of 4.6⯱â¯9.4 and 5.3⯱â¯9.4⯵g/mL against amastigotes of L. (V) brazilensis, with SI of 5.1 and 7.7, respectively. Beyerenol 1 was synthesized from stevioside. In vivo experiments with bereyenols showed cure in 50% of hamsters infected with L. (V) brazilensis topically applied as Cream I (beyerenol 1, 0.81%, w/w) and Cream III (beyerenol 2, 1.96%, w/w). These results suggest that beyerenols are potential candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis chemotherapy by topical application. In vitro assays of amastigotes of L. (V) brazilensis showed EC50 of 1.1⯱â¯0.1 and 1.3⯱â¯0.04⯵g/mL, with SI of 3.1 and 3.5 for hydrazone intermediates 10 and 11, respectively.
Assuntos
Diterpenos/uso terapêutico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Tripanossomicidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Diterpenos/síntese química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/toxicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmania braziliensis/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Tripanossomicidas/síntese química , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Introducción: los pacientes con estrabismo comúnmente tiene algún grado de compromiso en la estereopsis, y existe evidencia clara que el tratamiento de la ambliopía severa mejora este compromiso; sin embargo, no hay datos que reporten grados de estereopsis en pacientes con ambliopía en ausencia de estrabismo. Objetivo: determinar y comparar el grado de estereopsis en pacientes sin ambliopía, con ambliopía leve y moderada en ausencia de estrabismo, que asistieron a consulta de oft almología pediátrica en el Hospital de San José entre Enero de 2015 y Agosto de 2017. Diseño del estudio: estudio de tipo transversal. Método: pacientes entre 5 y 15 años. Se utilizó el Random Dot Test para la evaluación de estereopsis. Se comparó el grado de estereopsis entre los distintos niveles de ambliopía por medio de una prueba de Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: se incluyeron 119 niños, 64 no tuvieron ambliopía y 55 tuvieron ambliopía, de los cuales el 67.3% fue leve (n=37) y el 32.7% fue moderada (n=18). La principal causa fue la refractiva; en el grupo de ambliopía leve 64.9% y moderada 77.8%. Los pacientes entre 5 y 10 años presentaron una mediana de estereopsis de 40 segundos de arco independientemente de si tenían o no ambliopía, a diferencia de los pacientes mayores de 10 años en quienes a medida que aumentó el grado de ambliopía, disminuyó la estereopsis. Conclusión: de observó una tendencia al empeoramiento del grado de estereopsis según el grado de ambliopía aunque no se alcanzó significancia estadística. El diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno de la ambliopía durante los primeros años son fundamentales para garantizar un desarrollo visual adecuado de la población pediátrica.
Background: patients with strabismus usually have some degree of disturbance in stereopsis, and there is clear evidence that the treatment of severe amblyopia improves it. However, there are no data reporting grades of stereopsis in patients with amblyopia in absence of strabismus. Objective: to determine and compare the degree of stereopsis in patients without amblyopia, with mild and moderate amblyopia in absence of strabismus who the attended pediatric ophthalmology clinic at Hospital de San José between January 2015 and August of 2017. Study design: cross sectional study. Method: study design: cross-sectional study. Participants: Patients between 5 and 15 years. Process: The Random Dot Test was used for stereopsis evaluation. The degree of stereopsis between the different levels of amblyopia was compared by means of a Kruskal Wallis test. Results: 119 children were included, 64 did not have amblyopia and 55 had amblyopia. 67.3% were mild (n = 37) and 32.7% were moderate (n = 18). The principal cause was refractive, mild amblyopia 64.9% and moderate 77.8%. Patients between 5 and 10 years had a median stereopsis of 40 seconds of arc regardless of whether they had amblyopia or not, unlike patients older than 10 years in whom as the degree of amblyopia increased, stereopsis decreased. Conclusion: It was observed a tendency to worsen the degree of stereopsis according to the degree of amblyopia although statistical signifi cance was not reached. Th e early diagnosis and timely treatment of amblyopia during the fi rst years are fundamental to guarantee an adequate visual development of the pediatric population.
