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INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) causes kidney compromise in up to 40% of patients, contributing significantly to morbidity. Lupus nephritis (LN), an early onset manifestation in most patients, is histologically classified into six types, with types III, IV, and V requiring treatment with induction therapies, usually glucocorticoids with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC). However, up to 60% of patients fail to achieve complete remission, and 27%-66% have subsequent flares. There is scarce literature on the superiority of IVC or MMF in the Latin population. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cohort study of 72 LN patients at a high-complexity hospital in Chile between 2016 and 2021 was conducted. Demographics, urine studies, creatinine levels, complement levels, antibody profiles, biopsy results, and response to treatment were analysed. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 29 years, with women representing 90% of patients. At diagnosis, 87.5% of the patients presented with proteinuria, 55% had haematuria, and 49% had acute kidney injury. The most common LN type was type IV. For induction therapy, half of the patients were treated with IVC, and the other half with MMF. The response to treatment did not differ significantly between the two. DISCUSSION: This is one of the few studies to focus on the Latin American population, specifically Chile. These results are consistent with the current understanding of LN treatment. Despite its limitations, this study provides valuable insights into the treatment effectiveness of IVC and MMF in this population. CONCLUSION: This study did not find significant differences in the clinical response to IVC or MMF at 6 months. Future prospective studies are required to determine the optimal induction therapy for LN, especially in Latin populations.
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Ciclofosfamida , Glucocorticoides , Imunossupressores , Nefrite Lúpica , Ácido Micofenólico , Humanos , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , Chile/epidemiologia , Feminino , Adulto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapêutico , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Indução de Remissão , AdolescenteRESUMO
Objetivo: como parte de la elaboración de una guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el cuidado de personas con baja visión en Colombia, se recomienda incluir la participación de pacientes. El objetivo fue identificar los aspectos de la vida cotidiana que se ven más afectados por la baja visión, los cuales se deben trabajar en un proceso de rehabilitación de la visión y así reconocer las barreras para acceder a ese proceso. Además, se pretende calificar la importancia de los desenlaces para los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Metodología: pacientes con baja visión y sus familiares fueron invitados a participar en un grupo focal que indagó por sus percepciones sobre los aspectos más afectados por la baja visión, los elementos más importantes de los procesos de rehabilitación de la visión y sus barreras más frecuentes. Resultados: se reportaron dificultades en la realización de las actividades instrumentales, como el uso del computador o celular, el uso del transporte público, el manejo del dinero, ir de compras, la movilidad y la orientación. La rehabilitación de la visión exitosa fue definida como aquella que les permite recuperar la independencia y ganar confianza en sí mismos. Las intervenciones de rehabilitación que mejoren las capacidades de orientación y movilidad, que incluyan acompañamiento psicológico para el paciente y la familia y que cuenten con enfoques grupales fueron altamente apreciadas. Las barreras administrativas fueron las más mencionadas. Conclusión: estos resultados apoyaron la toma de decisiones en el desarrollo de las recomendaciones de la GPC para personas con baja visión en Colombia.
Objective: As part of the development of a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the care of individuals with low vision in Colombia, it is recommended to include patient involvement. The objective was to identify aspects of daily life most affected by low vision, which should be addressed in a vision rehabilitation process, and to recognize barriers to accessing that process. Additionally, the aim was to assess the importance of outcomes for patients and their caregivers. Methodology: Patients with low vision and their family members were invited to participate in a focus group that explored their perceptions regarding the most affected aspects of low vision, the key elements of vision rehabilitation processes, and the most common barriers they face. Results: Difficulties were reported in performing instrumental activities such as computer or cellphone use, using public transportation, handling money, shopping, mobility, and orientation. Successful vision rehabilitation was defined as the ability to recover independence and gain self-confidence. Rehabilitation interventions that improve orientation and mobility skills, include psychological support for patients and their families, and incorporate group approaches were highly valued. Administrative barriers were the most frequently mentioned.
