RESUMO
Species diversity of the Bifidobacterium genus was scarcely explored in different rearing systems of poultry. The aim of the study was to isolate intestinal species and compare their physiological and traits for adaptation to the avian intestinal niche. Fourteen strains isolated from chickens of intensive rearing farms and free-range hens, were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing, rep-PCR fingerprinting, and carbohydrates fermentation. Strains belonged to species Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum and subsp. globosum, B. pullorum, B. animalis subsp lactis, B. boum, B. thermacidophilum subsp. thermacidophilum and B. thermophilum. One strain of B. animalis and B. pullorum, and two of B. pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum were obtained from chicks, while the others were from free-range adult hens. Growth (in MRSc) at the poultry physiological temperature, acids production in caecal water with raffinose (rCW), ex vivo adhesion (%) to avian intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), and auto-aggregation (%) were used for discrimination inter- and intra-specific. Significantly different acetic and lactic acids production and growth temperatures were observed in strains of the same species/subspecies. Remarkable auto-aggregation capability was observed in B. thermacidophilum subsp. thermacidophilum LET 406 (40.2 ± 1.1%), while adhesion property was highlighted in B. pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum LET 408 (65.30 ± 4.75% in jejunum; 46.05 ± 2.80 in ileum). Scanning Electronic Microscopy of the interaction IEC-LET 408 revealed an irregular bacterial surface exhibiting vesicle-like arrangements and filaments that formed a network among bacteria cells and with the epithelial cells, as possible adaptative response to promote its persistence in the gut. These finds will be valuable for bacterial supplements design intended to intensive rearing.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Probióticos , Animais , Feminino , Bifidobacterium , DNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Historical reconstructions within Podocarpaceae have provided valuable information to disentangle biogeographic scenarios that begun 65 Mya. However, early molecular phylogenies of Podocarpaceae failed to agree on the intergeneric relationships within the family. The aims of this study were to test whether plastome organization is stable within the genus Podocarpus, to estimate the selective regimes affecting plastome protein-coding genes, and to strengthen our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history. METHODS AND RESULTS: We sequenced the plastomes of four South American species from Patagonia, southern Yungas, and Brazilian subtropical forests. We compared their plastomes to those published from Brazil, Africa, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia, along with representatives from other genera within Podocarpaceae as outgroups. The four newly sequenced plastomes ranged in size between 133,791 bp and 133,991 bp. Gene content and order among chloroplasts from South American, African and Asian Podocarpus were conserved and different from the plastome of P. totara, from New Zealand. Most genes showed substitution patterns consistent with a conservative selective regime. Phylogenies inferred from either complete sequences or protein coding regions were mostly congruent with previous studies, but showed earlier branching of P. salignus, P. totara and P. sellowii. CONCLUSIONS: Highly similar and conserved plastomes of African, South American and Asian species suggest that P. totara plastome should be revised and compared to other species from Oceanic distribution. Furthermore, given such structural conservation, we suggest plastome sequencing is not useful to test whether genomic order can be climatically or geologically structured.
Assuntos
Cloroplastos , Genômica , Filogenia , Sequência de Bases , BrasilRESUMO
A 4-year-old Thoroughbred stallion suffered a fracture of the left thoracic limb while racing. Because of the poor prognosis, the horse was euthanized Follow-up questions: ⢠Morphologic diagnosis? ⢠Etiopathogenesis? ⢠Risk factors?
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Extremidade Superior/lesões , Fraturas Ósseas/veterinária , Cavalos/lesõesRESUMO
Philornis Meinert 1890 (Diptera: Muscidae) is a genus of flies that parasitize birds in the Neotropical region. The characteristics of the host-parasite interactions and its consequences may depend on the Philornis species involved, and thus precise identification of these parasites is crucial for the interpretation of ecological and epidemiological studies. However, morphological identification of Argentine Philornis species is elusive while molecular evidence points towards the existence of a complex of cryptic species or lineages undergoing a speciation process, which were named the 'Philornis torquans complex'. Herein the authors extended the current knowledge on the systematics and biogeography of parasitic Philornis flies from Argentina, analysing samples collected in several ecoregions, including the Atlantic Forest, Iberá Wetlands, Open Fields and Grasslands, Espinal, Pampa, Dry Chaco, Humid Chaco, Delta and Paraná River Islands, Monte of Plains and Plateaus. The results of the present study strengthen the evidence on previously described Philornis genotypes using four genetic markers (ITS2, COI, ND6, 12S rRNA). The authors report new patterns of occurrence and describe the presence of a novel genotype of subcutaneous Philornis. In addition, the present study unveils ecological niche differences among genotypes of the Philornis torquans complex in southern South America.
