RESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo: Colombia cuenta con una legislación de control del tabaco desde 2009 sin embargo, no existe una regulación específica sobre los Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina (SEAN), por lo tanto, es vital caracterizar las dimensiones cualitativas de consumo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las prácticas y representaciones de los consumidores de SEAN con el fin de obtener elementos para orientar las acciones necesarias para prevenir su consumo. Materiales y métodos: Este artículo presenta los resultados identificados en el componente cualitativo de una investigación macro sobre la prevalencia del uso de SEAN entre estudiantes universitarios. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas individuales y 1 grupo focal, analizados con el software NVivo10®. Resultados: Se presentan como resultados principales la identificación de las prácticas de consumo, de las cuales se derivó que el núcleo central de la representación social sobre SEAN es no autónomo, lo que posibilita un cambio que desincentive su consumo; el sistema periférico de la representación está conformado por tres elementos: la dimensión social, el consumo de SEAN como estilo de vida y la dimensión corporal y emocional. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las acciones de prevención de consumo de SEAN deben partir de la identificación de características particulares y exclusivas del consumo de SEAN y la incorporación de los elementos del sistema periférico que permitan abordar un consumo que no se basa en la toma de decisiones informadas.
ABSTRACT Objective: Colombia has had a tobacco control legislation since 2009, however there is no specific regulation on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Therefore, it is crucial to characterize the qualitative dimensions of consumption. The study aimed to answer the question: What are the representations and practices of the university population regarding the consumption of SEAN? The objective of the study is to identify the practices and representations of ENDS consumers in order to obtain elements to guide the necessary actions to prevent their consumption. Methods: This paper presents the results identified in the qualitative component of a main study on the prevalence of ENDS use among university students. 14 individual interviews and 1 focus group were conducted and analyzed with the NVivo10® software. The corpus consisted of the transcripts of the 14 interviews and 1 focus group, which constitutes a total of 116 pages of raw data. The techniques used were semi-structured interviews and focus groups, using the Microsoft Teams platform. Taking into account ethical aspects, in each interview and in the focus group the informed consent was read and authorization was requested for the interview to be recorded. The average duration of each interview was one hour and forty-five minutes and the focus group lasted a total of 120 minutes. The capture of practices and representation related to the use/non-use of SEAN was achieved by incorporating two phases of analysis: a)Inductivephase: it was developed with an ordered matrix on the theoretical categories of the project, b)Phase of deductive analysis was carried out based on processes typical of the founded theory that allowed expanding the analytical framework having as its axis the identification of consumption practices and the elements that make up the central core and the peripheral system of representation. Results: The main results are the identification of consumption practices, from which it was derived that the central nucleus of the social representation of SEAN is non-autonomous, which enables a change that discourages its consumption. The reasons and practices for consuming ENDS are closely related to conventional cigarette consumption, which corresponds to the fact that 11 of the 14 interviewees who identify themselves as consumers have consumed conventional cigarettes and only two have been exclusive ENDS consumers. The following practices were identified: a) The consumption motivations were grouped like social, economic and socio-emotional; b) Three types of consumption spaces: prohibited, exclusive and recovered spaces. These last ones are places where you couldn't smoke cigarettes and now they feel empowered to vape; c) There are forms of differential consumption and access to ENDS related to the quality, price, exclusivity and adherence; d) Habits and rituals are not related to moments of daily life, as with cigarettes, but to practices such as searching for and mixing "salts" to obtain flavors, cleaning and maintaining the device, smoking tricks; e) About information channels among the interviewees it was noted that the practice of informed consumption is not frequent and that there are few sources of information that offer low confidence. Finally, the peripheral system of representation is made up of three elements: social dimension, the consumption of SEAN as a lifestyle, bodied and emotional dimension. Conclusion : It is concluded that the actions to prevent the consumption of ENDS should start from the identification of particular and exclusive characteristics of the consumption of ENDS and the incorporation of the elements of the peripheral system that allow addressing a consumption not based on making informed decisions. The main finding is the identification of a non-autonomous representation that stems from the difficulty of establishing notable differentiations between conventional cigarette consumption and e-cigarettes. Therefore, the main vein of research that opens up is to delve into the particular and exclusive characteristics of this consumption. It is essential to incorporate bodily, emotional, and especially social (interpersonal) dimensions as important variables in understanding the practices and representations of e-cigarettes through complex approaches that can break the solid elements on which conventional cigarette consumption is anchored, as it continues to define dynamics of electronic device consumption. It is important at this point to recognize that emotions can be understood as the intermediary between the lived experience in the body and everything that happens in the environment. Thus, it is not possible to think of this representation without recognizing that consumption is an embodied exercise, and the absence of the body in discourses about e-cigarettes can be a revealing element of a disconnection between practices and meanings that are reinforced in the insistence on an action (smoking is smoking) despite the recognition of its negative effects on health (even though it should not be). The understanding of the social representation of e-cigarette consumption in relation to specific practices related to it provides some clues on which to work on processes of information, communication, prevention, and regulation to discourage this consumption that appears relatively new.
