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A T-cell-independent (TI) pathway activated by microbiota results in the generation of low-affinity homeostatic IgA with a critical role in intestinal homeostasis. Moderate aerobic exercise (MAE) provides a beneficial impact on intestinal immunity, but the action of MAE on TI-IgA generation under senescence conditions is unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of long-term MAE on TI-IgA production in young (3 month old) BALB/c mice exercised until adulthood (6 months) or aging (24 months). Lamina propria (LP) from the small intestine was obtained to determine B cell and plasma cell sub-populations by flow cytometry and molecular factors related to class switch recombination [Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), B Cell Activating Factor (BAFF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and retinal dehydrogenase (RDH)] and the synthesis of IgA [α-chain, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-21, and Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß)]; and epithelial cells evaluated IgA transitosis [polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4] by the RT-qPCR technique. The results were compared with data obtained from sedentary age-matched mice. Statistical analysis was computed with ANOVA, and p < 0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant difference. Under senescence conditions, MAE promoted the B cell and IgA+ B cells and APRIL, which may improve the intestinal response and ameliorate the inflammatory environment associated presumably with the downmodulation of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the upmodulation of pIgR expression. Data suggested that MAE improved IgA and downmodulate the cytokine pro-inflammatory expression favoring homeostatic conditions in aging.
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Envelhecimento , Homeostase , Imunoglobulina A , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Camundongos , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Fator Ativador de Células B/metabolismo , Fator Ativador de Células B/genética , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Masculino , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Plasmócitos/metabolismo , Membro 13 da Superfamília de Ligantes de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Membro 13 da Superfamília de Ligantes de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
The mycosis histoplasmosis is also considered a zoonosis that affects humans and other mammalian species worldwide. Among the wild mammals predisposed to be infected with the etiologic agent of histoplasmosis, bats are relevant because they are reservoir of Histoplasma species, and they play a fundamental role in maintaining and spreading fungal propagules in the environments since the infective mycelial phase of Histoplasma grows in their accumulated guano. In this study, we detected the fungal presence in organ samples of bats randomly captured in urban areas of Araraquara City, São Paulo, Brazil. Fungal detection was performed using a nested polymerase chain reaction to amplify a molecular marker (Hcp100) unique to H. capsulatum, which revealed the pathogen presence in organ samples from 15 out of 37 captured bats, indicating 40.5% of infection. Out of 22 Hcp100-amplicons generated, 41% corresponded to lung and trachea samples and 59% to spleen, liver, and kidney samples. Data from these last three organs suggest that bats develop disseminated infections. Considering that infected bats create environments with a high risk of infection, it is important to register the percentage of infected bats living in urban areas to avoid risks of infection to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.
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Quirópteros , Histoplasma , Histoplasmose , Animais , Quirópteros/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Histoplasma/genética , Histoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Histoplasmose/veterinária , Histoplasmose/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaRESUMO
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus associated with respiratory and systemic infections in mammalian hosts that have inhaled infective mycelial propagules. A phylogenetic reconstruction of this pathogen, using partial sequences of arf, H-anti, ole1, and tub1 protein-coding genes, proposed that H. capsulatum has at least 11 phylogenetic species, highlighting a clade (BAC1) comprising three H. capsulatum isolates from infected bats captured in Mexico. Here, relationships for each individual locus and the concatenated coding regions of these genes were inferred using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. Coalescent-based analyses, a concatenated sequence-types (CSTs) network, and nucleotide diversities were also evaluated. The results suggest that six H. capsulatum isolates from the migratory bat Tadarida brasiliensis together with one isolate from a Mormoops megalophylla bat support a NAm 3 clade, replacing the formerly reported BAC1 clade. In addition, three H. capsulatum isolates from T. brasiliensis were classified as lineages. The concatenated sequence analyses and the CSTs network validate these findings, suggesting that NAm 3 is related to the North American class 2 clade and that both clades could share a recent common ancestor. Our results provide original information on the geographic distribution, genetic diversity, and host specificity of H. capsulatum.
