RESUMO
In 2021, the expenses paid by households worldwide due to COVID-19 showed an increasing behavior and directly affected economic income since they were part of unforeseen expenses among households and became a factor that contributed to the increase in the levels of poverty mainly in households that were not part of the health system. The objective of this research was to establish the main determinants of out-of-pocket spending on health in Peruvian households in the times of the pandemic. A quantitative approach, of a nonexperimental type, with a descriptive and correlational methodological design was considered. The database of the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for 2021 was used as a source of information, applying the binomial logit econometric model. Out-of-pocket expenses during the pandemic compared to normal periods were shared by the members of the households. Since they were part of unforeseen expenses, these expenses mainly impacted the heads of the households and strongly affected household budgets. For this reason, the type of insurance, the suffering of household members from a disease, the results of tests for COVID-19, the expenditure on individual health, the existence of permanent limitations to any member of the household, the presence of an older adult in the household, and the marital status of the head of the household determined and positively influenced out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru with 36.85, 8.48, 6.50, 0.0065, 23.73, 16.79, and 2.44 percentage units. However, the existence of a drinking water service in the household, educational level, and the area of residence determined and negatively influenced out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru with 4.81, 6.75, and 19.26 percentage units, respectively. The type of insurance, the suffering of an individual from a disease, the results of COVID-19 tests, health spending, the existence of permanent limitations, the presence of an older adult in the household, and the marital status of the head of the household positively determined out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru, while the existence of a potable water service, educational level, and the area of residence determined out-of-pocket expenses in a negative or indirect way.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Gastos em Saúde , Humanos , Idoso , Peru/epidemiologia , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estado CivilRESUMO
Complementariamente, al estrés académico se le define como un proceso sistémico de carácter adaptativo y esencialmente psicológico. Objetivo. Determinar la relación de los factores asociados a la percepción del estrés con el ciclo académico en los estudiantes matriculados en el semestre académico 2020-I, en la Escuela Profesional de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se consideró el diseño de tipo no experimental de relacional y de corte transversal, con una muestra de 144 estudiantes, seleccionada por muestreo de tipo no probabilístico, donde se aplicó el cuestionario "Dental Environment Stress Questionaire". Resultados. En la dimensión de carga académica, la falta de tiempo entre seminarios y laboratorios o clínicas, falta de tiempo para realizar las tareas asignadas, asistencia y éxito en temas odontológicos, miedo a reprobar un curso o un semestre y falta de autoevaluación y el conocimiento de las propias competencias tienen una correlación positiva moderada con el ciclo académico, el retraso en la recepción de notas con el ciclo académico tiene una correlación positiva muy alta. En la dimensión de prácticas preclínicas y clínicas, la correlación de los factores que explican esta dimensión con el ciclo académico es positiva y baja; en la dimensión de tratamiento de pacientes, la correlación entre sus factores con el ciclo académico es positiva y muy bajo. Conclusiones. En la dimensión de Escuela Profesional y administración, la correlación de los factores considerados con el ciclo académico es positiva muy baja y en la dimensión de relaciones interpersonales, la correlación de competencia por las calificaciones y el ambiente creado por los docentes con el ciclo académico es positiva baja.
In addition, academic stress is defined as a systemic process of an adaptive and essentially psychological nature. Objective. To determine the relationship of the factors associated with the perception of stress with the academic cycle in students enrolled in the academic semester 2020-I, at the Professional School of Dentistry of the Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Peru. Materials and methods. A non-experimental relational and cross-sectional design was considered, with a sample of 144 students, selected by non-probabilistic sampling, where the questionnaire "Dental Environment Stress Questionnaire" was applied. Results. In the dimension of academic load, lack of time between seminars and laboratories or clinics, lack of time to perform assigned tasks, attendance and success in dental subjects, fear of failing a course or a semester and lack of self-evaluation and knowledge of own competences have a moderate positive correlation with the academic cycle, the delay in receiving grades with the academic cycle has a very high positive correlation. In the dimension of preclinical and clinical practices, the correlation of the factors explaining this dimension with the academic cycle is positive and low; in the dimension of patient treatment, the correlation between its factors with the academic cycle is positive and very low. Conclusions. In the dimension of professional school and administration, the correlation of the factors considered with the academic cycle is positive and very low, and in the dimension of interpersonal relations, the correlation of competence for qualifications and the environment created by teachers with the academic cycle is positive and low.
Além disso, o estresse acadêmico é definido como um processo sistêmico de natureza adaptativa e essencialmente psicológica. Objetivo. Determinar a relação entre os fatores associados à percepção do estresse e o ciclo acadêmico dos alunos matriculados no semestre acadêmico de 2020-I na Faculdade Profissional de Odontologia da Universidade Nacional del Altiplano, Peru. Materiais e métodos. Foi considerado um projeto relacional não experimental e transversal, com uma amostra de 144 estudantes, selecionados por amostragem não-probabilística, onde foi aplicado o questionário "Questionário de Estresse do Ambiente Dental". Resultados. Na dimensão da carga acadêmica, a falta de tempo entre seminários e laboratórios ou clínicas, a falta de tempo para realizar as tarefas designadas, o comparecimento e o sucesso nas disciplinas odontológicas, o medo de falhar um curso ou um semestre e a falta de auto-avaliação e de conhecimento das próprias competências têm uma correlação positiva moderada com o ciclo acadêmico, a demora em receber notas com o ciclo acadêmico tem uma correlação positiva muito alta. Na dimensão da prática pré-clínica e clínica, a correlação dos fatores que explicam esta dimensão com o ciclo acadêmico é positiva e baixa; na dimensão do tratamento do paciente, a correlação entre seus fatores com o ciclo acadêmico é positiva e muito baixa. Conclusões. Na dimensão da escola profissional e da administração, a correlação dos fatores considerados com o ciclo acadêmico é positiva e muito baixa, e na dimensão das relações interpessoais, a correlação da competência para qualificações e do ambiente criada pelos professores com o ciclo acadêmico é positiva e baixa.