RESUMO
Objetives: To identify the costs of family planning care in adolescents. Material and methods: Longitudinal study of the cost of care for family planning carried out in 2015 in a group of individuals with age limits of 10 and 19 years in a unit first level of health care in the state of Queretaro, Mexico. The profile of use of family planning (FP) was created for the teen was performed services through counseling, provision of contraception and review of intrauterine device (IUD) in a year; cost projections for the population of adolescents and different coverage scenarios between 5 and 100% were made. Results: The average annual cost was 228.84 Mexican pesos. Ideally the identified cost was 2,708.94 pesos. The projection with 20 % coverage was 207,251,330 pesos. The average annual family planning consultations was 0.9. The most commonly used method was with medroxyprogesterone-estradiol at doses of 25 and 5 mg. Conclusion: The cost of planning in adolescents is low, taking into account the costs that the care of high-risk pregnancies and associated comorbidities.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção/economia , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar/economia , Dispositivos Intrauterinos/economia , Adolescente , Criança , Anticoncepção/métodos , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/economia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/administração & dosagem , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/economia , México , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The adsorption of 4-mercaptopyridine on Au(111) from aqueous or ethanolic solutions is studied by different surface characterization techniques and density functional theory calculations (DFT) including van der Waals interactions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical data indicate that self-assembly from 4-mercaptopyridine-containing aqueous 0.1 M NaOH solutions for short immersion times (few minutes) results in a 4-mercaptopyridine (PyS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with surface coverage 0.2. Scanning tunneling microscopy images show an island-covered Au surface. The increase in the immersion time from minutes to hours results in a complete SAM degradation yielding adsorbed sulfur and a heavily pitted Au surface. Adsorbed sulfur is also the main product when the self-assembly process is made in ethanolic solutions irrespective of the immersion time. We demonstrate for the first time that a surface reaction is involved in PyS SAM decomposition in ethanol, a surface process not favored in water. DFT calculations suggest that the surface reaction takes place via disulfide formation driven by the higher stability of the S-Au(111) system. Other reactions that contribute to sulfidization are also detected and discussed.
RESUMO
It has been determined that the prevalence and incidence of coronary artery disease has been lower in Puerto Rico than in the United States. In a controlled comparison with a matched cohort of men from Framingham, Mass, Puerto Rican men were found to have lower serum cholesterol and lower systolic blood pressure, to smoke less, to be more active physically, and to be less sensitive to coronary risk factors. Community surveys have shown that there is moderately less hypertension but more diabetes and possibly more obesity in Puerto Rico than in the United States. Hispanic groups in the United States have shown similar characteristics. Possible reasons for the relative protection from coronary artery disease in Puerto Rico include genetic factors, diet, and life-style. Recent epidemiologic data show that, although mortality from coronary disease and stroke has been steadily decreasing in the United States, it is increasing in Puerto Rico. Recent life-style and dietary changes, social stress, increased life expectancy, and a high death rate from diabetes and hypertension may be contributing to this reversal. Stronger efforts to control cardiovascular risk factors and to improve the management of diabetes and hypertension are needed in Puerto Rico
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
It has been determined that the prevalence and incidence of coronary artery disease has been lower in Puerto Rico than in the United States. In a controlled comparison with a matched cohort of men from Framingham, Mass, Puerto Rican men were found to have lower serum cholesterol and lower systolic blood pressure, to smoke less, to be more active physically, and to be less sensitive to coronary risk factors. Community surveys have shown that there is moderately less hypertension but more diabetes and possibly more obesity in Puerto Rico than in the United States. Hispanic groups in the United States have shown similar characteristics. Possible reasons for the relative protection from coronary artery disease in Puerto Rico include genetic factors, diet, and life-style. Recent epidemiologic data show that, although mortality from coronary disease and stroke has been steadily decreasing in the United States, it is increasing in Puerto Rico. Recent life-style and dietary changes, social stress, increased life expectancy, and a high death rate from diabetes and hypertension may be contributing to this reversal. Stronger efforts to control cardiovascular risk factors and to improve the management of diabetes and hypertension are needed in Puerto Rico.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
It has been determined that the prevalence and incidence of coronary artery disease has been lower in Puerto Rico than in the United States. In a controlled comparison with a matched cohort of men from Framingham, Mass, Puerto Rican men were found to have lower serum cholesterol and lower systolic blood pressure, to smoke less, to be more active physically, and to be less sensitive to coronary risk factors. Community surveys have shown that there is moderately less hypertension but more diabetes and possibly more obesity in Puerto Rico than in the United States. Hispanic groups in the United States have shown similar characteristics. Possible reasons for the relative protection from coronary artery disease in Puerto Rico include genetic factors, diet, and life-style. Recent epidemiologic data show that, although mortality from coronary disease and stroke has been steadily decreasing in the United States, it is increasing in Puerto Rico. Recent life-style and dietary changes, social stress, increased life expectancy, and a high death rate from diabetes and hypertension may be contributing to this reversal. Stronger efforts to control cardiovascular risk factors and to improve the management of diabetes and hypertension are needed in Puerto Rico.