Assuntos
Ambliopia/terapia , Transtornos da Visão/diagnóstico , Estrabismo/terapia , Percepção de ProfundidadeRESUMO
We describe a new species of Dendrobatidae from the eastern flank of the northern Central Cordillera in Colombia and assign it to the recently named genus Leucostethus. We also assess the phylogenetic status of the Colostethus fraterdanieli "complex" which according to our phylogenetic inference, is closely related to the new species. We use morphological, genetic and bioacoustic evidence to describe the new species and to expand the phylogeny of the genus Leucostethus. As a result, we transfer the content of C. fraterdanieli "complex" to Leucostethus. The new species differs from the Leucostethus fraterdanieli "complex" species by having white testes, straight pale ventrolateral stripes and high genetic divergence (17% in Cyt-b). According to our results, the genus Leucostethus is distributed in the western Amazonia from Ecuador and Peru, and both the northern Andes and Pacific lowlands in Colombia. We also found that L. fraterdanieli sensu stricto is restricted from mid (1600 m.a.s.l) to high (2500 m.a.s.l) elevation on the northern Central Cordillera in Antioquia. Extensive geographic sampling and more thorough morphological and bioacoustic examination need to be considered to solve the genetic clusters observed in the Leucostethus fraterdanieli "complex".
Assuntos
Anuros , Filogenia , Animais , Colômbia , Equador , PeruRESUMO
Objetivo: Describir resultados visuales y complicaciones de una serie de casos de pacientes pediátricos a los que se les realizó queratoplastia penetrante en el Hospital de San José, en Bogotá, Colombia. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo, serie de casos. Método: Se evaluaron 14 ojos de 12 pacientes menores de 16 años a quienes se les realizó queratoplastia penetrante entre los años 1999-2014. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura sobre etiología, manejo quirúrgico, seguimiento y sobrevida de injerto. Resultados: De los 14 ojos estudiados 8 ojos (57,1%) tenían patología congénita con injerto claro en 6 ojos (75%) entre los 3 y 9 meses, 3 ojos (21,4%) tenían etiología traumática, de estos, todos los injertos permanecieron claros en un rango de 3 meses a 11 años y 3 ojos (21,4%) tenían leucomas, queratitis o inminencia de perforación, de estos el injerto permaneció claro entre los 3 y 18 meses. Se encontró una mejoría de visión en 8 de los ojos evaluados (57,1%). Las complicaciones encontradas en estos pacientes fueron: glaucoma en 5 ojos (35.7%), falla de injerto en 6 ojos (42.8%), rechazo endotelial en 7 ojos (50%) y desprendimiento de retina en 1 ojo (7.14%). Conclusión: En el estudio, la mejoría visual fue ligeramente menor a la reportada en la literatura. Las complicaciones presentadas fueron principalmente rechazo endotelial y falla de injerto, lo que difiere de la literatura donde la catarata es la principal complicación.
Purpose: To describe visual results and complications in a case series of paediatric patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty at Hospital de San José in Bogotá, Colombia. Design: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study, series of cases. Method: 14 eyes of 12 patients under 16 years (2 months - 16 years) who underwent penetrating keratoplasty in Hospital de San Jose from 1999 to 2014 were evaluated. A literature review of etiology, surgical management, monitoring and graft survival of pediatric patients was done. Results: Of the 14 eyes studied, 8 eyes (57.1%) had congenital pathology with clear graft in six eyes between 3 and 9 months, 3 eyes (21.4%) had traumatic aetiology, of these, all graft s remained clear in a range of 3 months to 11 years and 3 eyes (21.4%) had leucoma, keratitis or impending perforation, of these, the graft remained clear between 3 and 18 months. An improvement in vision was found in eight of the evaluated eyes (57.1%). The complications found in these patients were: glaucoma in 5 eyes (35.7%), graft failure in 6 eyes (42.8%), endothelial rejection in 7 eyes (50%) and retinal detachment in 1 eye (7.14%). Conclusion: In our study, the visual improvement was slightly lower than that reported in the literature. The complications presented were mainly endothelial rejection and graft failure, which differs from the literature where cataract is the main complication.
