RESUMO

Schistosomiasis is an important vector-borne disease transmitted by an intermediate host: a freshwater mollusk. Control of these snail vectors is one of the strategies of the World Health Organization against the disease. The present study was based on a systematic review of published scientific papers concerning the biological control of snails (genus Biomphalaria), and identified the ongoing challenges and propose future perspectives. The review methodology was based on the PRISMA statement, the international databases Web of Science and Scopus for the period 1945-2021. In total, 47 papers were analyzed, published by authors from 14 different countries, the majority being from: France, Brazil, the United States, and Egypt. The most widely used strategy for biological control was predation by fish (12 studies). Fourteen papers were published in the most prolific decade 2010-2019; during which there was also a greater diversity of biological control agents in studies. In this context, we believed that one of the principal challenges of this approach is the successful simultaneous use of multiple types of biological control agent: predators, competitors, and/or microbial agents. This new approach may provide important insights for the development of new biological control agents or microbial-based products, with the potential to reduce the parasite load carried by schistosomiasis snail vector and control its transmission in a sustainable way.

A esquistossomose é uma importante doença transmitida por vetor, um hospedeiro intermediário: um molusco de água doce. O controle desses caramujos vetores é uma das estratégias da Organização Mundial da Saúde para controle da doença. O presente estudo foi baseado em uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos publicados sobre o controle biológico de caramujos (gênero Biomphalaria), e teve como objetivo identificar os desafios atuais e propor perspectivas futuras. A metodologia de revisão foi baseada na declaração PRISMA, nas bases de dados internacionais, Web of Science e Scopus, entre 1945-2021. No total, foram analisados 47 artigos, publicados por autores de 14 países diferentes, sendo a maioria: França, Brasil, Estados Unidos e Egito. A estratégia mais utilizada para controle biológico foi a predação por peixes (12 estudos). Quatorze artigos foram publicados na década mais produtiva 2010-2019, durante a qual também houve uma maior diversidade de agentes de controle biológico em estudos. Neste contexto, acreditamos que um dos principais desafios desta abordagem é a utilização simultânea bem-sucedida de múltiplos tipos de agentes de controle biológico: predadores, concorrentes e/ou agentes microbianos. Esta nova abordagem fornece importantes subsídios para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes de controle biológico ou produtos de base microbiana, com o potencial de reduzir a carga parasitária transportada pelo vetor esquistossomose de caramujos e controlar sua transmissão de forma sustentável.

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ABSTRACT: Schistosomiasis is an important vector-borne disease transmitted by an intermediate host: a freshwater mollusk. Control of these snail vectors is one of the strategies of the World Health Organization against the disease. The present study was based on a systematic review of published scientific papers concerning the biological control of snails (genus Biomphalaria), and identified the ongoing challenges and propose future perspectives. The review methodology was based on the PRISMA statement, the international databases Web of Science and Scopus for the period 1945-2021. In total, 47 papers were analyzed, published by authors from 14 different countries, the majority being from: France, Brazil, the United States, and Egypt. The most widely used strategy for biological control was predation by fish (12 studies). Fourteen papers were published in the most prolific decade 2010-2019; during which there was also a greater diversity of biological control agents in studies. In this context, we believed that one of the principal challenges of this approach is the successful simultaneous use of multiple types of biological control agent: predators, competitors, and/or microbial agents. This new approach may provide important insights for the development of new biological control agents or microbial-based products, with the potential to reduce the parasite load carried by schistosomiasis snail vector and control its transmission in a sustainable way.

RESUMO: A esquistossomose é uma importante doença transmitida por vetor, um hospedeiro intermediário: um molusco de água doce. O controle desses caramujos vetores é uma das estratégias da Organização Mundial da Saúde para controle da doença. O presente estudo foi baseado em uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos publicados sobre o controle biológico de caramujos (gênero Biomphalaria), e teve como objetivo identificar os desafios atuais e propor perspectivas futuras. A metodologia de revisão foi baseada na declaração PRISMA, nas bases de dados internacionais, Web of Science e Scopus, entre 1945-2021. No total, foram analisados 47 artigos, publicados por autores de 14 países diferentes, sendo a maioria: França, Brasil, Estados Unidos e Egito. A estratégia mais utilizada para controle biológico foi a predação por peixes (12 estudos). Quatorze artigos foram publicados na década mais produtiva 2010-2019, durante a qual também houve uma maior diversidade de agentes de controle biológico em estudos. Neste contexto, acreditamos que um dos principais desafios desta abordagem é a utilização simultânea bem-sucedida de múltiplos tipos de agentes de controle biológico: predadores, concorrentes e/ou agentes microbianos. Esta nova abordagem fornece importantes subsídios para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes de controle biológico ou produtos de base microbiana, com o potencial de reduzir a carga parasitária transportada pelo vetor esquistossomose de caramujos e controlar sua transmissão de forma sustentável.

