RESUMO
Doce expertos analizan una variedad de asuntos ambientales y sanitarios. Se revela que, si bien algunos temas podrían ser causa de preocupación genuina, en otros las consecuencias son exageradas. Se muestra que muchas acciones regulatorias tendientes a reducir la exposición humana a substancias particulares no están basadas en información o evidencia científica. Dichas regulaciones han resultado muy costosas para la sociedad y han minado los esfuerzos serios por mejorar la salud humana y proteger el medio ambiente. Se ofrece una reseña de la evidencia científica disponible relacionada al impacto de los pesticidas, dioxina, nitrato, radiación, inhibidores endócrinos (alteradores de géneros), y calentamiento global
Assuntos
Saúde Ambiental , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Doce expertos analizan una variedad de asuntos ambientales y sanitarios. Se revela que, si bien algunos temas podrían ser causa de preocupación genuina, en otros las consecuencias son exageradas. Se muestra que muchas acciones regulatorias tendientes a reducir la exposición humana a substancias particulares no están basadas en información o evidencia científica. Dichas regulaciones han resultado muy costosas para la sociedad y han minado los esfuerzos serios por mejorar la salud humana y proteger el medio ambiente. Se ofrece una reseña de la evidencia científica disponible relacionada al impacto de los pesticidas, dioxina, nitrato, radiación, inhibidores endócrinos (alteradores de géneros), y calentamiento global
Assuntos
Saúde Pública , Saúde AmbientalRESUMO
Urban dengue is common in most countries of the Americas, but has been rare in the United States for more than half a century. In 1999 we investigated an outbreak of the disease that affected Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Laredo, Texas, United States, contiguous cities that straddle the international border. The incidence of recent cases, indicated by immunoglobulin M antibody serosurvey, was higher in Nuevo Laredo, although the vector, Aedes aegypti, was more abundant in Laredo. Environmental factors that affect contact with mosquitoes, such as air-conditioning and human behavior, appear to account for this paradox. We conclude that the low prevalence of dengue in the United States is primarily due to economic, rather than climatic, factors.
Assuntos
Vírus da Dengue/fisiologia , Dengue/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças , Estilo de Vida , Aedes/fisiologia , Aedes/virologia , Ar Condicionado , Animais , Dengue/epidemiologia , Meio Ambiente , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Incidência , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Texas/epidemiologia , ViagemRESUMO
In January 1998, dengue-3 (DEN)-3 (group III genotype) was detected in Puerto Rico after an absence of 20 years. Public health officials intensified education efforts to promote community participation in dengue control. Virologic surveillance revealed an unexpected paradox: DEN-4 and DEN-1 produced a large epidemic overlaying the DEN-3 epidemic. In 1998 there were 17,000 reported cases of dengue (4.8/1,000 persons), and among all virus isolations (n = 960), DEN-4 (419, 43.6%), DEN-1 (337, 35.1%), and DEN-2 (143, 14.9%) were detected much more frequently than DEN-3 (61, 6%). Age group-specific attack rates were highest for persons 10-19 years old, followed by infants less than a year of age. Nineteen fatal cases (median = 37 years old, range = 8 months to 90 years) had a positive laboratory diagnosis of dengue. Among DEN-3 cases no fatalities were documented, 50 were hospitalized, and 10 of 48 (21%) fulfilled the criteria for dengue hemorrhagic fever (four had primary infections and six had secondary infections). During 1999, DEN-3 became the predominant serotype isolated (182 of 310 isolations, 59%). The reappearance of DEN-3 and its subsequent circulation from 1999 to 2001 produced no changes in dengue incidence that could have been detected in the absence of virologic surveillance.
Assuntos
Vírus da Dengue/isolamento & purificação , Dengue/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/virologia , Vírus da Dengue/classificação , Vírus da Dengue/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Estações do AnoRESUMO
During an outbreak of dengue fever in Jamaica from October to December 1995, a study was carried out to determine the impact of aerial ultra-low volume malathion treatment on adult Aedes aegypti. This was done by monitoring oviposition rates of the vector in three urban communities in Kingston and by exposing caged mosquitoes both directly and indirectly to the aerial malathion treatment. The insecticide was delivered at a rate of 219 mL/ha between 7:10 a.m. and 8:45 a.m. The results of the study clearly showed that the insecticide application was ineffective in interfering with Aedes aegypti oviposition, and adult mosquitoes held in cages inside dwellings were largely unaffected. Consequently, this type of intervention seemed to have little significant impact in arresting or abating dengue transmission (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Aedes/química , Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Jamaica , Dengue/tratamento farmacológico , Malation/administração & dosagem , Malation/análise , Malation , Dengue Grave , Vetores de Doenças , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
During an outbreak of dengue fever in Jamaica from October to December 1995, a study was carried out to determine the impact of aerial ultra-low volume malathion treatment on adult Aedes aegypti. This was done by monitoring oviposition rates of the vector in three urban communities in Kingston and by exposing caged mosquitoes both directly and inirectly to the aerial malathion treatment. The insecticide was delivered at a rate of 219 mL/ha between 7:10 a.m. and 8:45 a.m. The results of the study clearly showed that the insecticide application was ineffective in interfering with Aedes aegypti oviposition, and adult mosquitoes held in cages inside dwellings were largely unaffected. Consequently, this type of intervention seemed to have little significant impact in arresting or abating dengue transmission
Durante un brote de dengue que ocurrió en Jamaica de octubre a diciembre de 1995, se llevó a cabo un estudio a fin de determinar el impacto del rociamiento con volúmenes muy bajos de malatión en mosquitos Aedes aegypti adultos. Se observaron las tasas de ovipostura del vector en tres comunidades urbanas de Kingston y se expusieron mosquitos colocados en trampas directa e indirectamente a rociamientos aéreos con malatión. El insecticida se roció a una velocidad de 219 mL/ha entre las 7.10 y las 8.45 h. Los resultados del estudio claramente demostraron que la aplicación del insecticida no interfirió con la ovipostura de Aedes aegypti, y los mosquitos adultos colocados en trampas dentro de las viviendas casi no sufrieron ningún efecto. Por consiguiente, este tipo de intervención parece haber tenido muy poco impacto en la interrupción o atenuación de la transmisión del dengue.