Assuntos
Ceratoplastia Penetrante/reabilitação , Transplante de Córnea/efeitos adversos , Oftalmopatias/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos OftalmológicosRESUMO
The glassfrog genus Cochranella, with nine recognized species, is distributed in the lowlands and mid elevation of the Neotropical forests, from Nicaragua to Bolivia (Guayasamin et al. 2009; Twomey et al. 2014). Four species are trans-Andean-C. granulosa (Taylor 1949) occurs in the lowlands and mountains, at mid elevation, of Central America, C. litoralis (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch 1996) and C. mache Guayasamin & Bonaccorso 2004 occur in the Pacific lowlands and the western cloud forests of Colombia and Ecuador, and C. euknemos (Savage & Starrett 1967) occurs both in Central America and South America (northwestern Colombia).-The other five species have cis-Andean distributions in the Amazonian slopes and lowlands, from Colombia to Bolivia: C. nola Harvey 1996, C. guayasamini Twomey, Delia & Castroviejo-Fisher 2014, C. resplendens (Lynch & Duellman 1973), C. erminea Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia & Cisneros-Heredia 2007, and C. phryxa Aguayo-Vedia & Harvey 2006. In Colombia, C. resplendens is known from the foothills of the Amazon versant in Caquetá (Malambo et al. 2013) and Putumayo (Lynch & Duellman 1973; Ruiz-Carranza et al. 1996). The species is also known from Ecuador (Lynch & Duellman 1973) and Peru (Twomey et al. 2014). Here, we report two new records of Cochranella resplendens, extending the species distribution beyond the Amazonian lowlands into the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia.
Assuntos
Anuros , Animais , Bolívia , América Central , Colômbia , Equador , Nicarágua , Peru , América do SulRESUMO
INTRODUCTION:: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a tropical disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The current drugs for CL may be effective but have serious side effects; hence, alternatives are urgently needed. Although plant-derived materials are used for the treatment of various diseases in 80% of the global population, the validation of these products is essential. Gelatin capsules containing dried Artemisia annua leaf powder were recently developed as a new herbal formulation (totum) for the oral treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. Here, we aimed to determine the usefulness of A. annua gel capsules in CL. METHODS:: The antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of A. annua L. capsules was determined via in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, a preliminary evaluation of its therapeutic potential as antileishmanial treatment in humans was conducted in 2 patients with uncomplicated CL. RESULTS:: Artemisia annua capsules showed moderate in vitro activity in amastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis; no cytotoxicity in U-937 macrophages or genotoxicity in human lymphocytes was observed. Five of 6 (83.3%) hamsters treated with A. annua capsules (500mg/kg/day) for 30 days were cured, and the 2 examined patients were cured 45 days after initiation of treatment with 30g of A. annua capsules, without any adverse reactions. Both patients remained disease-free 26 and 24 months after treatment completion. CONCLUSION:: Capsules of A. annua L. represent an effective treatment for uncomplicated CL, although further randomized controlled trials are needed to validate its efficacy and safety.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Artemisia annua/química , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Animais , Cricetinae , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Folhas de Planta/química , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a tropical disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The current drugs for CL may be effective but have serious side effects; hence, alternatives are urgently needed. Although plant-derived materials are used for the treatment of various diseases in 80% of the global population, the validation of these products is essential. Gelatin capsules containing dried Artemisia annua leaf powder were recently developed as a new herbal formulation (totum) for the oral treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. Here, we aimed to determine the usefulness of A. annua gel capsules in CL. METHODS: The antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of A. annua L. capsules was determined via in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, a preliminary evaluation of its therapeutic potential as antileishmanial treatment in humans was conducted in 2 patients with uncomplicated CL. RESULTS: Artemisia annua capsules showed moderate in vitro activity in amastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis; no cytotoxicity in U-937 macrophages or genotoxicity in human lymphocytes was observed. Five of 6 (83.3%) hamsters treated with A. annua capsules (500mg/kg/day) for 30 days were cured, and the 2 examined patients were cured 45 days after initiation of treatment with 30g of A. annua capsules, without any adverse reactions. Both patients remained disease-free 26 and 24 months after treatment completion. CONCLUSION: Capsules of A. annua L. represent an effective treatment for uncomplicated CL, although further randomized controlled trials are needed to validate its efficacy and safety.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Artemisia annua/química , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Cricetinae , Resultado do Tratamento , Folhas de Planta/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu Padial et al. (2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better[...](AU)
Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção/estatística & dados numéricos , Anuros , Modelos Ambientais , Filogenia , ColômbiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.
ABSTRACT IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu (Padial et al., 2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better understand the geographic distribution and conservation status of listed species.
RESUMO
IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu Padial et al. (2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better[...]
Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.