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BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that high mechanical index (MI) impulses from a diagnostic ultrasound transducer during an intravenous microbubble infusion (sonothrombolysis) can restore epicardial and microvascular flow in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVES: This study tested the clinical effectiveness of sonothrombolysis in patients with STEMI. METHODS: Patients with their first STEMI were prospectively randomized to either diagnostic ultrasound-guided high MI impulses during an intravenous Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, Massachusetts) infusion before, and following, emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or to a control group that received PCI only (n = 50 in each group). A reference first STEMI group (n = 203) who arrived outside the randomization window was also analyzed. Angiographic recanalization before PCI, ST-segment resolution, infarct size by magnetic resonance imaging, and systolic function (LVEF) at 6 months were compared. RESULTS: ST-segment resolution occurred in 16 (32%) high MI PCI versus 2 (4%) PCI-only patients before PCI, and angiographic recanalization was 48% in high MI/PCI versus 20% in PCI only and 21% in the reference group (p < 0.001). Infarct size was reduced (29 ± 22 g high MI/PCI vs. 40 ± 20 g PCI only; p = 0.026). LVEF was not different between groups before treatment (44 ± 11% vs. 43 ± 10%), but increased immediately after PCI in the high MI/PCI group (p = 0.03), and remained higher at 6 months (p = 0.015). Need for implantable defibrillator (LVEF ≤30%) was reduced in the high MI/PCI group (5% vs. 18% PCI only; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Sonothrombolysis added to PCI improves recanalization rates and reduces infarct size, resulting in sustained improvements in systolic function after STEMI. (Therapeutic Use of Ultrasound in Acute Coronary Artery Disease; NCT02410330).
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Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/terapia , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodos , Idoso , Terapia Combinada , Angiografia Coronária , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Fluorocarbonos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Microbolhas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/diagnóstico por imagem , Método Simples-Cego , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acoustic analysis of voice (AAV) and electroglottography (EGG) have been used for assessing vocal quality in patients with voice disorders. The effectiveness of these procedures for detecting mild disturbances in vocal quality in elite vocal performers has been controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare acoustic parameters obtained by AAV and EGG before and after vocal training to determine the effectiveness of these procedures for detecting vocal improvements in elite vocal performers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three elite vocal performers were studied. The study group included 14 males and 19 females, ages 18-40 years, without a history of voice disorders. Acoustic parameters were obtained through AAV and EGG before and after vocal training using the Linklater method. RESULTS: Nonsignificant differences (P > 0.05) were found between values of fundamental frequency (F0), shimmer, and jitter obtained by both procedures before vocal training. Mean F0 was similar after vocal training. Jitter percentage as measured by AAV showed nonsignificant differences (P > 0.05) before and after vocal training. Shimmer percentage as measured by AAV demonstrated a significant reduction (P < 0.05) after vocal training. As measured by EGG after vocal training, shimmer and jitter were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); open quotient was significantly increased (P < 0.05); and irregularity was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AAV and EGG were effective for detecting improvements in vocal function after vocal training in male and female elite vocal performers undergoing vocal training. EGG demonstrated better efficacy for detecting improvements and provided additional parameters as compared to AAV.
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Acústica , Eletrodiagnóstico , Glote/fisiologia , Fonação , Canto , Qualidade da Voz , Treinamento da Voz , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ResumenLa captura de la jaiba azul (Callinectes sapidus) es una de las principales del Estado de Tamaulipas, México, tanto por su volumen y precio de venta, como por la generación de empleo, pero se cuenta con escasa información de sus características biológicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento de la jaiba azul, estableciendo el método más adecuado para realizarlo. Se estimó la frecuencia de tallas de 17 814 jaibas de muestreos realizados de enero a junio 2009, provenientes de la captura comercial de trece localidades, comprendidas en cuatro lagunas costeras: Laguna El Barril, Laguna Madre, Laguna de Morales y Laguna de San Andrés. Los parámetros de crecimiento se estimaron usando los métodos indirectos ELEFAN, PROJMAT y SLCA en combinación con la técnica jackknife para establecer la incertidumbre de las estimaciones inherentes a cada método. Los parámetros de crecimiento L∞ y k se unificaron para efectos comparativos mediante el índice de crecimiento phi prima (Φ’). Con una moda de 110 mm, el intervalo de longitud de caparazón varió entre 60 y 205 mm. Los valores de los parámetros de crecimiento variaron de acuerdo al método utilizado. Utilizando SLCA, L∞ varió entre 259 y 260 mm y k osciló entre 0.749 y 0.750/año; con PROJMAT, L∞ registró valores entre 205 y 260 mm y k fluctuó entre 0.550 y 0.740/año, y con ELEFAN, L∞ osciló entre 156 y 215 mm y k varió entre 0.479 y 0.848/año. Las estimaciones mediante jackknife detectaron nula variabilidad en Φ’ entre localidades y diferencias significativas entre métodos. Los rangos de valores de Φ’ estimados por SLCA y PROJMAT (4.70 a 4.71 y 4.66 a 4.70, respectivamente) se ubicaron en el rango reportado por la literatura (4.201-4.798), mientras que ELEFAN aportó valores significativamente menores (3.87 a 4.27). Los métodos SLCA y PROJMAT en combinación con la técnica jackknife, resultaron ser los más adecuados para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento de C. sapidus.
