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RESUMEN La retinopatía de Purtscher-like es una enfermedad ocular poco común que se manifiesta con pérdida súbita de la visión, asociada con una patología sistémica como lo es el lupus eritematoso sistémico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 25 arios, con retino patía Purtscher-like como primera manifestación de lupus eritematoso sistêmico, evaluado en un centro de alta complejidad de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Se observa mejoría de signos y síntomas posteriormente al inicio de corticosteroides y terapia con ciclofosfamida intravenosa mensual. Se considera fundamental la valoración oftalmológica temprana en pacientes con sospecha de enfermedades autoinmunes, para realizar diagnósticos tempra nos y mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes.

A B S T R A C T Purtscher-like retinopathy is a rare ocular disease that manifests with sudden loss of vision, associated with a systemic pathology such as systemic lupus erythematosus. We present the case of a 25-year-old male patient with Purtscher-like retinopathy as the first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, evaluated in a high-complexity centre in the city of Medellín, Colombia. Improvement of signs and symptoms was observed after the start of corticosteroids and monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy. We consider prompt ophthalmological evaluation essential in patients with suspected autoimmune diseases, to make an early diagnosis and improve the prognosis.

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Objective: Refractive management in keratoconus is challenging. Although some kinds of phakic intraocular lenses have been studied in keratoconus so far, no study evaluated the results of EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lenses in this kind of patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective chart review study, including all keratoconus patients implanted with an EyeCryl Phakic Toric intraocular lens in at least one of their eyes by an experienced cornea surgeon in Colombia. Follow-up to 6 months after surgery was also included. Results: A total of 20 eyes of 14 patients were included, with an average age of 29.3 ± 4.2 years. Spherical equivalent improved from a pre-surgical value of -10.31 D to +0.09 D at 6 months. 65% of the patients improved at least one line in the best-corrected distance visual acuity. At 6 months, 70% of the patients were within ± 0.50 D of spherical equivalent emmetropia. No complications occurred in any of the patients. Conclusion: EyeCryl Phakic intraocular lenses are an excellent option in keratoconus patients with high refractive error. Abbreviations: KC = Keratoconus, P-IOL = phakic intraocular lenses, ICL = Implantable Collamer Lens, WTW = White to White, SD = standard deviation, ANOVA = an analysis of variance, UDVA = monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity, CDVA = corrected distance visual acuity.

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BACKGROUND: Phakic Intraocular Lens (P-IOL) implantation is a safe, easy, predictable intervention designed to manage moderate to high refractive errors. Complications are relatively uncommon and include mainly cataract and intraocular pressure spikes. Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) is a rather unusual sterile anterior segment inflammation after uneventful intraocular surgery, extremely rarely reported after P-IOL implantation. Urrets-Zavalia Syndrome (UZS) is also very rarely described after P-IOL. To date, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no article has ever described the simultaneous occurrence of TASS and UZS in a patient after P-IOL implantation. OBJECTIVE: In this article, the authors present the case of a female patient with moderate myopic astigmatism, who underwent sequential P-IOL implantation at two different facilities. The postoperative course of the first eye was uneventful, but she developed complications associated to the intervention in the second eye. MATERIALS: The article describes the case of a young patient who underwent a sequential Phakic Intraocular Lens (P-IOL) implantation at two different institutions. The postoperative course of the first eye (left eye) was uneventful; however, the second eye (right eye) initially developed Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS). Although timely and correct management was instituted, upon resolution of TASS, the patient developed Urrets-Zavalia Syndrome, anterior subcapsular cataract, and significant endothelial damage in the same eye. RESULTS: The patient was followed closely and managed accordingly; corneal edema and anterior segment inflammation of the right eye eventually resolved. Nevertheless, an anterior subcapsular cataract and a fixed dilated pupil remained; with normal intraocular pressure (IOP). Specular microscopy confirmed an endothelial cell loss in the TASS eye (right eye). Pupil size showed no reaction to repeated doses of Pilocarpine 2%. A month after surgery, refraction on her right eye was +0.25 + 0.75 × 93, which resulted in a 20/50 vision. CONCLUSIONS: TASS and UZS are both extremely rare complications after uneventful P-IOL implantation, with only a handful of cases having been reported of each of them. To date, this is the very first case where UZS ensued after and potentially as a consequence of TASS in a patient who had undergone P-IOL implantation. Although a direct causative element could not be pinpointed, the fact that the complication ensued after being operated in one surgical institution and not the other, could suggest some role of different sterilization and handling procedures, but no direct conclusion can be made on this case.

