RESUMO
Lung cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies with a high mortality rate. In large cities, particulate matter (PM) is a common air pollutant. High PM levels with aerodynamic size ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) associates with lung cancer incidence and mortality. In this work, we explored PM2.5 effects on the behavior of lung cancer cells. To this, we chronically exposed A549 cells to increasing PM2.5 concentrations collected in México City, then evaluating cell proliferation, chemoresponse, migration, invasion, spheroid formation, and P-glycoprotein and N-cadherin expression. Chronic PM2.5 exposure from 1 µg/cm2 stimulated A549 cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance and upregulated P-glycoprotein and N-cadherin expression. PM2.5 also induced larger multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) and less disintegration compared with control cells. Therefore, these results indicate lung cancer patients exposed to airborne PM2.5 as urban pollutant could develop more aggressive tumor phenotypes, with increased cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Material Particulado , Humanos , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Células A549 , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Fenótipo , Caderinas/metabolismo , Tamanho da Partícula , México , Esferoides Celulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Invasividade Neoplásica , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/metabolismoRESUMO
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from the environment are associated with reproductive abnormalities (i.e. decreased sperm concentration; increased endometriosis) and alterations of the cardiovascular system (i.e. increased blood pressure and risk of coronary disease). Some phthalates esters have been identified as EDCs, for which inhalation is considered as one of the routes of exposure. However, only little is known regarding inhalational exposure to EDCs via urban airborne particles. In the present study, we report the monthly concentration of 8 phthalate esters measured in PM10 and PM2.5 collected and recovered during 7 months in a highly populated area of Mexico City. Using the levels of PM10 and PM2.5 reported by the automatized network of environmental monitoring of Mexico City for the sampling site, we estimated exposure levels for people of different ages and gender. Two endocrine disrupting compounds, the phthalate esters DEHP and DnBP, were found on the particles in higher concentrations during the warmer months of the year. The highest concentration was reported for DEHP (229.7µg/g of particles) in PM2.5 collected in May 2013. After calculations of the DEHP concentration in the atmosphere, and using the respiratory flow rate, we determined males were potentially exposed to larger quantities of DEHP, reaching up to 18ng/8h in April 2013. Despite the concentrations of phthalates seem to be rather small, a comprehensive characterization of its presence is necessary in order to evaluate the overall exposure to these compounds, providing a clear view of exposure on children, adolescents and pregnant women.