Objetivo: Como parte do desenvolvimento de uma diretriz de prática clínica (CPG) para o atendimento de pessoas com baixa visão na Colômbia, recomenda-se incluir a parti-cipação dos pacientes. O objetivo foi identificar os aspectos do cotidiano mais afetados pela baixa visão, que devem ser trabalhados em um processo de reabilitação da visão e assim reconhecer as barreiras para acessar esse processo. Além disso, pretende-se qualificar a importância dos desfechos para os pacientes e seus cuidadores. Metodologia: os pacientes com baixa visão e seus familiares foram convidados a par-ticipar de um grupo focal que indagou sobre suas percepções sobre os aspectos mais afetados pela baixa visão, os elementos mais importantes dos processos de reabilitação da visão e suas barreiras mais frequentes. Resultados: foram relatadas dificuldades na realização de atividades instrumentais, como uso do computador ou celular, uso de transporte público, administração do dinheiro, compras, locomoção e orientação. A reabilitação visual bem-sucedida foi definida como aquela que lhes permite recuperar a independência e ganhar autoconfiança. Intervenções de reabilitação que melhoram as habilidades de orientação e mobilidade, que incluem apoio psicológico para o paciente e a família e que têm abordagens em grupo foram muito apreciadas. As barreiras administrativas foram as mais mencionadas. Conclusão: estes resultados apoiaram a tomada de decisões no desenvolvimento das recomendações CPG para pessoas com baixa visão na Colômbia.
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HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND The knowledge about the epidemiological profile of patients admitted to the hospital for severe COVID infection, allows an adequate health care planning and resource allocation. AIM: To describe the epidemiology of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a public hospital between March 2020 and July 2021. Material and Methods: Demographic variables, comorbidities, ventilatory support requirements, and hospital resources were recorded from clinical records and hospital databases of diagnosis related groups. The primary outcomes were overall mortality and need of ventilatory support. RESULTS: In the study period, 4,474 patients (56% males) were hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Overall mortality was 25.8% and in-hospital mortality was 18%. Invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support was required in 1349 (30.2%) and 2060 (46%) patients, respectively. The most common comorbidities in admitted patients were diabetes mellitus (29.2%), chronic kidney disease (11.1%), and chronic liver disease (10.4%). The readmission rate was 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality associated with COVID-19 in this hospital was similar to the rates reported abroad. Local risk predictors for this infection should be identified.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , COVID-19 , Atenção Terciária à Saúde , Estudos Retrospectivos , Mortalidade Hospitalar , SARS-CoV-2 , Hospitalização , Hospitais PúblicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize information on the psychometric properties of scales used to assess vision-related quality of life in people with low vision. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted. The Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Bireme and Epistemonikos databases were consulted in July 2020. Eligibility assessment of abstracts and full texts was performed independently by two investigators.A standardized template was used for data extraction regarding study design, scale and version, clinical condition of participants, and psychometric properties measured, using database-specific controlled vocabulary terms for low vision and keywords for vision-related quality of life and validity. Data was synthesized considering two approaches for scales validations, Classical Test Theory and Rasch Analysis. RESULTS: A total of 53 articles were included in our analysis. In total, 40 studies evaluated the NEI VFQ scale, four evaluated the IVI scale, two evaluated the VA LV VFQ instrument and seven validated the LVQOL scale. This review found that the VRQoL NEI VFQ, IVI, LVQOL and VA LV VFQ-48 scales have adequate psychometric properties, with good internal consistency, when assessed using the CTT approach. The NEI VFQ scale also showed adequate test-retest reliability and adequate construct and content validity. The NEI VFQ and LVQOL scales showed inadequate items and multidimensionality when Rasch analysis was used. The IVI scale showed potential for assessing change in HRQoL after providing interventions to patients with low vision. CONCLUSIONS: Many questionnaires exist to measure vision-related quality of life in people with low vision, but the psychometric properties of the questionnaires are variable.