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BACKGROUND: Keratoconus is a disease characterized by progressive corneal distortion and quality of vision. So far, no study using disease-specific scales has evaluated whether different stages of the disease correlate with higher quality of life (QoL) compromise. METHODS: A total of 114 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Keratoconus were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent a clinical and a Pentacam evaluation. They were also administered the "Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire" (KEPAQ). Belin ABCD criteria were used for Keratoconus classification. "Better eye" was defined as the eye with the lowest maximum keratometry value. Spearman Rank Order Correlation was used to determine the correlation between the different Belin criteria and the KEPAQ scores in both subscales. RESULTS: Mean age was 28.13 ± 11.57 years, with 39.47% of patients being male. Mean score for the KEPAQ-E was 2.33 ± 3.40 Logit, while for the KEPAQ-F, it was 1.85 ± 3.61 Logit. Criteria A (anterior elevation), B (posterior elevation) and D (visual acuity) in the worse eye correlated significantly with a greater decrease in QoL (p < 0.05 for all correlations). No correlation could be found regarding the better eye. CONCLUSION: A greater corneal distortion in the worse eye, as determined by Belin ABCD, is associated with a greater decrease in patient's QoL. Surgical improvement of the worse eye should probably be performed before surgery of the better eye, as it may provide a better response regarding the quality of life improvement.

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BACKGROUND: Keratoconus is a disease characterized by progressive distortion of the corneal anatomy, coupled with a decrease in vision. Assessing quality of life (QoL) in keratoconus is essential. So far, no instrument in the world has been designed to evaluate both visual function and emotional distress in this population. The purpose of the following study is to develop and validate the "Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire" (KEPAQ) in a population of ectatic patients, the very first disease-specific scale to measure emotional latent traits in keratoconus. METHODS: A last generation, Rasch analysis method was used for scale validation. First, a number of focus groups were carried out to create a pool of potential items. Then, a series of processes (such as "Content Validity Index") was carried out to develop a prior, 20-question version of the KEPAQ. Then, a study including 150 keratoconus patients was performed, followed by a careful Rasch analysis to validate and optimize both sub-scales (Emotional Compromise, KEPAQ-E, and Functional Compromise, KEPAQ-F). RESULTS: Initially, 86 items were considered as potential elements. After test optimization, 20 items were retained. A total of 150 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of keratoconus were included for the Rasch analysis. The mean age was 29.84 ± 9.96 years. In 150 patients, 12.6% had a history of keratoplasty, 46.0% had corneal rings, and 31.3% had crosslinking. For both sub-scales, misfitting items were removed until no misfitting was determined by repetitive Rasch runs. For the final version of the KEPAQ-E sub-scale, variance explained by the model was 62.4% with a dimensional scale. Person Separation Index and Person Number of Strata were 2.43 and 3.57, respectively. For the final version of the KEPAQ-F sub-scale, variance explained by the model was 61.3% with a unidimensional scale. Person Separation Index and Person Number of Strata were 3.19 and 4.59, respectively. Both sub-scales showed excellent Person Reliability. CONCLUSION: The KEPAQ is a robust scale, developed and validated through the latest theoretical models. It shows excellent psychometric properties, which render it extremely useful for both clinical and research use. To date, the KEPAQ is the only disease-specific scale worldwide to evaluate both functional and emotional compromise in keratoconus patients.

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BACKGROUND: Refractive errors are widespread in the human population; nowadays, numerous surgical options allow for efficient and safe correction them. One of the main elements to ensure success in this kind of intervention will depend on the careful patient and surgical approach selection. Excimer laser corneal surgery is considered by most for low to moderate ametropias. Another option, which has been suggested may be safer, is to cut a small corneal lenticule with femtosecond laser, and then extracting it through a small incision. Nevertheless, in some specific cases, such as patients with high refractive error or those with some corneal abnormality, laser corneal ablations are considered unsafe from either a biomechanical or refractive standpoint. In this kind of particular cases, Phakic Intraocular Lens (P-IOL) implantation constitutes attractive, highly predictable and safe option. OBJECTIVE: The authors want to show the case of a young high-myopic woman, already pseudophakic in one eye, where the P-IOL implantation in the fellow eye yielded excellent short-term visual results, and high patient's satisfaction, is presented. MATERIALS: The authors present the case of a 32-years-old, highly myopic female patient underwent a Refractive Lens Exchange (RLE) with a monofocal Intraocular Lens (IOL) implantation in her left eye elsewhere, and developed severe visual issues, especially regarding near-work. Symptoms resolved through the implantation of a posterior chamber P-IOL in the contralateral eye. RESULTS: The postoperative course was unremarkable, inflammation was mild, and visual recovery was quick. There was no need to perform any procedure on her left eye or to use any reading glasses, as unilateral effective near vision through her right eye was enough for all her daily tasks. CONCLUSIONS: RLE in young pre-presbyopic highly myopic patients may not be an advisable alternative in most cases, because of the high risks of retinal complications observed. In addition, eliminating accommodation will cause significant limitations, and multifocal IOLs currently available are far from the quality of vision that a young human crystalline lens yields. On the other hand, implantation of a P-IOL is a good option if eye conditions are optimal, as it preserves natural accommodation. In this case an EyeCryl Phakic Toric® IOL showed excellent short-term refractive predictability and safety.