Assuntos
Muscidae , Parasitos , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Variação Genética , Larva , Muscidae/genéticaRESUMO
Philornis flies are the major cause of myiasis in nestlings of Neotropical birds, being of major concern in geographically-restricted and endangered bird species. Despite its relevance for the conservation of birds, there is little information about the environmental dimensions determining Philornis spp. geographical range. By using maximum entropy, we identified for the first time the macro-environmental variables constraining the abiotic niche of the P. torquans complex in South America, and provided a model map of its potential distribution based on environmental suitability. We identified the minimum temperature of the coldest month as the most relevant variable, associated with the largest decrease in habitat suitability in Brazil and northern South America. Furthermore, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter limited suitability mostly along with the Andean range. In addition, humidity and moisture are influential factors in most of Argentina, northern Chile, and coastal Peru. The geographical projection suggests that environments in most of central-eastern Argentina, and in a broad area in central Chile, are suitable for the presence of the P. torquans complex. Besides providing information about the ecology of Philornis spp., this study represents a tool for bird conservation and a reference for future work on the distribution of this genus.
Assuntos
Muscidae , Miíase , Parasitos , Animais , Aves , Chile/epidemiologia , Miíase/veterináriaRESUMO
The tropical fowl mite, Ornithonyssus bursa, is a common avian parasite found on diverse bird species worldwide. In the Neotropical region, O. bursa is present in wild birds, but it may also infect poultry and bite humans. Little is known about the ecology and epidemiology of this parasite. We conducted a thorough longitudinal study in passerine assemblages from central Argentina, gathering data from six reproductive seasons, with the aim of identifying factors that have a role in driving the occurrence and distribution of O. bursa in its natural hosts. We focused on the brood and microhabitat levels, accounting for potential confounders of higher levels. The results hereby presented contribute to our knowledge on the eco-epidemiology of O. bursa in natural hosts of the Neotropical region. Among the many variables assessed, nest material and host species appeared to be the most important correlates of O. bursa prevalence. Nonetheless, supplementary analyses showed that host species is a stronger predictor than nest material. Moreover, mite burden (parasite intensity) was found to depend on host species, but not on nest material. The association with species depended on nestling age, suggesting that resistance builds up as the nestling develop, but at a different pace depending on the bird species. Brood size was inversely correlated with intensity of parasitism, suggesting a dilution of the parasite burden on each nestling.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Ácaros/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Animais Selvagens/fisiologia , Argentina , Doenças das Aves/fisiopatologia , Aves/classificação , Aves/parasitologia , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Estudos Longitudinais , Ácaros/genéticaRESUMO
Levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) in plasma of Otaria flavescens females (n = 29) were evaluated. Reference intervals were established for each element, being the first report for this species.
Assuntos
Metais/sangue , Fósforo/sangue , Leões-Marinhos/sangue , Animais , Feminino , América do SulRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis is commonly asymptomatic; however, it can be a fatal multisystemic disease in some animal species, such as New World monkeys. An outbreak of acute fatal toxoplasmosis was reported in a colony of black-capped squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) from the zoo of La Plata, Argentina. Post-mortem examination of two monkeys revealed macroscopical and microscopical lesions compatible with acute toxoplasmosis. The presence of Toxoplasma gondii was confirmed by immunohistochemistry on monkey tissues, bioassay in mice and PCR using the specific primers B22-B23. By PCR-RFLP analysis, T. gondii isolated in mice, deriving from both monkeys, showed the same restriction pattern, with most markers showing a type III restriction pattern, except for C22-8 (type II) and C29-2 (type I). To our knowledge this is the first report of fatal toxoplasmosis in S. boliviensis caused by a non-canonical or atypical genotype of T. gondii.