AbstractThe capture blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the major fisheries of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico; both in volume and selling price, as well as employment generation, but there is little information on its biological characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth parameters of the blue crab, establishing the most appropriate method. We estimated the length frequency of 17 814 crabs from commercial catch of thirteen locations, including four coastal lagoons. The lagoons were El Barril, Madre, Morales and San Andrés from Tamaulipas, State. Growth parameters were evaluated using indirect methods ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA in combination with the jackknife technique to establish the uncertainty of estimates inherent in each method. The growth parameters L∞ and k were consolidated for purposes of comparison with the growth index phi prime (Φ’). With a mode of 110 mm, the interval carapace length varied between 60 and 205 mm. The values of the growth parameters varied according to the method used. Using SLCA, L∞ varied between 259 and 260 mm and k ranged between 0.749 and 0.750 /year; with PROJMAT, L∞ recorded values between 205 and 260 mm, k fluctuated between 0.550 and 0.740/year, and with ELEFAN, L∞ ranged between 156 and 215 mm and k varied between 0.479 and 0.848/year. Estimates by jackknife detected no variability in Φ’ between locations and significant differences between methods. The ranges of values of Φ’ and PROJMAT estimated SLCA (4.70 to 4.71 and 4.66 to 4.70, respectively) were in the range reported in the literature (4.201-4.798), while lower values ELEFAN contributed significantly (3.87 to 4.27). The SLCA and PROJMAT methods in combination with the jackknife technique, proved to be the most suitable to estimate the growth parameters of C. sapidus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 821-836. Epub 2016 June 01.
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Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Decápodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estações do Ano , Decápodes/anatomia & histologia , Pesqueiros , México , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
The capture blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the major fisheries of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico; both in volume and selling price, as well as employment generation, but there is little information on its biological characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth parameters of the blue crab, establishing the most appropriate method. We estimated the length frequency of 17 814 crabs from commercial catch of thirteen locations, including four coastal lagoons. The lagoons were El Barril, Madre, Morales and San Andrés from Tamaulipas, State. Growth parameters were evaluated using indirect methods ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA in combination with the jackknife technique to establish the uncertainty of estimates inherent in each method. The growth parameters L∞ and k were consolidated for purposes of comparison with the growth index phi prime (Φ'). With a mode of 110 mm, the interval carapace length varied between 60 and 205 mm. The values of the growth parameters varied according to the method used. Using SLCA, L∞ varied between 259 and 260 mm and k ranged between 0.749 and 0.750 /year; with PROJMAT, L∞ recorded values between 205 and 260 mm, k fluctuated between 0.550 and 0.740/year, and with ELEFAN, L∞ ranged between 156 and 215 mm and k varied between 0.479 and 0.848/year. Estimates by jackknife detected no variability in Φ' between locations and significant differences between methods. The ranges of values of Φ' and PROJMAT estimated SLCA (4.70 to 4.71 and 4.66 to 4.70, respectively) were in the range reported in the literature (4.201-4.798), while lower values ELEFAN contributed significantly (3.87 to 4.27). The SLCA and PROJMAT methods in combination with the jackknife technique, proved to be the most suitable to estimate the growth parameters of C. sapidus.
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Decápodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Decápodes/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Pesqueiros , Masculino , México , Modelos Biológicos , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs associated with the MAT1 locus of Histoplasma capsulatum were identified by PCR. A total of 28 fungal isolates, 6 isolates from human clinical samples and 22 isolates from environmental (infected bat and contaminated soil) samples, were studied. Among the 14 isolates from Mexico, 71.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 48.3% to 94.5%) were of the MAT1-2 genotype, whereas 100% of the isolates from Brazil were of the MAT1-1 genotype. Each MAT1 idiomorphic region was sequenced and aligned, using the sequences of the G-217B (+ mating type) and G-186AR (- mating type) strains as references. BLASTn analyses of the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 sequences studied correlated with their respective + and - mating type genotypes. Trees were generated by the maximum likelihood (ML) method to search for similarity among isolates of each MAT1 idiomorph. All MAT1-1 isolates originated from Brazilian bats formed a well-defined group; three isolates from Mexico, the G-217B strain, and a subgroup encompassing all soil-derived isolates and two clinical isolates from Brazil formed a second group; last, one isolate (EH-696P) from a migratory bat captured in Mexico formed a third group of the MAT1-1 genotype. The MAT1-2 idiomorph formed two groups, one of which included two H. capsulatum isolates from infected bats that were closely related to the G-186AR strain. The other group was formed by two human isolates and six isolates from infected bats. Concatenated ML trees, with internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) -5.8S-ITS2 and MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 sequences, support the relatedness of MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 isolates. H. capsulatum mating types were associated with the geographical origin of the isolates, and all isolates from Brazil correlated with their environmental sources.