Assuntos
Animais , Anuros , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Ambientais , Colômbia , FilogeniaRESUMO
RESUMEN Las listas rojas de la IUCN han sido una herramienta fundamental para priorizar planes de conservación de ranas endémicas neotropicales. Sin embargo, muchas áreas en esta región han sido poco estudiadas y el endemismo puede ser un artificio del muestreo. A partir de especímenes de museo de la especie amenazada Pristimantis penelopus revisamos su distribución geográfica y determinamos su hábitat potencial utilizando técnicas de modelo de nicho. A partir de un fragmento del gen mitocondrial COI, determinamos la posición filogenética de la especie y la magnitud de su variación genética a lo largo de su distribución en Colombia Presentamos los primeros registros de P. penelopus en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Occidental y en el norte de la cuenca del río Cauca. Teniendo en cuenta los análisis filogenéticos moleculares, Pristimantis penelopus pertenece al grupo P. ridens sensu (Padial et al., 2014). La variación genética intraespecífica promedio fue de 2.1% y la variación entre poblaciones estuvo entre 2.3 y 3.5%. La distancia genética entre las poblaciones de la Cordillera Occidental y las poblaciones del Valle del Magdalena sugieren la presencia de un quiebre filogeográfico en el noroccidente de Antioquia. Expandimos la distribución realizada de P. penelopus 258 kilómetros al norte, 200 km al este y 223 km al noroccidente. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados y los criterios propuestos por la IUCN proponemos una nueva categoría de amenaza para la especie y resaltamos la necesidad de incrementar los muestreo en regions geográficas poco conocidas para comprender mejor la distribución geográfica y el estado de conservación de las especies incluidas en las Listas Rojas.
ABSTRACT IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu (Padial et al., 2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better understand the geographic distribution and conservation status of listed species.
RESUMO
En este estudio se implementó el modelaje de distribución de especies para establecer el rango de distribución potencial de Podocnemis lewyana, explorar los componentes del clima que pueden influenciar dicha distribución y evaluar posibles fluctuaciones de su distribución bajo escenarios de clima futuro. Los modelos obtenidos predicen una distribución continua de sur a norte por todo el río Magdalena, desde los municipios de Rivera y Palermo en el departamento de Huila, hasta los departamentos de Atlántico y Magdalena en el norte. La temperatura fue el elemento del clima que más influyó en la distribución de P. lewyana; esta especie tiende a estar presente en climas cálidos y con poca variabilidad en la temperatura. El modelo de distribución transferido a los escenarios de clima futuro predicen un aumento en el rango geográfico de P. lewyana. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta las preferencias de hábitat de esta especie y su fuerte asociación con los cuerpos de agua, este resultado debe tomarse con cautela, dado que el modelo solo tuvo en cuenta variables climáticas terrestres. Dadas las características de historia de vida de esta especie (presencia de determinación sexual dependiente de la temperatura, alta temperatura pivotal y un rango de transición de temperatura muy estrecho), y el efecto negativo de los cambios en los regímenes hidrológicos en la mortalidad embrionaria, la expansión del área potencial de P. lewyana en el futuro no significa que esta especie no vaya a verse afectada por el cambio climático global.
We implemented a species distribution modelling approach to establish the potential distribution of Podocnemis lewyana, to explore the climatic factors that may influence the species' distribution and to evaluate possible changes in distribution under future climate scenarios. The distribution models predicted a continuous distribution from south to north along the Magdalena River, from Rivera and Palermo in the department of Huila to the departments of Atlántico and Magdalena in the north. Temperature was the variable most influential in the distribution of P. lewyana; this species tends to be present in warm regions with low temperature variability. The distribution model predicted an increase in the geographic range of P. lewyana under climate change scenarios. However, taking into account the habitat preferences of this species and its strong association with water, this result should be treated with caution since the model considered only terrestrial climatic variables. Given the life history characteristics of this species (temperature-dependent sex determination, high pivotal temperature and a very narrow transition range) and the negative effect of changes in hydrological regimes on embryo survival, expansion of the potential distribution of P. lewyana in the future does not mean that the species will not be affected by global climate change.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the agreement between cranial and facial classification obtained by clinical observation and anthropometric measurements among school children from the municipality of Envigado, Colombia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 8-15-year-old children. Initially, an indirect clinical observation was made to determine the skull pattern (dolichocephalic, mesocephalic or brachycephalic), based on visual equivalence of right eurion- left eurion and glabella-opisthocranion anthropometric points, as well as the facial type (leptoprosopic, mesoprosopic and euryprosopic), according to the left and right zygomatic, nasion and gnation points. Following, a direct measurement was conducted with an anthropometer using the same landmarks for cranial width and length, as well as for facial width and height. Subsequently, both the facial index [euryprosopic (≤80.9%), mesoprosopic (between 81% - 93%) and leptoprosopic (≥93.1%)] and the cranial index [dolichocephalic (index ≤ 75.9%), mesocephalic (between 76% - 81%), and brachycephalic (≥81.1%)] were determined. Concordance between the indices obtained was calculated by direct and indirect measurement using the Kappa statistic. RESULTS: A total of 313 students were enrolled; 172 (55%) were female and 141 (45%) male. The agreement between the direct and indirect facial index measurements was 0.189 (95% CI 0.117-0261), and the cranial index was 0.388 (95% CI 0.304-0.473), indicating poor concordance. CONCLUSIONS: No agreement was observed between direct measurements conducted with an anthropometer and indirect measurements via visual evaluation. Therefore, the indirect visual classification method is not appropriate to calculate the cranial and facial indices.