RESUMO
Introducción. Se presentan los itinerarios terapéuticos para el cuidado de la salud de niños y niñas de 0 a 6 años en los municipios de Soatá (Boyacá) y Sopó (Cundinamarca) en Colombia; puntualmente en los escenarios en los cuales ocurren los procesos de cuidado, diagnóstico, tratamiento y cura en eventos de enfermedad. Métodos. Se utilizó el estudio de caso para indagar sobre los itinerarios terapéuticos a doce familias, tras un análisis etnográfico apoyado en software NVivo. Resultados. Se encontró que las cuidadoras superan los episodios de enfermedad de niños/as de forma pragmática influenciadas por sus factores socio-culturales, y que algunos padecimientos encuentran respuesta en tratamientos informales que satisfacen la necesidad médica y simbólica de las familias. Conclusión. Este estudio permite a los profesionales de la salud conocer las creencias y prácticas de las cuidadoras para facilitar el diálogo de saberes y una atención integral en salud de la primera infancia.
Introduction. The aim of this article is to present the therapeutical itineraries for children from 0 to 6 years old healthcare in Soatá (Boyacá) and Sopó (Cundinamarca) municipalities. Pointedly scenarios where healthcare processes, diagnostic, treatment and cure (or alleviation) may occur in events of disease. Methods. By the use of qualitative methodologies and case studies, semi-structured interviews and field tasks, it was inquired about the therapeutical itineraries based on the experience of twelve families. Results. It was found that caregivers overcome episodes of illness pragmatically children influenced by their socio-cultural factors, and that some conditions are answered in informal meeting medical treatments and symbolic need of families. Conclusion. We present the pragmatic way the primary caretakers overcome the disease episodes. The results highlight the importance of socio-cultural factors have in the diagnostic, ailment and cure processes of disease; and how this factors find answer in informal treatments that satisfy the medical and symbolic needs of families.
Introdução. caminhos terapêuticos para os cuidados de saúde de crianças de 0 a 6 anos nos municípios de Soatá (Boyacá) e Sopo (Qmdinamarca), na Colômbia são apresentados; pontualmente em cenários em que os processos de cuidados, diagnóstico, tratamento e cura de doenças eventos ocorrem. Métodos. O estudo de caso foi utilizada para investigar os itinerários terapêuticos a doze famílias, depois de um software de análise etnográfica NVivo suportado. Resultados. Verificou-se que os cuidadores superar episódios de crianças / como pragmaticamente doença influenciados por seus fatores sócio-culturais, e que algumas condições sejam atendidas na reunião tratamentos médicos informais e necessidade simbólica das famílias. Conclusão. Este estudo permite que os profissionais de saúde conhecer as crenças e práticas de profissionais de saúde para facilitar o diálogo de saberes e cuidados de saúde integral da primeira infância.