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Genes Fúngicos Tipo Acasalamento/genética , Loci Gênicos/genética , Variação Genética , Histoplasma/genética , Histoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , DNA Intergênico/genética , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , México , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the third leading cause of death in children <1 year of age in Mexico where there is a high prevalence of the 677C â T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene. This is important because the homozygous 677T/T MTHFR gene and deficiency of folic acid (FA) intake have been associated with CHD. Our objective was to analyze the possible association between the genotype 677T/T of the MTHFR gene and supplementation of FA in Mexican women with the presence of complex CHD in their children. We analyzed genotypes of 31 mothers of children with complex CHD (group I) and 62 mothers of healthy children (group II) and investigated FA supplementation during pregnancy in both study groups. Allele frequencies in group I were 41.9 % for C and 58.1 % for T and 22.6 % for genotype frequencies CC, 38.7 % for CT, and 38.7 % for TT. Allele frequencies in group II were 63.7 % for C and 36.3 % for T and 38.7 % for genotype frequencies CC, 50 % for CT and 11.3 % for TT. Both populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Odds ratio for having a child with a complex CHD was 5.9, p = 0.008 (95 % CI 1.67; 20.63) for the TT genotype. FA supplementation at any time during pregnancy was 90.3 and 87.9 % in groups II and I respectively (p > 0.05). Association was found between the maternal genotype (677/TT MTHFR) with the presence of complex CHD in their offspring. No differences in FA supplementation during any stage were found between groups.
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Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/genética , Ácido Fólico/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Adulto , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Mães , Polimorfismo Genético , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The floodplains of Tortuguero, in northeastern Costa Rica, stand as one of the richest plant-species regions in Central America. In this paper, we present the annotated check-list of vascular plants that are present within the rainforest of Tortuguero National Park (TNP), a 26 604h land that protects most of the biological diversity of these plains. Our list resulted from collections made in 2012, as well as the examination of material mantained at the Herbarium of the National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica, INBio (ATTA Database) and in the TROPICOS database. A total of 732 vascular plant species included in 413 genera are known to the Park. Two of these species have limited distributions and are endemic to Costa Rica: Pseuderanthemum pittieri (Acanthaceae) and Paullinia austin-smithii (Sapindaceae). Ninety species have known ethnobotanical uses. The high diversity in plant species reported here for the forest environments of Tortuguero contrasts with the low species diversity previously reported in the palm-swamps that characterize the riverine habitats within the Park.
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Biodiversidade , Magnoliopsida/classificação , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Costa Rica , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects on anencephaly risk of the interaction between the maternal profile of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine and the 677CâT polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). DESIGN: Case-control study paired (1:1) on maternity clinic, date of birth and state of residence. Cases of anencephaly were identified using the Registry of the Mexican Neural Tube Defect Epidemiological Surveillance System. Case and control mothers were selected from the same maternity departments. All mothers completed a structured questionnaire and blood samples were obtained to determine the MTHFR 677CâT polymorphism and biochemical profile. SETTING: Mexico, Puebla and Guerrero states, Mexico. SUBJECTS: A total of 151 mothers of cases and controls were enrolled from March 2000 to February 2001. We had complete information on biochemical profile and MTHFR C677T polymorphism for ninety-eight mothers of cases and ninety-one mothers of controls. RESULTS: The adjusted models show that the risk of anencephaly in mothers with 677TT genotype was reduced by 18 % (OR = 0·82; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·94) for each 1 ng/ml increment in serum folate. In terms of tertiles, mothers with 677TT genotype with serum folate levels in the upper tertile (>14·1 ng/ml) had a 95 % lower risk to have a child with anencephaly than mothers with serum folate levels in the first and second tertiles (P trend = 0·012). CONCLUSIONS: Our data agree with the hypothesis of a gene-nutrient interaction between MTHFR 677CâT polymorphism and folate status. We observed a protective effect on anencephaly risk only in mothers with 677TT genotype as serum folate levels increased.
