RESUMO
RESUMEN El síndrome de la mano diabética es una complicación poco frecuente e infradiagnosticada de la diabetes mellitus. Esta denominación se ha utilizado para describir una infección potencialmente peligrosa en la mano, la cual se caracteriza por la presencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos debilitantes. Su diagnóstico generalmente se realiza en áreas de los trópicos; sin embargo, se han visto casos en áreas no tropicales y urbano-marginales. La fisiopatología de este síndrome aún no está clara, pues, a diferencia del pie diabético, la neuropatía periférica y la enfermedad vascular no parecen desempeñar un papel importante. Existe evidencia de que puede estar asociado a la duración de la diabetes, a un mal control metabólico y a la presencia de complicaciones microvasculares. En este artículo presentamos los casos de dos pacientes con síndrome de mano diabética. El primero se trata de una paciente de 52 años, de zona rural, con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 diagnosticada hace seis años (en mal control metabólico), a quien se le realizó la amputación del cuarto dedo con evolución posoperatoria favorable. El segundo caso es sobre un paciente varón de 60 años, proveniente de una zona urbano-marginal de Lima, con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, quien fue amputado del segundo dedo izquierdo con diagnóstico quirúrgico de necrosis más tenosinovitis. El síndrome de la mano diabética puede tener una importante repercusión clínica y producir una discapacidad permanente. Un diagnóstico precoz mejora el pronóstico, por lo que es importante realizar un examen físico minucioso de las manos en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT Diabetic hand syndrome is a rare and underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus. This term is used to describe a potentially dangerous infection of the hand, characterized by debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Although the diagnosis is commonly made in tropical regions, cases have also been reported in non-tropical and in marginal urban areas. The pathophysiology of this syndrome remains unclear because, unlike diabetic foot, peripheral neuropathy and vascular disease do not seem to a play major role. Evidence suggests that it may be associated with the duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control and microvascular complications. In this article, we present the cases of two patients with diabetic hand syndrome. The first case involves a 52-year-old female patient from a rural area, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus six years ago, currently in poor metabolic control. She underwent amputation of the fourth finger with a favorable postoperative course. The second case involves a 60-year-old male patient from a marginal urban area in Lima, also diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. He underwent amputation of the left second finger with a surgical diagnosis of necrosis and tenosynovitis. Diabetic hand syndrome can have a significant clinical impact and may lead to permanent disability. Early diagnosis improves prognosis, thus the importance of performing thorough physical examinations of the hands in patients with diabetes mellitus.
RESUMO
Hepatocrinology explores the intricate relationship between liver function and the endocrine system. Chronic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis can cause endocrine disorders due to toxin accumulation and protein synthesis disruption. Despite its importance, assessing endocrine issues in cirrhotic patients is frequently neglected. This article provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine disturbances in liver cirrhosis. The review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Scielo databases, encompassing 172 articles. Liver cirrhosis is associated with endocrine disturbances, including diabetes, hypoglycemia, sarcopenia, thyroid dysfunction, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, bone disease, adrenal insufficiency, growth hormone dysfunction, and secondary hyperaldosteronism. The optimal tools for diagnosing diabetes and detecting hypoglycemia are the oral glucose tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring system, respectively. Sarcopenia can be assessed through imaging and functional tests, while other endocrine disorders are evaluated using hormonal assays and imaging studies. Treatment options include metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and insulin, which are effective and safe for diabetes control. Established standards are followed for managing hypoglycemia, and hormone replacement therapy is often necessary for other endocrine dysfunctions. Liver transplantation can address some of these problems.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Hipoglicemia , Sarcopenia , Humanos , Automonitorização da Glicemia , Sarcopenia/diagnóstico , Sarcopenia/etiologia , Sarcopenia/terapia , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/terapia , Sistema Endócrino/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemia/complicaçõesRESUMO
This article is an extensive review that provides an update on the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic gastroenteropathy. There is no reported prevalence, but it has been described that patients with type 1 diabetes have a cumulative incidence at 10 years of 5.2%, and type 2 patients, 1%. Also, in the group of type 1 diabetes, it has been observed that women are more likely to present this condition (5.8% vs 3.5%). Many factors are associate with its development (e.g., hyperglycemia, vagal dysfunction, loss of expression of neural nitric oxide synthase in the myenteric plexus, alterations in the Cajal interstitial cell network, and oxidative stress). Gastrointestinal discomfort could be perceived 70% higher in diabetic patients, describing that 25% of diabetic patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms. Diabetic enteropathy could affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, but esophageal alterations were described in more than 60% of diabetic patients, also 60% of them present constipation, and 20%, diarrhea. Gastric emptying scintigraphy is useful to evaluate gastroparesis, therefore, gastric retention of more than 60% at 2 h has a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 20% for diagnosis; however, other studies such as breath tests, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 80%, or the endoscopic capsule contribute to the diagnosis. There is no cure; however, management must be multidisciplinary, focused on slowing the progression of diabetic gastroenteropathy, reducing symptoms, and restoring function; that includes nutritional recommendation, maintain glucose levels kept below 180 mg/dL, use of prokinetics, anti-emetics; nowadays, it has been special interest in surgical treatment, such as pyloroplasty, also gastric electrical stimulation appears to be another alternative.