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La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) publicó en el 2008 que las listas de chequeo reducían de 1,5 a 0,8 % la mortalidad en las cirugías, además de ser una herramienta de prevención de eventos adversos perioperatorios. A pesar de esto, en nuestro país no se reportan resultados de la utilización de las listas de chequeo en las cirugías programadas. Objetivo. Caracterizar la utilización de las listas de chequeo en cirugías programadas con calidad de la atención del paciente quirúrgico en tres instituciones hospitalarias de Bogotá durante el 2016. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se hizo un análisis univariado con tablas de frecuencia para las variables dicotómicas, y un análisis bivariado con la prueba de ji al cuadrado y el test exacto de Fisher. Resultados. Se encontró una utilización del 75,5 % de la lista de chequeo en el quirófano. En el análisis bivariado se determinó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001), mediante la aplicación del test de ji al cuadrado para las especialidades de Cirugía General y Ortopedia. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el personal auxiliar de enfermería y el residente del equipo quirúrgico (p<0,001) en la utilización de las listas de chequeo. Conclusiones. En tres instituciones hospitalarias de Bogotá, el uso de listas de chequeo tiene una frecuencia del 75,5 %, similar a la informada en la literatura científica mundial; estas listas son diligenciadas, principalmente por auxiliares de enfermería (61 %)

In the year 2008 the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed how checklists reduce mortality from 1.5 to 0.8%, and that it is also a tool for the prevention of perioperative adverse events. In spite, there are no reports of the utilization of the checklists in scheduled surgery in our country. Objective: To characterize the utilization of checklists in programmed surgery within the quality of care routines in surgical patients at three hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, during the year 2016. Materials and methods: This is a quantitative, observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. We performed a univariate analysis with frequency tables for dichotomous variables, and a bi-varied analysis with the χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Utilization of 75.5% of the check list in the operating room was found. Bi-varied analysis determined a statistically significant difference (p<0.001), by applying the χ2 test for the general surgery and orthopedic specialties. There was a statistically significant difference between the auxiliary nursing staff and the resident in the surgical team (p<0.001) in the utilization of checklists. Conclusions: The checklist is carried out in Bogotá with a prevalence of 75.5%, similar to that of the world literature, and it is performed mainly by the surgical nursing staff in 61% of cases

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Objetivo: caracterizar los pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica en una clínica privada de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. La obesidad es definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como un índice de masa corporal >30Kg/m2, que junto a las enfermedades asociadas, se ha convertido en uno de los problemas más importantes de la salud pública a nivel mundial. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo con 1’122 historias clínicas de pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica y que no tuvieran antecedente de: consumo constante de alcohol o hepatitis. Resultados: en este estudio, la edad promedio fue de 40,9 ±11,9 años (rango: 15-78) y el 77,4% fueron hombres. El 81% tuvo por cirugía el Bypass, al momento del ingreso el 56.9% tenía obesidad grado II, el perímetro abdominal de estos pacientes tuvo una media de119, 5±17, 5 cm, 274 registros tenían reporte de biopsia hepática (24,4%) de los cualessolo el 1,8% eran normales y el 98,2% tenían algún grado de infiltración grasa y otros hallazgos patológico. Únicamente el 19,7% de los pacientes realizaban ejercicio demanera rutinaria. Conclusión: contrario a lo reportado en la literatura, se halló más frecuencia de obesidad en hombres que en mujeres. Sin embargo la cirugía más frecuente y el promedio de edad se comportan similar a lo descrito en trabajos previos.

Objective: characterize the patients undergoing bariatric surgery in a private clinic ofthe city of Medellin, Colombia. Obesity is defined by the World Health Organization asa body mass index >30 Kg/m2, which has become one of the most important problems of public health around the world. Materials and Methods: the present research isa retrospective descriptive study with 1’122 clinical histories of patients undergoing bariatric surgery and without history of: constant consumption of alcohol or hepatitis. The statistical analysis was made in the program SPSS vr. 21, the qualitative variables were estimated through percentages and the quantitative were calculated though theaverage, standard deviation, and the minimum and maximum values. Results: in this study, the average age of this group was 40,9 ±11,9 years (range: 15-78), the 77,4%were men. 81% had bypass as surgery of choice, at the time of entry the 56,9% had obesity grade II, abdominal perimeter of these patients had an average of 119,5±17,5cm, 274 records had a liver biopsy report (24,4%) of which the only 1,8% were normaland the 98,2% remaining had some fatty infiltration and other pathologic findings. Only 19,7% of patients routinely performed exercise. Conclusion: contrary to what was reported in the literature, it was found more percentage of obesity in men than inwomen. How ever the average age and the most frequent surgery behave similar tothat described in previous works.

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