Assuntos
Cefalometria/métodos , Face/anatomia & histologia , Ossos Faciais/anatomia & histologia , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos/anatomia & histologia , Antropometria/instrumentação , Cefalometria/instrumentação , Criança , Queixo/anatomia & histologia , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Osso Frontal/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Masculino , Mandíbula/anatomia & histologia , Osso Nasal/anatomia & histologia , Osso Occipital/anatomia & histologia , Osso Parietal/anatomia & histologia , População Urbana , Dimensão Vertical , Zigoma/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Este artículo contiene los resultados de una investigación realizada con el n de acercarse a la comprensión de los aspectos subjetivos implicados en el pedido de consulta médica de consultantes frecuentes. Se utilizó un diseño cualitativo, la metodología fue el estudio de casos y la técnica de recolección de información fue la entrevista semiestructurada a profundidad. La muestra correspondió a nueve consultantes frecuentes de una institución de salud de Medellín. Los resultados sugieren que existe una búsqueda de alivio y control en la consulta médica por parte de los consultantes frecuentes, motivada por el sufrimiento que manifiestan y padecen. Aspectos como el vínculo con el médico, la demanda del paciente y las representaciones sociales que construyen son determinantes para la percepción de control y alivio de este sufrimiento y el inicio y mantenimiento de la consulta frecuente en salud.
This article contains the results of a study made with the purpose of getting close to the understanding of subjective aspects that underlay the frequent demand of medical appointments, by patients. The research design was qualitative, the methodology was case studies and the information recollection technique was the in depth semi-structured interview. Nine samples were taken from frequent medical consultants of a health institution in Medellin. The results suggest that there is a search for relief and control in the medical appointment made by the frequent consultants, motivated by the suffering they manifest and have. Aspects like the tie with the doctor, patient demand and the social representations constituted are decisive for the perception of control and relief of this suffering and the beginning and maintenance of the frequent medical consultant.
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Development of new therapeutic approaches for leishmaniasis treatment requires new high throughput screening methodologies for the antileishmanial activity of the new compounds both in vitro and in vivo. Reporter genes as the GFP have become one of the most promissory and widely used tools for drug screening in several models, since it offers live imaging, high sensibility, specificity and flexibility; additionally, the use of GFP as a reporter gene in screening assays eliminates all the drawbacks presented in conventional assays and also those technical problems found using other reporter genes. The utility of the GFP as a reporter gene in drug screening assays with Leishmania parasites depends on the homogeneity and stability of the GFP transfected strains. Stable expression of the GFP in the Old World Leishmania species has been demonstrated using integration vectors; however, no reports exist yet about the success of this methodology in the New World species. Here we report the generation of New World Leishmania strains expressing the GFP protein from an integration vector, which replaces one copy of the 18S RNA in the chromosome with the GFP coding sequence by homologous recombination. We also prove that the expression of the integrated GFP is stable and homogeneous in the transfected parasites after months in culture without selective pressure or during its use in hamster infection assays. The fluorescent strains are useful for in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo drug screening assays since no considerable variations in virulence or infectivity where seen attributable to the genetic manipulation during both in vitro and in vivo infection experiments. The platform described here for drug testing assays based on the use of stable fluorescent Leishmania strains coupled to flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy is more sensitive, more specific and faster than conventional assays used normally for the evaluation of compounds with potential antileishmanial activity.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/isolamento & purificação , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Genes Reporter , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmaniose/tratamento farmacológico , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Animais , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Leishmania/genética , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , Mesocricetus , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
Using bacteriological (culture) and molecular (PCR - Restriction Enzyme Analysis, PRA) methods, we investigated the presence of environmental mycobacteria in tap water, antiseptic solutions and surgical gloves, used in carrying out surgical procedures at the Getúlio Vargas University Hospital Surgical Center, in Manaus -Amazonas/Brazil. Samples (105) were collected and analyzed from: tap water (24 - collected from 3 taps in the surgical center); povidone-iodine solution, PVP-I, (8); Chlorhexidine solution (7), that were used to hygienize surgeons' hands; surgical gloves (39); and solutions that were effectively used during the surgical procedure (27). Using bacteriological method 41 mycobacteria were isolated, all from samples of tap water. Using PRA, mycobacterial DNA was detected only in the sample from water that provided over 100 colonies per inoculated culture tubes. The isolated were identified as Mycobacterium celatum pattern II, M. gordonae pattern III, M. gordonae pattern VI, M. intracellulare pattern I, M. lentiflavum pattern III and M. mucogenicum pattern I. The isolating of M. mucogenicum, a species that had already been incriminated for causing post-surgical outbreaks in tap water from the surgical center, indicates that cleaning and monitoring procedures must be carried out in every place of water distribution. This may be necessary to prevent nosological mycobacteriosis outbreaks induced by the use of water in different activities such as handling and hygienizing patients submitted to invasive procedures.