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Qualidade de Vida , Baixa Visão , Humanos , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Visão Ocular , Inquéritos e Questionários , Perfil de Impacto da DoençaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The knowledge about the epidemiological profile of patients admitted to the hospital for severe COVID infection, allows an adequate health care planning and resource allocation. AIM: To describe the epidemiology of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a public hospital between March 2020 and July 2021. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Demographic variables, comorbidities, ventilatory support requirements, and hospital resources were recorded from clinical records and hospital databases of diagnosis related groups. The primary outcomes were overall mortality and need of ventilatory support. RESULTS: In the study period, 4,474 patients (56% males) were hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Overall mortality was 25.8% and in-hospital mortality was 18%. Invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support was required in 1349 (30.2%) and 2060 (46%) patients, respectively. The most common comorbidities in admitted patients were diabetes mellitus (29.2%), chronic kidney disease (11.1%), and chronic liver disease (10.4%). The readmission rate was 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality associated with COVID-19 in this hospital was similar to the rates reported abroad. Local risk predictors for this infection should be identified.
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COVID-19 , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , SARS-CoV-2 , Atenção Terciária à Saúde , Hospitalização , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Hospitais Públicos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
A loss of neuroplastic control on nucleus accumbens (NAc) neuronal activity exerted by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) through long-term depression (LTD) is involved in triggering drug-seeking behavior and relapse on several substances of abuse due to impaired glutamate homeostasis in tripartite synapses of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. To test whether this maladaptive neuroplastic mechanism underlies the addiction-like behavior induced in young mice by a high-fat diet (HFD), we utilized 28-days-old male mice fed HFD ad-libitum over 2 weeks, followed by 5 days of HFD abstinence. Control groups were fed a regular diet. HFD fed mice showed increased ΔFosB levels in the NAc core region, whereas LTD triggered from the mPFC became suppressed. Interestingly, LTD suppression was prevented by an i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine 2.5 h before inducing LTD from the mPFC. In addition, excessive weight gain due to HFD feeding was diminished by adding 2mg/mL N-acetylcysteine in drinking water. Those results show a loss of neuroplastic mPFC control over NAc core activity induced by HFD consumption in young subjects. In conclusion, ad libitum consumption of HFD can lead to neuroplastic changes an addiction-like behavior that can be prevented by N-acetylcysteine, helping to decrease the rate of excessive weight gain.
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Dieta Hiperlipídica , Núcleo Accumbens , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been proposed as the foremost risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. We found that H. pylori express the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HpG6PD), which participates in glucose metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that if the biochemical and physicochemical characteristics of HpG6PD contrast with the host G6PD (human G6PD, HsG6PD), HpG6PD becomes a potential target for novel drugs against H. pylori. In this work, we characterized the biochemical properties of the HpG6PD from the H.pylori strain 29CaP and expressed the active recombinant protein, to analyze its steady-state kinetics, thermostability, and biophysical aspects. In addition, we analyzed the HpG6PD in silico structural properties to compare them with those of the HsG6PD. The optimal pH for enzyme activity was 7.5, with a T1/2 of 46.6 °C, at an optimum stability temperature of 37 °C. The apparent Km values calculated for G6P and NADP+ were 75.0 and 12.8 µM, respectively. G6P does not protect HpG6PD from trypsin digestion, but NADP+ does protect the enzyme from trypsin and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl). The biochemical characterization of HpG6PD contributes to knowledge regarding H. pylori metabolism and opens up the possibility of using this enzyme as a potential target for specific and efficient treatment against this pathogen; structural alignment indicates that the three-dimensional (3D) homodimer model of the G6PD protein from H. pylori is different from the 3D G6PD of Homo sapiens.