RESUMO

The effects of two different products - Metarril® SP Organic (dry conidia) and Metarril® SC Organic (emulsifiable concentrated conidia in vegetable oil) - on eggs, larvae and Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females were here explored. Three concentrations (108, 107, and 106 conidia mL-1) for both products were prepared in water + 0.1% Tween® 80 (v/v); afterward, bioassays were carried out for all R. microplus stages by immersion in suspensions (Metarril® SP) or formulations (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP suspensions showed low efficacy and did not affect biological parameters of treated engorged females; for eggs and larvae, only slight decreases in hatchability and larvae population were observed. Despite a delay in germination, Metarril® SC presented better results; for females, reductions in Egg Mass Weight (EMW) and Egg Production Index (EPI) were reported. On eggs, 108 conidia mL-1 increased Incubation Period (IP), shortened Hatching Period (HP) and decreased hatchability by up to 61%; for larvae, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 reached 99.6 and 100% larval mortality respectively, 10 days after fungal exposure. Thus, further studies involving the use of oil-based formulations for ticks such as Metarril® SC need to be performed, especially to control the most susceptible stages (eggs and larvae).

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The effects of two different products - Metarril® SP Organic (dry conidia) and Metarril® SC Organic (emulsifiable concentrated conidia in vegetable oil) - on eggs, larvae and Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females were here explored. Three concentrations (108, 107, and 106 conidia mL-1) for both products were prepared in water + 0.1% Tween® 80 (v/v); afterward, bioassays were carried out for all R. microplus stages by immersion in suspensions (Metarril® SP) or formulations (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP suspensions showed low efficacy and did not affect biological parameters of treated engorged females; for eggs and larvae, only slight decreases in hatchability and larvae population were observed. Despite a delay in germination, Metarril® SC presented better results; for females, reductions in Egg Mass Weight (EMW) and Egg Production Index (EPI) were reported. On eggs, 108 conidia mL-1 increased Incubation Period (IP), shortened Hatching Period (HP) and decreased hatchability by up to 61%; for larvae, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 reached 99.6 and 100% larval mortality respectively, 10 days after fungal exposure. Thus, further studies involving the use of oil-based formulations for ticks such as Metarril® SC need to be performed, especially to control the most susceptible stages (eggs and larvae).(AU)

No presente trabalho, os efeitos de dois diferentes produtos foram avaliados - Metarril® SP Organic (conídios secos) e Metarril® SC Organic (conídios concentrados em óleo vegetal) - para ovos, larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus microplus. Três concentrações (108, 107 e 106 conídios mL-1) para cada produto foram preparadas em água + Tween® 80 0,1% (v/v); os bioensaios foram realizados para todos os estágios de R. microplus por imersão nas suspensões (Metarril® SP) ou formulações (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP não afetou os parâmetros biológicos das fêmeas, demonstrando assim baixa eficácia; para ovos e larvas, foram observadas discretas diminuições na eclodibilidade e na população de larvas. Apesar de um atraso na germinação, Metarril® SC apresentou melhores resultados; para as fêmeas, foram detectadas reduções no Peso da Massa de Ovos (PMO) e no Índice de Produção de Ovos (IPO). Para os ovos, a concentração de 108 conídios mL-1 aumentou o Período de Incubação (PI), reduziu o Período de Eclosão (PE) e também o da eclodibilidade em até 61%; para larvas, 107 e 108 conídios mL-1 atingiram 99,6 e 100% de mortalidade larval, respectivamente, 10 dias após a exposição fúngica. Com isso, estudos adicionais que envolvem o uso de formulações à base de óleo para carrapatos, como Metarril® SC, precisam ser realizados, especialmente para controlar os estágios mais suscetíveis (ovos e larvas).(AU)

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In the present study, lab-on-a-chip electrophoresis (LoaC) was suggested as an alternative method to the conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (SDS-PAGE) to analyze raw cell-free tick hemolymph. Rhipicephalus microplus females were exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae senso latu IBCB 116 strain and/or to the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 strain. Hemolymph from not exposed or exposed ticks was collected 16 and 24 h after exposure and analyze by SDS-PAGE or LoaC. SDS-PAGE yielded 15 bands and LoaC electrophoresis 17 bands. Despite the differences in the number of bands, when the hemolymph protein profiles of exposed or unexposed ticks were compared in the same method, no suppressing or additional bands were detected among the treatments regardless the method (i.e., SDS-PAGE or chip electrophoresis using the Protein 230 Kit®). The potential of LoaC electrophoresis to detect protein bands from tick hemolymph was considered more efficient in comparison to the detection obtained using the traditional SDS-PAGE method, especially when it comes to protein subunits heavier than 100 KDa. LoaC electrophoresis provided a very good reproducibility, and is much faster than the conventional SDS-PAGE method, which requires several hours for one analysis. Despite both methods can be used to analyze tick hemolymph composition, LoaC was considered more suitable for cell-free hemolymph protein separation and detection. LoaC hemolymph band percent data reported changes in key proteins (i.e., HeLp and vitellogenin) exceptionally important for tick embryogenesis. This study reported, for the first time, tick hemolymph protein profile using LoaC.

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The present study evaluated, for the first time, the effect of the commercial formulation Metarril(®) SP Organic of Metarhizium anisopliae plus 10% mineral oil to control Rhipicephalus microplus in a pen study. Three groups were formed with six animals each: the first group was exposed to Metarril(®) plus 10% mineral oil and 1% Tween 80; the second group was exposed to sterile distilled water, mineral oil and Tween 80 (oil control group); and the third group received no treatment (control group). The fungal formulation contained 1 × 10(8)conidiaml(-1). Each animal was sprayed with 3L of formulation. Fallen ticks were counted daily and a sample of 20 engorged females per day was incubated for assessment of biological parameters. Throughout the study period, Metarril(®) oil-based formulation showed an efficacy ranging from 19.20% to 67.39% in comparison with the control group; and from 8.18% to 61.38% in comparison with the oil control group. The average efficacy of Metarril(®) oil-based formulation was 47.74% and 40.89% in comparison with control and oil control groups, respectively. Changes in the biological parameters of engorged R. microplus females were observed in the first three days after treatment, with a significant reduction in hatching percentage and egg production index. We concluded that Metarril(®) SP Organic plus 10% mineral oil was efficient against R. microplus in pen studies. However, further in vivo studies are required to increase the efficacy and to establish a protocol for the use of this product in the field against the cattle tick.

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The tick's fat body plays an essential role in energy storage and utilization. This study aimed to analyze the fat body neutral lipid composition in Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. In the first study (physiological profile of untreated ticks), the lipid analysis took place over the course of 4 days; the engorged females were incubated at optimal conditions and their fat bodies were dissected daily. Fat body lipid analysis after fungal infection with Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) or Beauveria bassiana s.l. was performed with four groups: one without any treatment, one that was inoculated with a solution of 0.1 % Tween 80 in water, and two groups that were inoculated with M. anisopliae or B. bassiana conidial suspensions. The fat bodies were dissected 24 and 48 h after infection. Lipid analysis was conducted by thin-layer chromatography on a silica plate. The results of the physiological profile showed that the amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) and free cholesterol (CHO) decreased with time, whereas cholesterol ester (CHOE) increased on the second and fourth days. Following M. anisopliae or B. bassiana infection, there was an increase in the amount of CHO after 24 h, whereas the other lipid classes were not altered. M. anisopliae caused an increase in CHOE and TAG and a reduction in CHO at 48 h after infection; however, B. bassiana infection did not cause significant alterations in the concentrations of these lipids. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana infection changed the fat body metabolism of engorged female R. microplus ticks. This study provides the first report of changes in the neutral lipid composition of the R. microplus fat body.

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The use of entomopathogenic fungi to control arthropods has been reported worldwide for decades. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the virulence of 30 Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. Brazilian isolates from different geographical regions, hosts or substrates on the larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks under in vitro conditions to the selection of virulent isolates in order to be further used in biological control programs. The current study confirmed the lethal action of M. anisopliae s.l. isolates on R. (B.) microplus larvae with different mortality levels, usually directly proportional to the conidia concentration. No relationship was found between the origin of the isolate and its virulence potential or between the virulence potential and conidia production. Three isolates (CG 37, CG 384 and IBCB 481) caused a high percentage of larval mortality, reaching LC(50) at 10(6) conidia ml(-1), thus requiring a lower conidia concentration to cause an approximately 100% larval mortality. The results of this study suggest that these three isolates are the most promising for use in programs aimed at microbial control in the field.

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The formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control ticks have been widely studied. The present study evaluated the efficacy of oil-based formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.), isolate Ma 959, and Beauveria bassiana, isolate Bb 986, on different Rhipicephalus microplus stages, comparing the efficacy between aqueous suspensions and 10, 15 and 20% mineral oil formulations. Twelve groups were formed: one aqueous control group; three mineral oil control groups, at 10, 15 or 20%; two aqueous fungal suspensions of M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana; and three formulations of M. anisopliae (s.l.) or B. bassiana containing 10, 15, and 20% mineral oil. To prepare aqueous suspensions and oily formulations, fungal isolates were cultivated on rice grains in polypropylene bags. The conidial suspensions and formulations had a concentration of 10(8)conidia/mL. Bioassays were repeated twice. After treatment, the following biological parameters of engorged females were evaluated: hatching percentage, egg production index, nutritional index, and percentage of tick control. The following parameters were evaluated in the bioassays with eggs: period of incubation, period of hatch, and hatching percentage. Mortality was evaluated in bioassays with larvae. M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations were more effective than aqueous suspensions against R. microplus eggs, larvae and engorged females, however, there was no significant difference between the three oil concentrations used. M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana formulated in mineral oil reached 93.69% and 21.67% efficacy, respectively, while M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana aqueous suspensions attained 18.70% and 1.72% efficacy, respectively. M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused significant effects in all biological parameters of engorged females while B. bassiana oil-based formulations modified significantly the nutritional index only. Eggs treated with M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations showed hatching rates that decreased 102.5 and 3.65 times, respectively. In the bioassay with larvae, M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused nearly 100% mortality five days after treatment, while larva treated with B. bassiana oil-based formulations reached 100% mortality at day 20 after treatment. Larva from oil-based control groups showed mortality at day 15 after treatment, which indicated a possible toxic effect of the oil for this R. microplus stage. The results showed that the fungal mineral oil formulations tested were more effective than the aqueous suspension. Oil-based formulations at 10, 15 and 20% enhanced the activity of M. anisopliae s.l. Ma 959, and B. bassiana Bb 986, isolates against R. microplus eggs, larvae, and engorged females tick. Mineral oil was effective as an adjuvant in formulations of M. anisopliae s.l., Ma 959, and B. bassiana, Bb 986, for the control of R. microplus under laboratory conditions.

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Os ciatostomíneos (Cyathostominae) são os nematóides mais abundantes no intestino grosso dos equinos e os ovos eliminados nas fezes podem chegar a 12x106 ovos/dia se o número de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) for igual a 1000. Variáveis ambientais como temperatura, pluviosidade e umidade influenciam no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de ovos e de larvas nas fezes e pastagem. O efeito da temperatura sobre o desenvolvimento de ovos dos ciatostomíneos e o tempo de armazenamento são pouco estudados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das temperaturas de ±10ºC e -4ºC sobre as diferentes fases dos ovos. Fezes de equinos foram coletadas, divididas em seis amostras de aproximadamente 1kg, sendo três amostras mantidas a ±10ºC e três a -4ºC. Durante 18 meses, alíquotas de 4g de fezes foram retiradas semanalmente, de cada temperatura respectiva, para recuperação de ovos que foram mantidos em placas de Petri com água por 24h para observação e contagem das fases de desenvolvimento e contagem dos ovos viáveis e inviáveis e/ou inférteis. Sob a temperatura de ±10ºC, 75% dos ovos encontravam-se na fase de mórula e 20% em gástrula; a -4ºC, 90% em mórula e 10% em gástrula. Houve diferença significativa no número de ovos em mórula, gástrula e para o OPG entre as temperaturas. Os ovos resistiram a -4ºC, desenvolveram-se até a fase seguinte e o tempo até ovo larvado foi maior que 24h a ±25ºC. Mais estudos estão em andamento a fim de esclarecer vários aspectos do efeito da temperatura sobre ovos de ciatostomíneos estocados.

The cyathostomin (Cyathostominae) are the most abundant nematodes in the large intestine of horses. A number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) equal to 1000 represents a pasture contamination with eggs per 12x106 day. The environmental variables as temperature, rainfall and humidity influence the development and survival of eggs and larvae in the faeces and pasture. Studies about the storage and the effect of temperature on the development are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperatures ± 10°C and -4°C on the development of cyathostomin eggs. Feces collected from horses were divided into six samples of 1kg, three stored at ± 10ºC and three stored at -4ºC. Each seven days a sample of 4g was evaluated for counting and observation of the egg stage for a period of 18 months. At ± 10ºC temperature, 75% of eggs were at the morula stage and 20% gastrula; at -4ºC, 90% were at the morula stage and 10% in gastrula. There were significant differences in the number of eggs in morula, gastrula and the OPG between the temperatures evaluated. Eggs stored at ± 10°C and -4°C remained viable during 18 months, indicating that resistence to freezing temperature. More studies are in process to know many questions about it.

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Os ciatostomíneos (Cyathostominae) são os nematóides mais abundantes no intestino grosso dos equinos e os ovos eliminados nas fezes podem chegar a 12x106 ovos/dia se o número de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) for igual a 1000. Variáveis ambientais como temperatura, pluviosidade e umidade influenciam no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de ovos e de larvas nas fezes e pastagem. O efeito da temperatura sobre o desenvolvimento de ovos dos ciatostomíneos e o tempo de armazenamento são pouco estudados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das temperaturas de ±10ºC e -4ºC sobre as diferentes fases dos ovos. Fezes de equinos foram coletadas, divididas em seis amostras de aproximadamente 1kg, sendo três amostras mantidas a ±10ºC e três a -4ºC. Durante 18 meses, alíquotas de 4g de fezes foram retiradas semanalmente, de cada temperatura respectiva, para recuperação de ovos que foram mantidos em placas de Petri com água por 24h para observação e contagem das fases de desenvolvimento e contagem dos ovos viáveis e inviáveis e/ou inférteis. Sob a temperatura de ±10ºC, 75% dos ovos encontravam-se na fase de mórula e 20% em gástrula; a -4ºC, 90% em mórula e 10% em gástrula. Houve diferença significativa no número de ovos em mórula, gástrula e para o OPG entre as temperaturas. Os ovos resistiram a -4ºC, desenvolveram-se até a fase seguinte e o tempo até ovo larvado foi maior que 24h a ±25ºC. Mais estudos estão em andamento a fim de esclarecer vários aspectos do efeito da temperatura sobre ovos de ciatostomíneos estocados.(AU)

The cyathostomin (Cyathostominae) are the most abundant nematodes in the large intestine of horses. A number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) equal to 1000 represents a pasture contamination with eggs per 12x106 day. The environmental variables as temperature, rainfall and humidity influence the development and survival of eggs and larvae in the faeces and pasture. Studies about the storage and the effect of temperature on the development are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperatures ± 10°C and -4°C on the development of cyathostomin eggs. Feces collected from horses were divided into six samples of 1kg, three stored at ± 10ºC and three stored at -4ºC. Each seven days a sample of 4g was evaluated for counting and observation of the egg stage for a period of 18 months. At ± 10ºC temperature, 75% of eggs were at the morula stage and 20% gastrula; at -4ºC, 90% were at the morula stage and 10% in gastrula. There were significant differences in the number of eggs in morula, gastrula and the OPG between the temperatures evaluated. Eggs stored at ± 10°C and -4°C remained viable during 18 months, indicating that resistence to freezing temperature. More studies are in process to know many questions about it.(AU)

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The ecology of cyathostomin larvae was evaluated in different seasons, from July 2007 to June 2008, in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Samples of feces and grass were collected every 15 days at 8 AM and 5 PM and the infective larvae were recovered by the Baermann technique. Leaves of the grass Brachiaria humidicola were cut to 20 cm, which is the length containing most of the larvae. The highest number of larvae was recorded at 8 AM the winter (8300 L(3)kg(-1)dm) and spring (5300 L(3)kg(-1)dm). These results demonstrate that climate conditions can affect the recovery of larvae and that rain and temperature contributed to the migration and survival of the larvae, which were available throughout the year in the study area.

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Sob condições de clima tropical da Baixada Fluminense do Rio de janeiro, foi desenvolvido um experimento com amostras de fezes depositadas em gramínea Tyfton 85 (Cynodon spp. Cv.Tifton 85), no início de cada estação do ano. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a distribuição das larvas infectantes (L3) de ciatostomíneos nas fezes, na gramínea e no solo, verificando o horário de maior recuperação de larvas. As coletas iniciaram-se uma semana após cada depósito e a partir daí de quinze em quinze dias durante as estações. Maior número de larvas foi encontrado na gramínea no outono e no inverno, meses com predominância na estação seca, e menor número de larvas foi encontrado na primavera e principalmente no verão, meses com predominância na estação chuvosa. No horário das 8 horas, foi recuperado o maior número de larvas. Não se observou diferença significativa entre os horários de coleta para cada estação do ano. Reduzido número de larvas foi recuperado nos 10 cm do solo analisado. As condições climáticas da região estudada permitiram o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de L3 de ciatostomíneos na massa fecal, assim como a migração para a gramínea, durante todo o ano, com maior risco de infecção para os equinos no outono e no inverno.(AU)

Distribution of cyathostomin infective larvae (L3) in feces, soil and in Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85) pasture was studied in the different seasons under tropical climate of Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of L3 in the feces, pasture and soil, verifying the time of higher larvae recovery. The collections began one week after deposit, and then every 15 days. L3 were recovered in higher number in the fall and winter, dry period, when compared to spring and mainly the summer, rainy period. More larvae were recovered at 8:00 oclock, although no statistic difference was observed among the collection times for each season. The soil did not demonstrate to be a potential L3 reservoir, considering the low larvae recovery. The environmental conditions of the studied area rendered possible the L3 development and survival in fecal mass, as well as the migration for the pasture, making possible the infection of horses.(AU)

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Sob condições de clima tropical da Baixada Fluminense do Rio de janeiro, foi desenvolvido um experimento com amostras de fezes depositadas em gramínea Tyfton 85 (Cynodon spp. Cv.Tifton 85), no início de cada estação do ano. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a distribuição das larvas infectantes (L3) de ciatostomíneos nas fezes, na gramínea e no solo, verificando o horário de maior recuperação de larvas. As coletas iniciaram-se uma semana após cada depósito e a partir daí de quinze em quinze dias durante as estações. Maior número de larvas foi encontrado na gramínea no outono e no inverno, meses com predominância na estação seca, e menor número de larvas foi encontrado na primavera e principalmente no verão, meses com predominância na estação chuvosa. No horário das 8 horas, foi recuperado o maior número de larvas. Não se observou diferença significativa entre os horários de coleta para cada estação do ano. Reduzido número de larvas foi recuperado nos 10 cm do solo analisado. As condições climáticas da região estudada permitiram o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de L3 de ciatostomíneos na massa fecal, assim como a migração para a gramínea, durante todo o ano, com maior risco de infecção para os equinos no outono e no inverno.

Distribution of cyathostomin infective larvae (L3) in feces, soil and in Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85) pasture was studied in the different seasons under tropical climate of Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of L3 in the feces, pasture and soil, verifying the time of higher larvae recovery. The collections began one week after deposit, and then every 15 days. L3 were recovered in higher number in the fall and winter, dry period, when compared to spring and mainly the summer, rainy period. More larvae were recovered at 8:00 o’clock, although no statistic difference was observed among the collection times for each season. The soil did not demonstrate to be a potential L3 reservoir, considering the low larvae recovery. The environmental conditions of the studied area rendered possible the L3 development and survival in fecal mass, as well as the migration for the pasture, making possible the infection of horses.

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A study following the development and migration of Cyathostominae infective larvae was conducted from July 2003 to November 2004 in tropical climate, Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brazil. Samples of naturally infected feces were placed on 12 m2 plot each month on a cyathostomin-free "Bermuda grass" pasture (Cynodon dactylon). After Seven days, samples of feces and grass were collected every week at 8 a.m, 1 and 5 p.m., weighed and processed by Baermann technique. Higher survival of L3 was found at dry season, 15 and 12 weeks on feces and sward respectively, at rainy season the survival was smaller. The multivariable analysis of main components was evident the influence of time and environment variables on L3 recovery from feces and grass. Close relationship between time and the number of L3 in feces could be noted, in contrast with L3 in sward. The climatic conditions influenced directly the number of infective larvae. The infective larvae were recovered during three times and the Kruskal-Wallis test did not present significance among them.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Esse estudo foi realizado no período de julho de 2003 a novembro de 2004, para avaliar o desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência, a migração das larvas infectantes em gramínea "coast cross" (Cynodon dactylon) e o horário de maior disponibilidade, em condições de clima tropical, na Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brasil. De julho de 2003 a setembro de 2004, massas fecais de equinos naturalmente infectados foram depositadas mensalmente sobre a gramínea. Sete dias após, amostras de fezes e gramínea foram coletadas semanalmente em diferentes horários (8, 13 e 17 horas), pesadas e processadas pela técnica de Baermann. O desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência e a migração das larvas infectantes nas fezes e na gramínea foram observados durante todo o período. A sobrevivência das L3 foi de até 15 semanas nas fezes e 12 semanas na gramínea no período seco e de nove e oito semanas, respectivamente, para o período chuvoso. No período chuvoso, maior número de L3 foi recuperado nas fezes e, no período seco, na gramínea. Condições climáticas influenciaram diretamente o número larvas infectantes. Pela análise multivariada, ficou demonstrado uma forte relação entre o tempo e o número de L3 nas fezes, sendo esta relação menos acentuada para a gramínea. Não se observou diferença significativa entre os horários de coleta.

A study following the development and migration of Cyathostominae infective larvae was conducted from July 2003 to November 2004 in tropical climate, Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brazil. Samples of naturally infected feces were placed on 12 m² plot each month on a cyathostomin-free "Bermuda grass" pasture (Cynodon dactylon). After Seven days, samples of feces and grass were collected every week at 8 a.m, 1 and 5 p.m., weighed and processed by Baermann technique. Higher survival of L3 was found at dry season, 15 and 12 weeks on feces and sward respectively, at rainy season the survival was smaller. The multivariable analysis of main components was evident the influence of time and environment variables on L3 recovery from feces and grass. Close relationship between time and the number of L3 in feces could be noted, in contrast with L3 in sward. The climatic conditions influenced directly the number of infective larvae. The infective larvae were recovered during three times and the Kruskal-Wallis test did not present significance among them.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A study following the development and migration of Cyathostominae infective larvae was conducted from July 2003 to November 2004 in tropical climate, Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brazil. Samples of naturally infected feces were placed on 12 m² plot each month on a cyathostomin-free "Bermuda grass" pasture (Cynodon dactylon). After Seven days, samples of feces and grass were collected every week at 8 a.m, 1 and 5 p.m., weighed and processed by Baermann technique. Higher survival of L3 was found at dry season, 15 and 12 weeks on feces and sward respectively, at rainy season the survival was smaller. The multivariable analysis of main components was evident the influence of time and environment variables on L3 recovery from feces and grass. Close relationship between time and the number of L3 in feces could be noted, in contrast with L3 in sward. The climatic conditions influenced directly the number of infective larvae. The infective larvae were recovered during three times and the Kruskal-Wallis test did not present significance among them.

Esse estudo foi realizado no período de julho de 2003 a novembro de 2004, para avaliar o desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência, a migração das larvas infectantes em gramínea "coast cross" (Cynodon dactylon) e o horário de maior disponibilidade, em condições de clima tropical, na Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brasil. De julho de 2003 a setembro de 2004, massas fecais de equinos naturalmente infectados foram depositadas mensalmente sobre a gramínea. Sete dias após, amostras de fezes e gramínea foram coletadas semanalmente em diferentes horários (8, 13 e 17 horas), pesadas e processadas pela técnica de Baermann. O desenvolvimento, a sobrevivência e a migração das larvas infectantes nas fezes e na gramínea foram observados durante todo o período. A sobrevivência das L3 foi de até 15 semanas nas fezes e 12 semanas na gramínea no período seco e de nove e oito semanas, respectivamente, para o período chuvoso. No período chuvoso, maior número de L3 foi recuperado nas fezes e, no período seco, na gramínea. Condições climáticas influenciaram diretamente o número larvas infectantes. Pela análise multivariada, ficou demonstrado uma forte relação entre o tempo e o número de L3 nas fezes, sendo esta relação menos acentuada para a gramínea. Não se observou diferença significativa entre os horários de coleta.

RESUMO

O desenvolvimento e a migração de la rvas infectantes (L3) de ciatostomíneos nas fezes e na pastagem foram avaliados durante o período de setembro de 2004 a setembro de 2006, na região de Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brasil. Amostras de fezes e gramínea foram processadas pela técnica de Baermann para recuperação de larvas infectantes. Observou-se que a maioria das larvas infectantes foram recuperadas durante o período seco nas fezes (29.158 L3 kg-1 MS), no ápice (458 L3 kg-1 MS) e na base da gramínea (725 L3 kg-1MS). A maior recuperação de L3 foi observada durante o período da manhã, no entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os três horários de coleta. A sobrevivência das larvas nas fezes e na base da gramínea foi maior durante o período seco, já para o ápice da gramínea a sobrevivência foi mais elevada no período chuvoso. Variáveis ambientais exerceram forte influência na recuperação das L3, índice pluviométrico e temperatura amena, foram responsáveis pela grande recuperação de L3 durante o período seco. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstraram a presença de larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos durante todo o ano em pastagens da Baixada Fluminense, Brasil

The development and migration of Cyathsotominae infective larvae (L3) to herbage from experimentally deposited feces samples was evaluated for 24 months in the Baixada Fluminense region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Samples of feces and grass were processed by the Bearmann technique to recover the infective larvae. The greatest number of larvae were recovered in the dry season in the feces (29.158 L3 kg-1dh), grass apex (458 L3 kg-1 dh) and base (725 L3 kg-1dh). Time of day was not significantly related to the number of L3 recovered although larval recovery was greatest in the morning. Larval survival was highest in the feces and grass base in the dry period, and in the rainy period the greatest survival was observed in the grass apex. Climate variables had a strong influence on the number of larvae recovered. Temperature and rainfall were responsible for the greater L3 recovery in the dry period. The cyathostomin infective larvae were present during all months of the year in horse pastures in the Baixada Fluminense region of Brazil

Assuntos

RESUMO

O desenvolvimento e a migração de la rvas infectantes (L3) de ciatostomíneos nas fezes e na pastagem foram avaliados durante o período de setembro de 2004 a setembro de 2006, na região de Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brasil. Amostras de fezes e gramínea foram processadas pela técnica de Baermann para recuperação de larvas infectantes. Observou-se que a maioria das larvas infectantes foram recuperadas durante o período seco nas fezes (29.158 L3 kg-1 MS), no ápice (458 L3 kg-1 MS) e na base da gramínea (725 L3 kg-1MS). A maior recuperação de L3 foi observada durante o período da manhã, no entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os três horários de coleta. A sobrevivência das larvas nas fezes e na base da gramínea foi maior durante o período seco, já para o ápice da gramínea a sobrevivência foi mais elevada no período chuvoso. Variáveis ambientais exerceram forte influência na recuperação das L3, índice pluviométrico e temperatura amena, foram responsáveis pela grande recuperação de L3 durante o período seco. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstraram a presença de larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos durante todo o ano em pastagens da Baixada Fluminense, Brasil(AU)

The development and migration of Cyathsotominae infective larvae (L3) to herbage from experimentally deposited feces samples was evaluated for 24 months in the Baixada Fluminense region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Samples of feces and grass were processed by the Bearmann technique to recover the infective larvae. The greatest number of larvae were recovered in the dry season in the feces (29.158 L3 kg-1dh), grass apex (458 L3 kg-1 dh) and base (725 L3 kg-1dh). Time of day was not significantly related to the number of L3 recovered although larval recovery was greatest in the morning. Larval survival was highest in the feces and grass base in the dry period, and in the rainy period the greatest survival was observed in the grass apex. Climate variables had a strong influence on the number of larvae recovered. Temperature and rainfall were responsible for the greater L3 recovery in the dry period. The cyathostomin infective larvae were present during all months of the year in horse pastures in the Baixada Fluminense region of Brazil(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Experimental studies about the recovery, survival and migration to pasture of cyathostomin infective larvae (L(3)) from fresh feces depositions were conducted from February 2005 to March 2007 in a tropical region of southeast Brazil. Grass and feces were collected weekly at 8 a.m., 1 and 5 p.m. and processed by the Baermann technique. Multivariate analysis (principal components method) showed the influence of time and environmental variables on the number of infective larvae recovered from the feces and pasture. In the rainy period (October-March), more infective larvae were recovered on the feces and grass apex. In contrast, in the dry period (April-September), the recovery was higher only on the grass base, as well as the L(3) survival on feces and grass. More larvae were recovered at 8 a.m., except from the grass apex, where the highest recovery was at 1 p.m. Few studies investigating the seasonal transmission of equine cyathostomin have been conducted in South American tropical climates. These results demonstrate that in tropical conditions L(3) are available on feces and pasture throughout the year. Knowledge of climatic influences on the development and survival of L(3) is crucial to designing integrated parasite control programs that provide effective protection while slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance.

Assuntos