Assuntos
Animais de Zoológico/parasitologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Saimiri/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Argentina , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Surtos de Doenças , Genótipo , Masculino , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Toxoplasma/genéticaRESUMO
Ganglioneuromatosis (GNM) is a rare condition characterized by the benign proliferation of ganglion cells, nerve fibres and supporting cells of the enteric nervous system. Necropsy examination of a female piglet weighing 4 kg revealed a well-demarcated 20 cm segment of terminal ileum with thickening of the wall. Microscopically, the lamina propria was infiltrated by enteric glial cells and large ganglion cells. Within the submucosal and muscular layers, aggregates of neurons were interlaced by Schwann cells and enteric glial cells arranged in concentric rings. Immunohistochemically, the neurons were weakly labelled for S-100 and neuron-specific enolase, Schwann cells expressed S-100 and vimentin and enteric glial cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100. Pathological and immunohistochemical findings supported the diagnosis of ileal GNM.
Assuntos
Ganglioneuroma/veterinária , Neoplasias do Íleo/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/patologia , Animais , Feminino , Ganglioneuroma/patologia , Neoplasias do Íleo/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Sus scrofa , SuínosRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known toxicant targeting many organs, among them placenta. This heavy metal also has embryonary and foetal toxicity. This study was undertaken to analyse the effect of a single Cd dose administered at 4, 7, 10 or 15 days of gestation on the offspring of pregnant rats sacrificed at 20 days of gestation. Cadmium chloride was administered subcutaneously at 10 mg/kg body weight to Wistar pregnant dams; control animals received a proportionate volume of sterile normal saline by the same route. Maternal uteri, livers, kidneys and lungs, and foetuses were examined at necropsy. Samples of maternal organs and whole foetuses were collected for histopathologic examination, determination of Cd levels and staining by the Alizarin red S technique. Results revealed a clear embryotoxic and a teratogenic effect of this heavy metal, the former as a significant increase in the number of resorptions, and the latter as significant decrease of the gestational sac weight, and the size and weight of foetuses of Cd-treated dams as well as induced malformations in skull bones, vertebrae and thoracic, and pelvian limbs. The deleterious effects found were similar to those previously reported for other animal models suggesting a high conservation of the pathogenic mechanisms of Cd. Additionally, many of the addressed aspects showed a slight dependence on the time of administration of the toxic that might be due to the accumulation of the metal in different organs, as we were able to demonstrate by the analysis of its concentration.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Cádmio/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Feto/anormalidades , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Cloreto de Cádmio/administração & dosagem , Poluentes Ambientais/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Feto/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
There are six species of Bothriopsis in Latin America, accidents caused by this genus are unusually reported. A 37-year-old man admitted thirty hours after a snakebite to the emergency department of Santarém City Hospital (SCH), northern Brazil. The patient presented local erythema, edema, increased local temperature and blister with serous fluid in the right arm. He developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and prolonged thrombocytopenia. The blood was incoagulable and he was treated with anti-bothropic antivenom and antibiotics. The patient had complete regression of all clinical and laboratory manifestations at varying intervals. The platelet counts returned to normal almost 2 weeks after administration of specific antivenom. The present report is the first accident caused by a snake of forest pit viper (Bothriopsis bilineata) in the Brazilian Amazon forest.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Bothrops , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Mordeduras de Serpentes/fisiopatologia , Trombocitopenia/etiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Animais , Antivenenos/uso terapêutico , Braço , Brasil , Terapia Combinada , Venenos de Crotalídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Florestas , Humanos , Masculino , Neurotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Mordeduras de Serpentes/sangue , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Mordeduras de Serpentes/terapia , Trombocitopenia/prevenção & controle , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal infections. Our purpose was to characterize GBS colonization in pregnant women, current serotypes, resistance phenotypes and genes associated with virulence. In Misiones, Argentina, there are no previous data on this topic. Vaginal-rectal swabs from 3125 pregnant women were studied between 2004 and 2010. GBS strains were identified by conventional and serological methods (Phadebact Strep B Test, ETC International, Bactus AB, Sweden). Serotypes were detected using Strep-B Latex (Statens Serum Institut, Denmark). Resistance phenotypes were determined by the double-disk test. Genes were studied by PCR. Maternal colonization was 9.38%. Resistance to erythromycin was 11.6%, and the constitutive phenotype was the predominant one. Serotype Ia was the most frequent, whereas serotypes IV, VI, VII and VIII were not detected. The lmb, bca and hylB genes were detected in more than 79% of the strains. In this study, the colonization rate with GBS and the serotype distribution were compared with studies reported in other areas of the country. The high resistance to erythromycin in Misiones justifies performing antibiotic susceptibility testing. The serotype distribution, the genes encoding putative virulence factors, and the patterns of resistance phenotypes of GBS may vary in different areas. They thus need to be evaluated in each place to devise strategies for prevention.
