RESUMO
Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n=183), collected from bacteraemic patients hospitalised in Sao Paulo Hospital (Brazil) during 2000-2001, were screened for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. The polymyxins were the most active compounds (100% susceptibility), followed by amikacin and cefepime (59.0%), meropenem (57.4%), and imipenem and gentamicin (55.2%). Imipenem-resistant isolates were ribotyped and screened for production of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) by PCR with primers for bla(IMP), bla(VIM) and bla(SPM). MBL production was detected in 36 isolates (19.7% of the entire collection; 43.9% of the imipenem-resistant isolates) and the MBLs included SPM-1-like (55.6%), VIM-2-like (30.6%) and IMP-1-like (8.3%) enzymes.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Hospitais de Ensino , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases/genética , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Brasil , Humanos , Imipenem/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimixinas/farmacologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , beta-Lactamases/classificação , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
More than 20% of the world's biodiversity is located in Brazilian forests and only a few plant extracts have been evaluated for potential antibacterial activity. In the present study, 705 organic and aqueous extracts of plants obtained from different Amazon Rain Forest and Atlantic Forest plants were screened for antibacterial activity at 100 microg/ml, using a microdilution broth assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. One extract, VO581, was active against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)=140 microg/ml and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)=160 microg/ml, organic extract obtained from stems) and two extracts were active against E. faecalis, SM053 (MIC=80 microg/ml and MBC=90 microg/ml, organic extract obtained from aerial parts), and MY841 (MIC=30 microg/ml and MBC=50 microg/ml, organic extract obtained from stems). The most active fractions are being fractionated to identify their active substances. Higher concentrations of other extracts are currently being evaluated against the same microorganisms.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , ÁrvoresRESUMO
The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 73 glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from nine hospitals in Brazil were analysed by the disk diffusion method and Etests. Isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and vancomycin resistance genes were detected by PCR. The isolates shared a single major PFGE pattern, with six subtypes, and all were positive for vanA. These results indicate the occurrence of inter-hospital dissemination of glycopeptide-resistant E. faecalis in São Paulo, and raise concerns about the rapid dissemination of this pathogen throughout Brazil.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicopeptídeos , Brasil , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , HumanosRESUMO
More than 20 percent of the world's biodiversity is located in Brazilian forests and only a few plant extracts have been evaluated for potential antibacterial activity. In the present study, 705 organic and aqueous extracts of plants obtained from different Amazon Rain Forest and Atlantic Forest plants were screened for antibacterial activity at 100 µg/ml, using a microdilution broth assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. One extract, VO581, was active against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 140 µg/ml and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 160 µg/ml, organic extract obtained from stems) and two extracts were active against E. faecalis, SM053 (MIC = 80 µg/ml and MBC = 90 µg/ml, organic extract obtained from aerial parts), and MY841 (MIC = 30 µg/ml and MBC = 50 µg/ml, organic extract obtained from stems). The most active fractions are being fractionated to identify their active substances. Higher concentrations of other extracts are currently being evaluated against the same microorganisms.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Plantas Medicinais , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , ÁrvoresRESUMO
Arbekacin is an aminoglycoside used in Japan for treating infections caused by gentamicin and oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA). The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of arbekacin against 454 clinical isolates of ORSA. The isolates were consecutively collected between January and July, 2000, from patients hospitalized in 8 Brazilian medical centers. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to NCCLS recommendations. The vast majority of the isolates, 453 strains (99.8%), were considered susceptible to arbekacin based on the criteria proposed by the Requirements for Antibiotic Products of Japan. Only 1 isolate (0.2%) was classified as resistant. On the other hand, high rates of resistance were demonstrated for other aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin (97.6% resistance) and amikacin (97.0% resistance). Resistance rate was also high for ciprofloxacin (98.0%). All isolates were considered susceptible to vancomycin. The excellent in vitro antimicrobial activity of arbekacin demonstrated in this study indicates that this antimicrobial agent may play an important role in the treatment of severe ORSA infections, especially those that show poor clinical response with vancomycin monotherapy. Since the aminoglycosides should not be used as monotherapy to treat Gram positive infections, further studies evaluating in vitro and in vivo synergistic activity of arbekacin combinations are necessary to clarify the clinical role of this aminoglycoside.
Assuntos
Aminoglicosídeos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Dibecacina/análogos & derivados , Dibecacina/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Hospitais , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Resistência às Penicilinas , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has been described recently in Brazil. This is in contrast to the USA and Europe, where the VRE appeared in the late 1980s. The progressive increase in VRE isolation poses important problems in the antimicrobial therapy of nosocomial infections. Treatment options and effective antimicrobial agents for VRE are often limited and the possibility of transfer of vancomycin genes to other Gram-positive microorganisms continues. In the search for antimicrobial agents for multiresistant Gram-positive cocci, compounds such as linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin have been evaluated. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro activity of the oxazolidinone linezolid and 10 other antimicrobial agents, including quinupristin-dalfopristin, against multiresistant enterococci isolated in Brazilian hospitals. Thirty-three vancomycin resistant isolates (17 Enterococcus faecium and 16 E. faecalis), were analyzed. Strains were isolated from patients at São Paulo Hospital, Oswaldo Cruz Hospital, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, Santa Marcelina Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, and Hospital de Clínicas do Paraná. The samples were tested by a broth microdilution method following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations. All isolates were molecular typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Linezolid was the most active compound against these multiresistant enterococci, showing 100% inhibition at the susceptible breakpoints. Quinupristin/dalfopristin and teicoplanin showed poor activity against both species. The molecular typing results suggest that there has been interhospital spread of vancomycin resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis among Brazilian hospitals. The results of this study indicate that linezolid is an appropriate therapeutic option for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections in Brazil.
Assuntos
Acetamidas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus faecium/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Síntese de Proteínas/farmacologia , Resistência a Vancomicina , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Brasil , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterococcus faecalis/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus faecium/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Linezolida , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
The present thesis was developed based on "The Social Representations Theory" and its purpose was to understand the mother's representation of the Down syndrome child. The subjects were nine mothers of Down syndrome patients between the ages of six and twelve, at a São Paulo specialized facility. The study material was obtained through semi-structured and individual interview, and examined by means of content analysis, particularly the thematic analysis. The results pointed to a maternal representation of the child with a predominance of negative components. Based on that perception the mother experienced ambivalent feelings and behaved in a overprotective way.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Síndrome de Down/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Criança , Conflito Psicológico , Síndrome de Down/terapia , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Mãe-Filho , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Teoria Psicológica , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The origins of the concept of adolescence are discussed with a view to explaining certain of its critical aspects such as the predominance of bio-naturist though and notional androcentrism in its development. The discussion of this theme seeks also to contribute to a more adequate assistance to adolescents as well as to on enlargement of the concept of adolescence as related to the field of Public Health.