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a pathogen that can remain in the stomach of an infected person for their entire life. As a result, this leads to the development of severe gastric diseases such as gastric cancer. In addition, current therapies have several problems including antibiotics resistance. Therefore, new practical options to eliminate this bacterium, and its induced affections, are required to avoid morbidity and mortality worldwide. One strategy in the search for new drugs is to detect compounds that inhibit a limiting step in a central metabolic pathway of the pathogen of interest. In this work, we tested 55 compounds to gain insights into their possible use as new inhibitory drugs of H. pylori glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HpG6PD) activity. The compounds YGC-1; MGD-1, MGD-2; TDA-1; and JMM-3 with their respective scaffold 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 1H-benzimidazole; 1,3-benzoxazole, morpholine, and biphenylcarbonitrile showed the best inhibitory activity (IC50 = 310, 465, 340, 204 and 304 µM, respectively). We then modeled the HpG6PD protein by homology modeling to conduct an in silico study of the chemical compounds and discovers its possible interactions with the HpG6PD enzyme. We found that compounds can be internalized at the NADP+ catalytic binding site. Hence, they probably exert a competitive inhibitory effect with NADP+ and a non-competitive or uncompetitive effect with G6P, that of the compounds binding far from the enzyme's active site. Based on these findings, the tested compounds inhibiting HpG6PD represent promising novel drug candidates against H. pylori.
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Simulação por Computador , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Helicobacter pylori/enzimologia , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/química , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligantes , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Homologia Estrutural de ProteínaRESUMO
This report describes a functional and structural analysis of fused glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase dehydrogenase-phosphogluconolactonase protein from the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis). The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) gene from T. vaginalis was isolated by PCR and the sequence of the product showed that is fused with 6pgl gene. The fused Tvg6pd::6pgl gene was cloned and overexpressed in a heterologous system. The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography, and the oligomeric state of the TvG6PD::6PGL protein was found as tetramer, with an optimal pH of 8.0. The kinetic parameters for the G6PD domain were determined using glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) as substrates. Biochemical assays as the effects of temperature, susceptibility to trypsin digestion, and analysis of hydrochloride of guanidine on protein stability in the presence or absence of NADP+ were performed. These results revealed that the protein becomes more stable in the presence of the NADP+. In addition, we determined the dissociation constant for the binding (Kd) of NADP+ in the protein and suggests the possible structural site in the fused TvG6PD::6PGL protein. Finally, computational modeling studies were performed to obtain an approximation of the structure of TvG6PD::6PGL. The generated model showed differences with the GlG6PD::6PGL protein (even more so with human G6PD) despite both being fused.
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Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/genética , Estabilidade Enzimática/genética , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/genética , NADP/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Estabilidade Proteica , Alinhamento de Sequência , TemperaturaRESUMO
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most frequent human enzymopathy, affecting over 400 million people globally. Worldwide, 217 mutations have been reported at the genetic level, and only 19 have been found in Mexico. The objective of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the function and structure of three single natural variants (G6PD A+, G6PD San Luis Potosi, and G6PD Guadalajara) and a double mutant (G6PD Mount Sinai), each localized in a different region of the three-dimensional (3D) structure. In the functional characterization of the mutants, we observed a decrease in specific activity, protein expression and purification, catalytic efficiency, and substrate affinity in comparison with wild-type (WT) G6PD. Moreover, the analysis of the effect of all mutations on the structural stability showed that its presence increases denaturation and lability with temperature and it is more sensible to trypsin digestion protease and guanidine hydrochloride compared with WT G6PD. This could be explained by accelerated degradation of the variant enzymes due to reduced stability of the protein, as is shown in patients with G6PD deficiency.
