RESUMO
Most cultivars of apple trees are highly dependent on insects for successful pollination and fruit production. In this study, we evaluated the insect diversity in apple orchards of southern Brazil and verified whether or not there is a relationship between the diversity of insect visitors and the characteristics (weight, seed number, and symmetry) of the fruits of 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples produced by the orchards. We also evaluated the diversity of insects on flowering weeds within apple orchards and compared it with the apple flowers. Diversity of anthophilous insects was low, in general, and differed between the regions. Furthermore, regarding insect diversity, orchards were grouped by management system: organic orchards were more similar to each other than to conventional orchards. The insect diversity of weed flowers was higher than apple flowers, but insect abundance was greater on apple flowers, suggesting that weeds may increase insect diversity within apple orchards and may sustain pollinators. We found a positive effect of insect diversity on the number of seeds of 'Fuji' apples and of honeybee abundance on their weight, suggesting that honeybee management is important in the studied areas. In contrast, we found no significant effect of insect diversity and abundance on 'Gala' apple characteristics. Despite this, the analyses of the seeds of 'Gala' apples indicate that the orchards may suffer a pollination deficit, which could be overcome by improving insect pollination. These results reinforce previous findings that insect diversity is important for apple yield, but its influence varies with cultivar.
Assuntos
Frutas , Insetos/classificação , Malus , Polinização , Animais , Brasil , Produtos Agrícolas , Flores/fisiologia , Insetos/fisiologia , SementesRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of seedlings and biomass production of blue and yellow passion fruit trees (round cultivar) produced from residue of the rearing tanks of fish farms. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using residue obtained from fish farming tanks. Ravine soil (RS), fish tank residue (FR) and Tropstrato (TR) were used as substrate. The treatments were: T1 = control consisting of Tropstrato substrate; T2 = 25% FR + 75% RS; T3 = 50% FR + 50% RS; T4 = 25% RS + 75% FR; T5 = 100% FR. A completely randomized block design consisting of 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 11 plants per plot was used. Treatment T5 (100% fish farming residue) resulted in the largest average number of leaves, highest dry matter production of the aerial part, and highest dry matter accumulation in the root (P 0.05). The worst results were obtained for the treatment using 25% FR (T2), which resulted in less uniformity of the variables studied. Stem height of the passion fruit tree was greater for the treatments that included FR, with the greatest mean height being observed for T5. In conclusion, the treatment using the residue of fish farming tanks was found to be beneficial to produce yellow passion fruit seedlings (round cultivar), representing a good alternative for the reutilization of this residue.(AU)
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o crescimento inicial de mudas e produção de biomassa de maracujazeiro azedo amarelo cultivar redondo produzidas a partir de resíduo proveniente de tanque de piscicultura. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizando resíduo oriundo de tanques de piscicultura. Foram utilizados como substrato, solo de barranco (SB), resíduo proveniente de tanques de piscicultura (RP) e Tropstrato (TR). Os tratamentos foram: T1= testemunha constituída pelo substrato Tropstrato, T2= 25% RP + 75% SB, T3= 50% RP + 50% SB, T4= 25% SB + 75% RP e T5= 100% RP. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 11 plantas por parcela. Observou-se que o tratamento T5 (100% resíduo de piscicultura) apresentou o maior número médio de folhas, maior produção de massa seca da parte aérea e maior acúmulo de massa seca da raiz (P 0,05). Os piores resultados ocorreram para o tratamento com 25% de resíduo proveniente de tanques de piscicultura (T2), o qual apresentou a menor uniformidade das variáveis estudadas. A altura do caule das plantas de maracujazeiro foi superior para os tratamentos que incluíram resíduo de piscicultura, sendo o T5 o tratamento com maior média de altura. Desta forma, conclui-se que o tratamento à base de resíduo de tanque de piscicultura se mostrou mais benéfico para a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo cultivar redondo, se tornando uma boa alternativa para o aproveitamento deste resíduo.(AU)
Assuntos
Passiflora/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Resíduos de Alimentos , Tanques de Armazenamento , Pesqueiros , Substratos para Tratamento Biológico , 24444RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of seedlings and biomass production of blue and yellow passion fruit trees (round cultivar) produced from residue of the rearing tanks of fish farms. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using residue obtained from fish farming tanks. Ravine soil (RS), fish tank residue (FR) and Tropstrato (TR) were used as substrate. The treatments were: T1 = control consisting of Tropstrato substrate; T2 = 25% FR + 75% RS; T3 = 50% FR + 50% RS; T4 = 25% RS + 75% FR; T5 = 100% FR. A completely randomized block design consisting of 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 11 plants per plot was used. Treatment T5 (100% fish farming residue) resulted in the largest average number of leaves, highest dry matter production of the aerial part, and highest dry matter accumulation in the root (P 0.05). The worst results were obtained for the treatment using 25% FR (T2), which resulted in less uniformity of the variables studied. Stem height of the passion fruit tree was greater for the treatments that included FR, with the greatest mean height being observed for T5. In conclusion, the treatment using the residue of fish farming tanks was found to be beneficial to produce yellow passion fruit seedlings (round cultivar), representing a good alternative for the reutilization of this residue.
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o crescimento inicial de mudas e produção de biomassa de maracujazeiro azedo amarelo cultivar redondo produzidas a partir de resíduo proveniente de tanque de piscicultura. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizando resíduo oriundo de tanques de piscicultura. Foram utilizados como substrato, solo de barranco (SB), resíduo proveniente de tanques de piscicultura (RP) e Tropstrato (TR). Os tratamentos foram: T1= testemunha constituída pelo substrato Tropstrato, T2= 25% RP + 75% SB, T3= 50% RP + 50% SB, T4= 25% SB + 75% RP e T5= 100% RP. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 11 plantas por parcela. Observou-se que o tratamento T5 (100% resíduo de piscicultura) apresentou o maior número médio de folhas, maior produção de massa seca da parte aérea e maior acúmulo de massa seca da raiz (P 0,05). Os piores resultados ocorreram para o tratamento com 25% de resíduo proveniente de tanques de piscicultura (T2), o qual apresentou a menor uniformidade das variáveis estudadas. A altura do caule das plantas de maracujazeiro foi superior para os tratamentos que incluíram resíduo de piscicultura, sendo o T5 o tratamento com maior média de altura. Desta forma, conclui-se que o tratamento à base de resíduo de tanque de piscicultura se mostrou mais benéfico para a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo cultivar redondo, se tornando uma boa alternativa para o aproveitamento deste resíduo.