RESUMO
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal infections. Our purpose was to characterize GBS colonization in pregnant women, current serotypes, resistance phenotypes and genes associated with virulence. In Misiones, Argentina, there are no previous data on this topic. Vaginal-rectal swabs from 3125 pregnant women were studied between 2004 and 2010. GBS strains were identified by conventional and serological methods (Phadebact Strep B Test, ETC International, Bactus AB, Sweden). Serotypes were detected using Strep-B Latex (Statens Serum Institut, Denmark). Resistance phenotypes were determined by the double-disk test. Genes were studied by PCR. Maternal colonization was 9.38%. Resistance to erythromycin was 11.6%, and the constitutive phenotype was the predominant one. Serotype Ia was the most frequent, whereas serotypes IV, VI, VII and VIII were not detected. The lmb, bca and hylB genes were detected in more than 79% of the strains. In this study, the colonization rate with GBS and the serotype distribution were compared with studies reported in other areas of the country. The high resistance to erythromycin in Misiones justifies performing antibiotic susceptibility testing. The serotype distribution, the genes encoding putative virulence factors, and the patterns of resistance phenotypes of GBS may vary in different areas. They thus need to be evaluated in each place to devise strategies for prevention.(AU)
Assuntos
Infecções/veterinária , Fenótipo , Virulência , Streptococcus/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal infections. Our purpose was to characterize GBS colonization in pregnant women, current serotypes, resistance phenotypes and genes associated with virulence. In Misiones, Argentina, there are no previous data on this topic. Vaginal-rectal swabs from 3125 pregnant women were studied between 2004 and 2010. GBS strains were identified by conventional and serological methods (Phadebact Strep B Test, ETC International, Bactus AB, Sweden). Serotypes were detected using Strep-B Latex (Statens Serum Institut, Denmark). Resistance phenotypes were determined by the double-disk test. Genes were studied by PCR. Maternal colonization was 9.38%. Resistance to erythromycin was 11.6%, and the constitutive phenotype was the predominant one. Serotype Ia was the most frequent, whereas serotypes IV, VI, VII and VIII were not detected. The lmb, bca and hylB genes were detected in more than 79% of the strains. In this study, the colonization rate with GBS and the serotype distribution were compared with studies reported in other areas of the country. The high resistance to erythromycin in Misiones justifies performing antibiotic susceptibility testing. The serotype distribution, the genes encoding putative virulence factors, and the patterns of resistance phenotypes of GBS may vary in different areas. They thus need to be evaluated in each place to devise strategies for prevention.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Eritromicina/análise , Eritromicina/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas In Vitro , Fenótipo , Gestantes , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus agalactiae/genética , Streptococcus agalactiae/patogenicidade , Genótipo , Metodologia como Assunto , Sorotipagem , VirulênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN Durante la última década, varios estudios han señalado a los microorganismos ambientales como el origen de genes de resistencia de interés clínico. OBJETIVOS Investigar la presencia de genes codificantes de metalo-ß-lactamasas (MBL) en aislamientos ambientales de Pseudomonas spp. de la provincia de Misiones, su posible localización en integrones de clase 1 y 2, y su susceptibilidad a carbapenemes, con el fin de conocer la diseminación de la resistencia de estas bacterias en el ambiente. MÉTODOS Se estudiaron aislamientos no repetitivos de Pseudomonas spp. recuperados de muestras ambientales urbanas y rurales de aguas, alimentos y suelos. No se incluyeron aislamientos provenientes de muestras clínicas o del ambiente hospitalario. La detección de genes codificantes de MBL e integrones clase 1 y 2 se realizó por PCR. La sensibilidad a imipenem (IMP) se determinó por CIM. En las cepas resistentes a IMP se investigó la presencia de MBL por métodos fenotípicos. La identificación de los aislamientos resistentes se realizó mediante la técnica MALDI-TOF. RESULTADOS En 168 cepas estudiadas, 6 aislamientos (de agua y suelo) fueron resistentes a IMP. En esas cepas no se detectó MBL ni integrones clase 1 y 2, DISCUSIÓN Los resultados tienden a corroborar que la actividad humana conlleva un aumento de bacterias resistentes en el ambiente, ya que las cepas resistentes recuperadas de suelos provenían de plantaciones de yerba mate y caña de azúcar. Otras variables no consideradas, como lugar o época de muestreo, número de muestras o mecanismo de resistencia estudiado, podrían haber incidido en el bajo porcentaje de cepas resistentes recuperadas del ambiente urbano. Se ha sugerido que los integrones son predominantemente hallados en cepas recuperadas de muestras clínicas; estos datos justificarían la ausencia de su identificación en el presente trabajo.