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Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/enzimologia , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/genética , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/química , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Naftalenossulfonato de Anilina/química , Catálise , Dicroísmo Circular , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/genética , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/isolamento & purificação , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Guanidina , Humanos , Cinética , México , Modelos Moleculares , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Mutação , Estabilidade Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Software , Temperatura , Tripsina/químicaRESUMO
Intrathecal administration of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces long-term potentiation (LTP) and generates long-lasting central sensitization in spinal cord thus mimicking chronic pain, but the relevance of these observations to chronic pain mechanisms is uncertain. Since C-fiber activation by a high-frequency subcutaneous electrical stimulation (SES) protocol causes spinal release of BDNF and induces spinal cord LTP, we propose that application of such protocol would be a sufficient condition for generating long-lasting BDNF-mediated central sensitization. Results showed that application of burst-like SES to rat toes produced (i) rapid induction of hyperalgesia that lasted for more than 3 weeks, (ii) early increase of C-reflex activity followed by increased wind-up scores lasting for more than 1 week, and (iii) early increase followed by late decrease in BDNF protein levels and phosphorylated TrkB that lasted for more than 1 week. These changes were prevented by the TrkB antagonist cyclotraxin-B administered shortly before SES, while hyperalgesia was reversed by cyclotraxin-B administered 3 days after SES. Results suggest that mechanisms underlying central sensitization first involve BDNF release of probably neuronal origin, followed by brief increased expression of likely glial BDNF and pTrkB that could switch early phase sensitization into late one.
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BACKGROUND: Social cognition refers to the mental processes involved in social interactions. Different aspects, such as the perception of others, self-knowledge, motivation and the cultural context, can modulate empathy responses and moral judgments regarding the actions of others. The National Mental Health Survey (ENSM for its acronym in Spanish) explored aspects of social cognition such as the perception of emotions, empathy and moral judgment in situations in which another person experiences pain. OBJECTIVE: To describe the overall findings of the ENSM in relation to the emotional perception and empathic responses to situations where pain is inflicted on others in an intentional or accidental manner. METHODS: A total of 3863 people aged 18-96 years old completed the social cognition module. They were asked to identify the emotions expressed in the images of several faces. A modified version of the awareness of social inference test (TASIT) was used. Additionally, the cognitive, affective, and moral elements of empathy were assessed with a modified version of the empathy for pain task (EPT), which uses a sequence of images in which someone is being hurt. RESULTS: Happiness was identified by 91.5% of those interviewed; neutral or emotionless faces were identified by 65%; 55% of respondents correctly identified surprise. Only 19.7%, 21.8% and 27.4% could identify negative emotions like fear, disgust and sadness, respectively. When the data were analysed by age, poverty status, and different regions of the country, the results tend to vary. As regards empathy, 73.7% correctly identified intentional actions, and accidental actions were identified by 56.6%. According to the moral judgment of some respondents, even in situations where the pain was caused by accident, there must be some kind of punishment (20.7% deserved a low punishment and 26.8% a moderate one). CONCLUSIONS: Noteworthy findings include the high recognition of happiness by the respondents, in contrast to the apparent difficulty in recognising sadness, and paradoxical results regarding punishment and empathy. This should be studied in greater detail, but these results can contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex Colombian social context.
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Emoções , Relações Interpessoais , Comportamento Social , Percepção Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cognição , Colômbia , Empatia , Feminino , Felicidade , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Julgamento , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Princípios Morais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo emocional y social de los humanos es extraordinariamente complejo. El conocimiento acerca de sí mismo, la percepción de los otros, las motivaciones y el entorno cultural modulan las respuestas empáticas y los juicios morales sobre acciones particulares. En la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental, se exploraron aspectos de la cognición social como el reconocimiento de emociones, la empatía y los juicios morales frente a situaciones que significan dolor al otro. Objetivo: Describir los resultados generales de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental en relación con el reconocimiento de emociones y respuestas empáticas frente a situaciones que generan, intencionada o accidentalmente, un dolor al otro. Métodos: Se encuestó a 15.351 sujetos y 3.863 adultos de edad ≥ 18-96 años de esta población: se les pidió que identificaran dos rostros de seis emociones. Ademas, con cinco secuencias de tres fotografías cada una (tarea de empatía frente al dolor modificada), se preguntó sobre elementos cognitivos, afectivos y morales de la empatía. Resultados: Identificaron las emociones positivas el 91,5, el 65 y el 55% de los sujetos, y solo el 19,7, el 21,8 y el 27,4% reconocieron las emociones negativas: miedo, asco y tristeza, en ese orden. Cuando se analizan los datos por grupos de edad, condición de pobreza y diferentes regiones del país, los resultados tienden a variar. En cuanto a la empatía, el 73,7% identificó correctamente la acción intencional y el 56,6%, la accidental. Los juicios morales frente a las acciones accidentales merecen algún castigo (poco, el 20,7%; moderado, el 26,8%), aun en acciones accidentales. Conclusiones: Se proponen posibles direcciones que debe seguir el análisis de los datos, dados algunos resultados llamativos: el reconocimiento de la emoción alegría en contraposición con la aparente dificultad para reconocer la tristeza y los hallazgos paradójicos en torno al castigo y la empatía cuando se comete una acción que ocasiona dolor.
