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1.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(6): 666-674, 2022 Oct 25.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36283040

RESUMO

Background: Latin America is the region with the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity, therefore, strategies and policies have been implemented in some countries to reduce this health problem. Among these, fiscal policies, such as taxes on sugary drinks, high-calorie products, the regulation of advertising and food labeling. Objective: To describe the main strategies and policies against obesity, and the effect they have had on the population. Material and methods: A search was made for articles in English and Spanish published in Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar. The keywords were included: health policies, nutritional labeling in Latin America, food labeling, tax on sugary drinks and non-basic foods with high energy density. Results: Within the strategies, traffic light labeling, and warning labeling were the most accepted and understood. As for the taxation of sugar sweetened beverages, studies showed a positive effect on the reduction of consumption, purchase and sale, as well as a decrease in purchases of non-essential energy-dense foods. However, nutritional education in vulnerable groups is essential to better understand their interpretation. Conclusions: The studies analyzed suggest that food labeling, sugar sweetened beverages and non-essential energy-dense foods taxes could effectively reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population in the long term, as well as the costs associated with these diseases.


Introducción: América Latina es la región con mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, por lo que se han implementado estrategias y políticas en algunos países para reducir este problema. Entre estos, las políticas fiscales, como impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas, productos de alto contenido calórico, la reglamentación de la publicidad y el etiquetado de los alimentos. Objetivo: Describir las principales estrategias y políticas contra la obesidad, y el efecto que han tenido en la población. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en inglés y español publicados en Pubmed, Scielo, Google académico. Se incluyeron las palabras clave: políticas de salud, etiquetado nutricional en Latinoamérica, etiquetado de alimentos, impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas y alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética. Resultados: El etiquetado del semáforo y el etiquetado de advertencia fueron los más aceptados y comprendidos. En cuanto al gravamen de las bebidas azucaradas, los estudios mostraron un efecto positivo en la reducción del consumo, compra y venta, así como una disminución en las compras de alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética. Sin embargo, la educación nutricional en los grupos vulnerables es esencial para comprender mejor su interpretación. Conclusiones: Los estudios analizados sugieren que el etiquetado de alimentos, los impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas y los alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética podrían reducir efectivamente la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población a largo plazo, así como los costos asociados con estas enfermedades.


Assuntos
Sobrepeso , Impostos , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde
2.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; Arch. latinoam. nutr;72(3): 154-162, sept. 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1399227

RESUMO

Introducción: en los últimos años se ha incrementado el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en escolares y esto se ha relacionado con un aumento en la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Objetivo: calcular el tamaño del efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo alimentario en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Materiales y métodos: estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 309 escolares de 12 escuelas primarias públicas; se formaron dos grupos: intervención (GI) y control (GC) con seguimiento de un año. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas. Para evaluar los alimentos incluidos en los refrigerios escolares se utilizó un registro de alimentos antes y después de la intervención y se caracterizaron como recomendables y no recomendables. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE) utilizando el estadístico "g" de Hedges. Resultados: al final del estudio en ambos grupos se incrementó el consumo de agua, sin embargo, él TE fue grande en el GI (TE=0,84), mientras que en el GC fue moderado (TE=0,50). En el GI se encontró una reducción pequeña en el consumo de carnes procesadas (p=0,004; TE=0,28), cereales dulces (p=0,001; TE=0,36) y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas (p=0,001; TE=0,49); mientras que el GC mostró un incremento pequeño en el consumo de comida rápida y antojitos mexicanos (p=0,001; TE=0,46). Conclusiones: en el GI se observó una disminución y un TE pequeño en el consumo de carnes procesadas, cereales dulces y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas. Es necesario diseñar estrategias que promuevan el consumo de alimentos recomendables(AU)