Assuntos
Carbapenêmicos , Meio Ambiente , Anti-InfecciososRESUMO
In this work, an immunohistochemical study was performed to determine the distribution and relative frequencies of some neuromodulators of the digestive tract of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The digestive tract of silver catfish was divided into six portions; the oesophagus, stomach, intestine (ascendant, descendant and convoluted segments), and rectum. Immunohistochemical method using a pool of specific antisera against-gastrin, -cholecystokinin-8, -leu-enkephalin, -neuropeptide Y, -calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and -vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was employed. Immunoreactivity to all antisera was identified in neuroendocrine cells (NECs) localized in the gut epithelium, although no reaction was observed in the oesophagus or stomach. The morphology of NECs immunopositive to each antibody was similar. They were slender in shape, with basally located nucleus, and their main axis perpendicular to the basement membrane. The number of NECs immunoreactive to all antisera was higher in the ascendant and descendant intestine, exhibiting a decreasing trend toward distal segments of the gut. In addition, immunoreactivity to CGRP and VIP was observed in the myenteric plexus and nerve fibers distributed in the mucosal, submucosal and muscular layers. The higher number of immunopositive NECs in the ascendant and descendant intestine may indicate the primary role of these segments in the control of food intake by means of orexigenic and anorexigenic peripheral signals.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/inervação , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Sistemas Neurossecretores/citologia , Sistemas Neurossecretores/metabolismo , Animais , Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Contagem de Células , Colecistocinina/metabolismo , Encefalina Leucina/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/citologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/metabolismo , Feminino , Gastrinas/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/citologia , Soros Imunes , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Neuropeptídeo Y/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
An external pinkish growing mass that emerged from the right nostril of an adult goldfish Carassius auratus L. was evaluated by means of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The neoplasm presented a well-developed fibrovascular stroma associated with solid cell nests and a large number of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. Myelinated fibres were observed around them. Neoplastic cells showed a prominent degree of nuclear atypia and low mitotic activity. The latter was in agreement with the low reactivity of tumour cells to anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody. Immunohistochemistry also revealed anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase, anti-S100 protein, antineuropeptide Y, and anti-cytokeratin immunoreactivity in tumour cells as well as in normal olfactory epithelium of goldfish control sections. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings strongly suggest a diagnosis of an olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB). To our knowledge this is the first description of ONB in goldfish.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Carpa Dourada , Neuroblastoma/veterinária , Neoplasias Nasais/veterinária , Animais , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Neoplasias Nasais/patologiaRESUMO
In this study, several neuropeptides were identified by immunohistochemistry in neuroendocrine cells (NEC) located in the gut epithelium and nerve cell bodies of the enteric nervous system of pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis, a species that is a promising candidate for intensive aquaculture. The neuropeptides involved in orexigenic or anorexigenic action, i.e. gastrin, cholecystokinin-8, neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), displayed a significantly higher number of immunoreactive NECs in the anterior intestine, suggesting that this region of the gut plays an important role in the peripheral control of food intake. On the other hand, leu-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), both associated with the modulation of the enteric immune system, showed no significant variations in the mean value of immunopositive NECs between the anterior and posterior intestine. This may indicate that their activity is required at a similar level along the entire gut. In addition, CGRP and VIP-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibres were observed in the myenteric plexus, which might exert synergistic effects with the neuropeptides immunolocalized in NECs.