Investigou-se por métodos bacteriológicos (cultivo) e moleculares (PCR - Restriction Enzyme Analysis, PRA), a presença de micobactérias ambientais em águas de torneira, soluções e luvas cirúrgicas, utilizadas nas etapas dos procedimentos cirúrgicos executados no centro cirúrgico do Hospital Universitário Getulio Vargas (HUGV), na cidade de Manaus-Amazonas/Brasil. Foram colhidas e analisadas 105 amostras sendo: 24 de águas (colhidas das 2 torneiras existentes no centro cirúrgico), 8 de solução de Povidine e 7 de solução de Clorhexidina, que servem para a higienização das mãos dos cirurgiões; 39 de luvas cirúrgicas (superfícies internas e externas); e 27 de soluções que foram efetivamente utilizadas durante o ato cirúrgico. Por método bacteriológico obteve-se 41 isolados micobacterianos apenas de águas das torneiras. Pelo PRA obteve-se a detecção de DNA micobacteriano somente na amostra de água que forneceu acima de 100 colônias de micobactérias por tubo semeado. Os isolados foram identificados como sendo Mycobacterium celatum perfil 2, M. gordonae perfil 3, M. gordonae perfil 6, M. intracellulare perfil 1, M. lentiflavum perfil 3 e M. mucogenicum perfil 1. O encontro de M. mucogenicum, espécie já incriminada em surtos pós-cirúrgicos, indica que devem ser efetuados procedimentos de limpeza e monitoramento em todos os pontos de distribuição de águas, visando à prevenção de surtos de micobacterioses nosocomiais induzidos pelo uso das águas nas diferentes atividades de manuseio ou higienização dos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos.
RESUMO
Using bacteriological (culture) and molecular (PCR - Restriction Enzyme Analysis, PRA) methods, we investigated the presence of environmental mycobacteria in tap water, antiseptic solutions and surgical gloves, used in carrying out surgical procedures at the Getúlio Vargas University Hospital Surgical Center, in Manaus -Amazonas/Brazil. Samples (105) were collected and analyzed from: tap water (24 - collected from 3 taps in the surgical center); povidone-iodine solution, PVP-I, (8); Chlorhexidine solution (7), that were used to hygienize surgeons' hands; surgical gloves (39); and solutions that were effectively used during the surgical procedure (27). Using bacteriological method 41 mycobacteria were isolated, all from samples of tap water. Using PRA, mycobacterial DNA was detected only in the sample from water that provided over 100 colonies per inoculated culture tubes. The isolated were identified as Mycobacterium celatum pattern II, M. gordonae pattern III, M. gordonae pattern VI, M. intracellulare pattern I, M. lentiflavum pattern III and M. mucogenicum pattern I. The isolating of M. mucogenicum, a species that had already been incriminated for causing post-surgical outbreaks in tap water from the surgical center, indicates that cleaning and monitoring procedures must be carried out in every place of water distribution. This may be necessary to prevent nosological mycobacteriosis outbreaks induced by the use of water in different activities such as handling and hygienizing patients submitted to invasive procedures.