Introduction: In recent years, the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in schoolchildren has increased and this has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Objective: To calculate the size of the effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study, with a sample of 309 schoolchildren from 12 public elementary schools; two groups were formed: intervention (IG) and control (CG) with a follow-up of one year. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. To evaluate the foods included in school lunch, a food registry was used before and after the intervention and they were characterized as recommended and not recommended. The effect size (ES) was calculated using the Hedges'g statistic. Results: At the end of the study in both groups, water consumption increased, however the ES was big in the IG (ES=0.84); while in the CG it was moderate (ES=0.50). In the IG, a small reduction in the consumption of processed meats was observed (p=0.004; ES=0.28), sweet cereals (p=0.001; ES=0.36) and sweetened nondairy beverages decreased (p=0.001; ES=0.49); while the CG showed a small increase in the consumption of fast food and Mexican appetizers (p=0.001; ES=0.46). Conclusions: In the IG showed a TE small decrease in consumption of processed meats, sweet cereals, and sweetened non-dairy beverages. It is necessary to design strategies that promote the consumption of recommended foods(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Estudantes , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Avaliação Nutricional , Ingestão de Alimentos , Estudos Longitudinais , Estratégias de Saúde , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia
3.
Rev. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Quito) ; 46(2): 5-10, Jul 01, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1526540

RESUMO

Introducción: El desarrollo fonológico es un componente importante en el proceso de adquisición del habla, por eso es indispensable evaluar su desarrollo mediante el porcentaje de dominio de fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos en niños prescolares para obtener información sobre la capacidad del niño para articular y pronunciar correctamente los sonidos del lenguaje, además sirve para monitorear el progreso del niño a lo largo del tiempo y adaptar las intervenciones y estrategias para su tratamiento.Objetivo: Establecer el porcentaje de dominio de fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos en niños prescolares de la ciudad de Quito. Material y métodos: es un estudio de diseño epidemiológico descriptivo transversal, en el que participaron 867 niños de 3 a 6 años, a los cuales luego de verificar que cumplían con los criterios de selección, se les realizó, previo consentimiento de sus padres y de las autoridades escolares una historia clínica fonoaudiológica, evaluación auditiva, antropometría, evaluación de los órganos bucofonatorios, evaluación de praxias orofaciales y articulación y la Prueba de Exploración del Lenguaje Comprensivo y Expresivo, Revisada (ELCE-R). Las variables de estudio se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El porcentaje de dominio de los fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos fue de 95.07%.Conclusión: Los niños que viven en Quito de 3 a 6 años poseen un alto nivel de desarrollo fonológico, con dominio de los fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos por encima del porcentaje esperado para su edad cronológica, a pesar de que la prueba utilizada no está contextualizada a su realidad lingüística.


Introduction: Phonological development is an important component in the process of speech acquisition, that is why it is essential to evaluate its development through the percentage of phoneme, diphthong and consonant group mastery in preschool children to obtain informa-tion about the child's ability to articulate and correctly pronounce the sounds of language, it also serves to monitor the child's progress over time and adapt interventions and strategies for their treatment.Objective: To establish the percentage of mastery of phonemes, diphthongs and consonant groups in preschool children in the city of Quito. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological design study, in which 867 children between 3 and 6 years of age participated. After verifying that they met the selection criteria, they underwent a phonoaudiological clinical history, auditory evalua-tion, anthropometry, evaluation of the orophonatory organs, evaluation of orofacial praxias and articulation, and the Comprehensive and Expressive Language Exploration Test, Revised (ELCE-R), with the consent of their parents and school authorities. The study variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The percentage of mastery of phonemes, diphthongs and consonant clusters was 95.07%.Conclusion: Children from 3 to 6 years of age living in Quito have a high level of phonologi-cal development, with mastery of phonemes, diphthongs and consonant clusters above the percentage expected for their chronological age, despite the fact that the test used is not contextualized to their linguistic reality.


Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Fonoaudiologia , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Patologia da Fala e Linguagem , Equador , Transtorno Fonológico
4.
J Community Health ; 41(6): 1217-1222, 2016 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27240816

RESUMO

In Mexico, the type of foods included in the lunchboxes of school children are unhealthy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an intervention program to improve the quality of the foods in the lunchboxes. Two schools were randomly selected as the intervention group (IG) and two more as the control group (CG). The evaluation was performed by comparing a food list from 3 days before and 6 months after the intervention. The components of the intervention included: exposure to posters inside and outside the classrooms and the distribution of pamphlets to parents, the pamphlets provided recipes and information about healthy foods. A lunchbox was considered adequate (AL) if it had less than 276 cal, fruits or vegetables, and an item prepared at home; a healthy lunchbox (HL) consisted of fruits or vegetables, water, and it did not have unhealthy foods. At the beginning of the study there were no significant differences in the compliance of AL and HL in both groups. By the end of the study, 19 % of the children in the IG and 10 % of the children in the CG met the criteria of a HL (p = 0.002). The results of this study demonstrate that a simple, 6 month intervention targeting parents improved the quality of the foods in the lunchboxes of second and sixth graders.


Assuntos
Almoço , Valor Nutritivo , Melhoria de Qualidade , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México
5.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr ; 56(1): 86-8, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22695042

RESUMO

Foods advertised were recorded in 2 television (TV) channels. The present article studies the association between products advertised and those consumed by mothers and children. A total of 365 mothers and their children were assessed. A positive correlation was observed between the food advertisements that the mothers recalled and the frequency of TV food advertisements (Rho = 0.44, P = 0.03). A positive correlation was found between the frequency of the foods advertised on TV and the consumption of these by the mothers (r = 0.73, P = 0.0001) and their children (Rho = 0.66, P = 0.0001). These results suggest that TV advertisements influence the food choices of mothers and children.


Assuntos
Publicidade , Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Rememoração Mental , Mães , Obesidade/etiologia , Televisão , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente
6.
Nutr Hosp ; 28(6): 1900-4, 2013 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24506366

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to assess the association between TV foods advertisements and the ones consumed by mothers and children, and the body weight of both mother and child, among population from different SES in two Mexican cities. METHODS: During June through October 2011 in Tijuana and Tuxtla Gutierrez, two national broadcasted channels were recorded during a period of 5 h in the afternoon on working days. Direct interviews were conducted to explore the foods consumed by mothers and their children from January to July 2012. To identify the difference in the number of hours of TV watching, number of TV sets, and the number of advertisements they recalled, a one-way ANOVA was used. RESULTS: An association was observed between the consumption of advertised foods by mothers and the frequency of broadcasted advertising. It was also observed that there was an association between the hours watching TV and BMI of the mothers and BMI Z-score of their children. CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between BMI of the mothers and their children and time spent watching TV. The high exposure to TV food advertisements in Mexico may increase the odds for having childhood obesity.


Antecedentes: El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la asociación entre los anuncios de alimentos en TV, los alimentos consumidos por las madres y los niños, y el peso corporal de madres y niños entre población con diferentes niveles socioeconómicos. Métodos: De junio a octubre de 2011 en Tijuana y Tuxtla Gutiérrez, se grabaron los programas de dos canales nacionales durante un período de cinco horas, cinco días laborables. Se realizaron entrevistas a las madres de enero a julio de 2012, para explorar los alimentos consumidos por las madres y los niños. Para identificar las diferencias entre el número de horas de TV, el número de unidades de TV, y el número de anuncios que recordaban se realizó análisis de una vía de ANOVA. Resultados: Se observó una asociación entre el consumo de los alimentos anunciados y la frecuencia en la que se anuncian en la TV. También se observó una asociación entre las horas de televisión, el IMC de las madres y el puntaje Z-score de los niños. Conclusiones: Se observó una asociación entre las horas de televisión y los indicadores de adiposidad en las madres y los niños. El mayor aumento en la exposición a la TV puede incrementar el riesgo de obesidad infantil.


Assuntos
Adiposidade , Publicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Televisão , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Mães , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos
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