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Anencefalia/genética , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Homocisteína/sangue , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Adulto , Anencefalia/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/metabolismo , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Complexo Vitamínico B/sangueRESUMO
Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most important insects infesting fruits. Although high pressure has been proposed as an alternative quarantine process for this pest, conditions applied to destroy eggs and larvae can also damage the fruits. The objective of this study was to assess the biological viability of A. ludens eggs treated by high-pressure processing at 0°C, establishing whether nondestroyed eggs and larvae preserved their ability to develop and reproduce. One-, 2-, 3-, and 4-day-old eggs were pressurized at 50, 70, or 90 MPa for 0, 3, 6, or 9 min. The hatching ability of pressurized eggs and their capacity to develop larvae, pupae, and reproductive adults were evaluated. The ability of pressurized larvae to pupate was also registered. The results showed that most of the eggs that resisted the treatments were able to produce adults with capability to reproduce a new generation of A. ludens flies. Larvae were less resistant than eggs. All larvae were killed at 90 MPa for 9 min. The pressure induced the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) in second- and third-instar larvae. The HSP showed a baroprotective effect in A. ludens larvae. These results are relevant to the industry because they show that eggs of insects infesting fruits treated by high-pressure processing were able to pupate after treatments. This indicates that efforts must be addressed to destroy all eggs because most of the surviving organisms could reach an adult stage and reproduce.
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Temperatura Baixa , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Pressão Hidrostática , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Tephritidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Frutas , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , México , Óvulo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pupa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reprodução , Sensação Térmica , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Gastric cancer is the second cancer causing death worldwide. Both incidence and mortality rates vary according to geographical regions. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation by mediating cell surface associated plasminogen activation, and its presence on gastric cancer cells is linked to micro-metastasis and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analyses of a set of 44 gastric cancer lesions from Costa Rica showed expression of uPAR in cancer cells in both intestinal subtype (14 of 27) and diffuse subtype (10 of 17). We compared the expression pattern of uPAR in gastric cancers from a high-risk country (Costa Rica) with a low-risk country (Norway). We found uPAR on gastric cancer cells in 24 of 44 cases (54%) from Costa Rica and in 13 of 23 cases (56%) from Norway. uPAR was seen in macrophages and neutrophils in all cases. We also examined the nonneoplastic mucosa and found that uPAR was more frequently seen in epithelial cells located at the luminal edge of the crypts in cases with Helicobacter pylori infection than in similar epithelial cells in noninfected mucosa (p = 0.033; chi(2) = 4.54). In conclusion, the expression of uPAR in cancer cells in more than half of the gastric cancer cases suggests that their uPAR-positivity do not contribute to explain the different mortality rates between the 2 countries, however, the actual prevalence of uPAR-positive cancer cells in the gastric cancers may still provide prognostic information.
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Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Infecções por Helicobacter/metabolismo , Receptores de Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/biossíntese , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Costa Rica , Imunofluorescência , Mucosa Gástrica/microbiologia , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/patologia , Helicobacter pylori/citologia , Helicobacter pylori/imunologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Microscopia Confocal , Invasividade Neoplásica , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/patologia , Noruega , Prognóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologiaRESUMO
Application of high hydrostatic pressure has been proposed as an alternative quarantine process for the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), one of the most important insects infesting mangoes, citrus fruits, and other fruits in Mexico and other Latin American countries. The present study was performed to determine the effect of high pressure treatments at 0 degrees C on the survivorship of eggs and larvae of this pest. The effect of time and pressure level at near-freezing temperatures on the egg hatch and survival of larvae is discussed. Eggs and larvae were pressurized at 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150 MPa for 0, 5, 10, or 20 min at 0 degrees C. Hatch was recorded for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-day-old pressurized eggs. For pressurized larvae (first, second, and third instars), percentage of survival was registered. Further, third instars were studied for their ability to pupate and develop to adulthood. The results showed that eggs had higher resistance than larvae to pressure. Larvae were not able to resist pressure treatments at 75 MPa for 20 min at 0 degrees C. Treatments at 150 MPa for 20 min at 0 degrees C were needed to destroy all eggs and larvae of A. ludens, indicating that this process might be useful as a quarantine method for infested fruits. However, more studies involving combination of high hydrostatic pressure at low temperature with precooling treatments are needed in order to decrease the pressure level to avoid fruit damage.