Investigou-se por métodos bacteriológicos (cultivo) e moleculares (PCR - Restriction Enzyme Analysis, PRA), a presença de micobactérias ambientais em águas de torneira, soluções e luvas cirúrgicas, utilizadas nas etapas dos procedimentos cirúrgicos executados no centro cirúrgico do Hospital Universitário Getulio Vargas (HUGV), na cidade de Manaus-Amazonas/Brasil. Foram colhidas e analisadas 105 amostras sendo: 24 de águas (colhidas das 2 torneiras existentes no centro cirúrgico), 8 de solução de Povidine e 7 de solução de Clorhexidina, que servem para a higienização das mãos dos cirurgiões; 39 de luvas cirúrgicas (superfícies internas e externas); e 27 de soluções que foram efetivamente utilizadas durante o ato cirúrgico. Por método bacteriológico obteve-se 41 isolados micobacterianos apenas de águas das torneiras. Pelo PRA obteve-se a detecção de DNA micobacteriano somente na amostra de água que forneceu acima de 100 colônias de micobactérias por tubo semeado. Os isolados foram identificados como sendo Mycobacterium celatum perfil 2, M. gordonae perfil 3, M. gordonae perfil 6, M. intracellulare perfil 1, M. lentiflavum perfil 3 e M. mucogenicum perfil 1. O encontro de M. mucogenicum, espécie já incriminada em surtos pós-cirúrgicos, indica que devem ser efetuados procedimentos de limpeza e monitoramento em todos os pontos de distribuição de águas, visando à prevenção de surtos de micobacterioses nosocomiais induzidos pelo uso das águas nas diferentes atividades de manuseio ou higienização dos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos.
RESUMO
Comestible fruit production from Musaceas plants is an important economical activity in developing countries like Colombia. However, it generates a large amount of agro-industrial residues. Some of them are a potential resource of natural fibres, which can be used as reinforcement for composite materials. In this work, a series of commercial plantain (Musa AAB, cv "Dominico Harton") fibre bundles extracted from pseudostem, leaf sheath and rachis agricultural wastes were analyzed. Mechanical decortication and biological retting processes were used during fiber extraction. No significant differences in composition of vascular bundles were observed for both extraction processes. Gross morphological characteristics and mechanical behavior have been evaluated. Conducting tissues with spiral-like arrangement are observed attached to fibre bundles. This fact suggests a big amount of these tissues in commercial plantain plants. Both used extraction methods are not enough to remove them. Pseudostem fibre bundles have higher specific strength and modulus and lower strain at break than leaf sheath and rachis fibre bundles, having values comparable to other lignocellulosic fibres bundles.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/anatomia & histologia , Resíduos Industriais , Plantago/anatomia & histologia , Colômbia , Folhas de Planta/citologia , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Caules de Planta/citologia , Caules de Planta/ultraestrutura , Plantago/citologia , Plantago/ultraestrutura , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
The in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of thymol and structural derivatives in comparison to those of Glucantime were studied. The results showed here suggest that thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives have promising antileishmanial potential and could be considered as new lead structures in the search for novel antileishmanial drugs.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Terpenos/farmacologia , Timol/análogos & derivados , Timol/farmacologia , Animais , Antiprotozoários/química , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Cricetinae , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmaniose/tratamento farmacológico , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , Masculino , Meglumina/farmacologia , Meglumina/uso terapêutico , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/uso terapêutico , Timol/química , Timol/uso terapêutico , Células U937RESUMO
El propósito de este estudio fue el de evaluar la situación actual higiene oral, caries, gingivitis de las escuelas del área de influencia de la Escuela Colombiana de Medicina, que vienen recibiendo atención odontológica desde 1985 dentro del programa del área comunitaria, con el fin de planificar mejor los resultados de toda índole que actualmente invierte la institución en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y tener elementos de planeación de estrategias dentro del marco de la ley 100 de seguridad social de 1993. Para llevar a cabo este estudio de tipo descriptivo de corte, se tomaron como universo los 1.300 alumnos vinculados al prograsma educativo de las escuelas del área de influencia de la Escuela Colombina de Medicina: Fundación Ana Restrepo del corral, Fundación Santa María, Concentración, Escolar San Isidro y concentración Escolar San Benito. Posteriormente se realizó un muestreo estratificado donde se obtuvo una muestra estadísticamente representativa con una confiabilidad del 99, un margen de error del 3 y equivalente a 710 alumnos distribuidos por género, edad y escuela.