Abstract Background: Social cognition refers to the mental processes involved in social interactions. Different aspects, such as the perception of others, self-knowledge, motivation and the cultural context, can modulate empathy responses and moral judgments regarding the actions of others. The National Mental Health Survey (ENSM for its acronym in Spanish) explored aspects of social cognition such as the perception of emotions, empathy and moral judgment in situations in which another person experiences pain. Objective: To describe the overall findings of the ENSM in relation to the emotional perception and empathic responses to situations where pain is inflicted on others in an intentional or accidental manner. Methods: A total of 3863 people aged 18-96 years old completed the social cognition module. They were asked to identify the emotions expressed in the images of several faces. A modified version of the awareness of social inference test (TASIT) was used. Additionally, the cognitive, affective, and moral elements of empathy were assessed with a modified version of the empathy for pain task (EPT), which uses a sequence of images in which someone is being hurt. Results: Happiness was identified by 91.5% of those interviewed; neutral or emotionless faces were identified by 65%; 55% of respondents correctly identified surprise. Only 19.7%, 21.8% and 27.4% could identify negative emotions like fear, disgust and sadness, respectively. When the data were analysed by age, poverty status, and different regions of the country, the results tend to vary. As regards empathy, 73.7% correctly identified intentional actions, and accidental actions were identified by 56.6%. According to the moral judgment of some respondents, even in situations where the pain was caused by accident, there must be some kind of punishment (20.7% deserved a low punishment and 26.8% a moderate one). Conclusions: Noteworthy findings include the high recognition of happiness by the respondents, in contrast to the apparent difficulty in recognising sadness, and paradoxical results regarding punishment and empathy. This should be studied in greater detail, but these results can contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex Colombian social context.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Emoções , Relações Interpessoais , Psicologia Social , Colômbia , Compreensão , Empatia , Tristeza , Felicidade , Processos MentaisRESUMO
Objetivo: Evaluar la costo-efectividad y la costo-utilidad del sunitinib frente al interferón-alfa (IFN-α) como tratamientos de primera línea para pacientes con carcinoma de células renales metastásico en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de costoefectividady de costo-utilidad. La efectividad se midió en años de vida ganados libres de progresión de la enfermedad y en años de vida ganados, y la utilidad, en años de vida ganados ajustados por calidad (AVAC). Las medidas de efectividad fueron extraídas de un estudio clínico, y las del uso de servicios, de una serie de 15 pacientes con carcinoma de células renales metastásico tratadosen Colombia, ajustados por la opinión de expertos locales; los costos de los medicamentos fueron tomados de una institución de referencia. Los costos se expresaron en pesos colombianos de 2006 utilizando una tasa de descuento del 5por ciento anual Resultados: Para el caso base, el análisis demostró una diferencia a favor del sunitinib de $13,47 millones, con una efectividad superior en 0,23 años libres de progresión, un incremento de 0,05 años de vida y a un aumento en AVAC de 0,07. Las razones de costo-efectividad incremental y de costo-utilidad incremental fueron negativas. Conclusiones: El sunitinib fue menos costoso y más efectivo para el tratamiento incial del carcinoma de células renales metastático en la serie de pacientes analizada.