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Temperatura Baixa , Indústria Alimentícia/métodos , Frutas , Pressão Hidrostática , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Tephritidae/fisiologia , Animais , Larva/fisiologia , Óvulo/fisiologia , Pupa/fisiologia , Tephritidae/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most important insects infesting mangoes, citrus, and other fruits in Mexico and other Latin-American countries. Quarantine methods approved to destroy this insect decrease the shelf life of commodities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high-pressure processing using an initial temperature of 50 degrees C on the survivorship of eggs and larvae of the Mexican fruit fly. Eggs and larvae were pressurized at 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150 MPa for 0, 5, 10, or 20 min. The hatching ability of pressurized eggs of 1, 2, 3, and 4 days old and survivorship of the first, second, and third instars were registered. Further, the ability to pupate was studied in surviving third instars. The results showed that eggs were more resistant than larvae to the high-pressure processing. Treatments at 150 MPa at initial 50 degrees C for 10 min destroyed all eggs and larvae of A. ludens, indicating that this process might be useful as a quarantine method for infested mangoes or other fruits.
Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/parasitologia , Temperatura Alta , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Mangifera , Tephritidae , Animais , Frutas/fisiologia , Pressão Hidrostática , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Óvulo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óvulo/fisiologia , Tephritidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tephritidae/fisiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
AIM: To determine the association of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) CagA(+) infection and pro-inflammatory polymorphisms of the genes interleukin (IL)-1RN and IL-1B with the risk of gastric atrophy and peptic ulcers in a dyspeptic population in Costa Rica, a country with high incidence and mortality of gastric cancer. METHODS: Seven biopsy specimens, a fasting blood sample and a questionnaire concerning nutritional and sociodemographic factors were obtained from 501 consecutive patients who had undergone endoscopy for dyspeptic symptoms. A histopathological diagnosis was made. Pepsinogen concentrations were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Infection with H pylori CagA(+) was determined by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IL-1B and IL-1RN polymorphisms genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR respectively. RESULTS: In this dyspeptic population, 86% were H pylori positive and of these, 67.8% were positive for CagA. Atrophic antral gastritis (AAG) was associated with CagA(+) status [odd ratio (OR) = 4.1; P < 0.000] and fruit consumption (OR = 0.3; P < 0.00). Atrophic body gastritis (ABG) was associated with pepsinogen PGI/PGII < 3.4 (OR = 4.9; P < 0.04) and alcohol consumption (OR = 7.3; P < 0.02). Duodenal ulcer was associated with CagA(+) (OR = 2.9; P < 0.04) and smoking (OR = 2.4; P < 0.04). PGI < 60 microg/L as well as PGI/PGII < 3.4 were associated with CagA(+). CONCLUSION: In a dyspeptic population in Costa Rica, H pylori CagA(+) is not associated with ABG, but it is a risk factor for AAG. The pro-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms IL-1B + 3945 and IL-1RN are not associated with the atrophic lesions of this dyspeptic population.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Gastrite/genética , Infecções por Helicobacter/genética , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1/genética , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Atrofia , Biópsia , Costa Rica , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Dispepsia/genética , Dispepsia/imunologia , Dispepsia/microbiologia , Feminino , Gastrite/imunologia , Gastrite/microbiologia , Gastrite/patologia , Gastroscopia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Infecções por Helicobacter/complicações , Infecções por Helicobacter/imunologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Pepsinogênio A/sangue , Pepsinogênio C/sangue , Úlcera Péptica/genética , Úlcera Péptica/imunologia , Úlcera Péptica/microbiologia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to assess whether nutrients offered to border Mexican-American preschool children met the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Nutrient contents of two dietary patterns were examined in this study, one composed exclusively of home foods and one containing a combination of both home and school foods. The sample consisted of 198 Mexican-American preschoolers living on the Texas-Mexico border, who were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. A self-administered, precoded 24-hour recall questionnaire was used. Nutrient values of home foods were collected during a weekend day, and nutrient values containing a combination of both home and school foods were collected during a weekday. Fisher's exact test or chi2 test and t test were used for analyses. Mean nutrient contents of foods provided to the border Mexican-American children exceeded recommendations for total energy (P<0.001), total fat (P<0.001), saturated fat (P<0.001), carbohydrates (P<0.001), protein (P<0.001), sodium (P<0.001), and niacin (P<0.001). Foods offered were also significantly insufficient in fiber (P<0.001), vitamin A (P<0.001), and potassium (P<0.001). Nutrition interventions targeting low-income border Mexican-American families should emphasize the need and importance of providing children with diets that meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances.