RESUMO
A severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in Colombia in 2006. From 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial layers farms in the states of Cundinamarca, Santander, Bolivar, and San Andres, were positive for Salmonella enterica. Salmonella was isolated from liver and spleen (71.42%), pools of organs (liver, spleen, and ovarian follicles; 25.71%), and drag swabs (2.85%). Serotype was assigned using single nucleotide polymorphisms or DNA microarray hybridization. Sixteen strains of Salmonella Enteritidis, and 13 of Salmonella Gallinarum were identified. Seven strains yielded three unique sequences, and they were designated as UN0038, UN0052, and UN0054 by intergenic sequence ribotyping. These strains were later identified as Salmonella serotypes Isangi, Braenderup, and Yoruba, respectively, by DNA microarray hybridization. The discovery that a common human pathogen (Salmonella Enteritidis) was coisolated from farms with an avian pathogen (Salmonella Gallinarum) in similar commercial brown layer hens and in different regions indicates that it is important to investigate the dynamics of Salmonella infection and determine the serotypes circulating within the same ecologic niche.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/classificação , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses.Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environ
Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses.Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environ
RESUMO
Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses.Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environ
Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses.Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environ
RESUMO
Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses. Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environments in southern Brazil. Samples were stored in the Avian Diagnostic and Research Center of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Following instructions for spotting cards with cell cultures at a density that visually matched a McFarland Turbidity Standard 0,5; they were shipped to the Agriculture Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS, Athens, GA-USA), using FTA cards. Upon the reception of the cards, safety testing was performed by transferring one disk from each sample into 10 mL of brain heart infusion (BHI) tubes and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The BHI tube that showed turbidity after incubation was transferred to brilliant green (BG) agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h to 48 h. If colonies were obtained in BG, biochemical analyses were performed by using the Enterotube method. Only one sample (S. Enteritidis) showed turbidity in BHI, but any bacterial growth was observed in the BG agar. The average DNA concentration, as measured by spectrophotometry, was 42,32 (± 9,84) ng/µL and the average 280/260 ratio was 1,9 (± 0,09). All the analyzed samples were negative for live cultures of Salmonella and the DNA obtained was suitable for molecular testing. Discussion: FTA cards can be used to transport DNA samples from pathogenic bacteria, reducing biohazards associated with shipping live cultures. The possibility of shipping DNA, in an economic and safe way, for testing samples at the laboratories facilitates the identification of Salmonella enterica serotypes that are circulating in the environment of poultry. Turbidity in BHI tubes that did not result in colonies on agar media may be caused by the presence of other contaminants such as environmental saprophytic microorganisms that may occurred during the process of handling the cards. DNA samples of Salmonella enterica shipped from Brazil to the United States for this set of isolates did not show bacterial growth. Thus the FTA cards provided safe and effective inactivation of the pathogen, and the DNA obtained from the cards were adequate for downstream analyses.