RESUMO
Introducción. Se presentan los itinerarios terapéuticos para el cuidado de la salud de niños y niñas de 0 a 6 años en los municipios de Soatá (Boyacá) y Sopó (Cundinamarca) en Colombia; puntualmente en los escenarios en los cuales ocurren los procesos de cuidado, diagnóstico, tratamiento y cura en eventos de enfermedad. Métodos. Se utilizó el estudio de caso para indagar sobre los itinerarios terapéuticos a doce familias, tras un análisis etnográfico apoyado en software NVivo. Resultados. Se encontró que las cuidadoras superan los episodios de enfermedad de niños/as de forma pragmática influenciadas por sus factores socio-culturales, y que algunos padecimientos encuentran respuesta en tratamientos informales que satisfacen la necesidad médica y simbólica de las familias. Conclusión. Este estudio permite a los profesionales de la salud conocer las creencias y prácticas de las cuidadoras para facilitar el diálogo de saberes y una atención integral en salud de la primera infancia.
IIntroduction. The therapeutic pathways for the health care of children from 0 to 6 years old in the municipalities of Soatá (Boyacá) and Sopó (Cundinamarca) in Colombia are presented; specifically in the scenarios in which care processes occur, diagnosis, treatment and cure in disease events. Methods. The case study was used to investigate therapeutic pathways for twelve families, following an ethnographic analysis supported by NVivo software. Results. Caregivers were found to overcome disease episodes of children/children in a pragmatic way influenced by their socio-cultural factors, and that some sufferings find an answer in informal treatments that satisfy the medical and symbolic needs of families. Conclusion. This study allows health professionals to know the beliefs and practices of caregivers to facilitate knowledge dialogue and comprehensive early childhood health care.
IIntroducção. São apresentados os itinerários terapêuticos para o cuidado da saúde de meninos e meninas de 0 a 6 anos nos municípios de Soatá (Boyacá) e Sopó (Cundinamarca) na Colômbia; pontualmente nos cenários nos quais ocorrem os processos de cuidado, diagnóstico, tratamento e cura em eventos de doença. Métodos. Utilizou-se o estudo de caso para indagar sobre os itinerários terapêuticos a doze famílias, após uma análise etnográfica apoiada em software NVivo. Resultados. Descobriu-se que as cuidadoras superam os episódios de doença de crianças/as de forma pragmática influenciadas por seus fatores sócio-culturais, e que alguns padecimentos encontram resposta em tratamentos informais que satisfazem a necessidade médica e simbólica das famílias. Conclusão. Este estudo permite aos profissionais da saúde conhecer as crenças e práticas das cuidadoras para facilitar o diálogo de saberes e uma atenção integral em saúde da primeira infância.
Assuntos
CriançaRESUMO
Responde a una revisión de la literatura sobre experiencias de caracterización en la primera infancia. Tuvimos como objetivo identificar y describir metodologías para el diagnóstico situacional de la niñez temprana. Para esto consultamos bases de datos científicas, Google académico y páginas oficiales de las experiencias identificadas. Caracterización no lo encontramos como descriptor de búsqueda, por lo que se utilizaron términos equivalentes. Se hallaron trabajos que reportan la relación entre características socio-demográficas y los resultados de encuestas transversales, estudios epidemiológicos y evaluaciones del desarrollo infantil. Se resumen los contextos y métodos de cuatro experiencias de caracterización de la niñez y la adolescencia, donde se evidencia el uso complementario de técnicas de recolección de datos con el deseo de responder a una visión multidimensional del desarrollo.
A literature review on the characterization of early childhood was carried out to identify methods used to conduct a situational analysis of children under 6 years of age. Scientific databases, Google Scholar and research websites were searched. No term or scientific significance was found for characterization, so equivalent terms were used. National health and child welfare surveys, epidemiological studies of specific diseases and studies of child development assessment with neuro-psychological testing and its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics were identified. Four international situational analysis experiences of childhood and adolescence were found. Their contexts and methodologies are described.
Este trabalho corresponde a uma revisão da literatura sobre experiências de caracterização na primeira infância. Teve como objetivo identificar e descrever metodologias para o diagnóstico situacional da primeira infância. Para isto, foram consultadas bases de dados científicas, Google acadêmico e sites oficiais das experiências identificadas. A Caracterização não foi encontrada como descritor de enquetes transversais, estudos epidemiológicos e avaliações do desenvolvimento infantil. São resumidos em contextos e metodologias de quatro experiências de caracterização da infância e da adolescência, donde é evidenciado o uso complementário de técnicas de coleta de dados com a finalidade de responder a uma visão multidimensional do desenvolvimento.