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Objetivo: Caracterizar los trastornos mentales de los pacientes consultantes del Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Universitario de Caracas enero 2020 enero 2021, que acudieron por primera vez y habían presentado infección por COVID-19 3 a 6 meses antes de consultar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal en pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Universitario de Caracas para emergencia (por primera vez y sucesivas) por presentar patologías mentales durante y posterior a infección por COVID-19 durante el periodo enero 2020-enero 2021. Resultados: De 718 pacientes, 53 que acudieron con patologías mentales habían presentado infección previa por COVID-19 representando el 7,38%. Edad promedio 27-29 años (66,03 %). La mayoría del sexo femenino (71,69 %). El 77,35 % provenían del Distrito Capital; el 18,86 % del estado Miranda, siendo el estado civil predominante la soltería con 73,58 %; el 56,60 % estaban desempleados y el 79,24 % no poseían nivel de instrucción. En relación a los diagnósticos: trastorno depresivo mayor con síntomas ansiosos (30,18 %), trastorno depresivo (18,86 %), episodio maniforme (1,88 %) episodio psicótico agudo (18,86 %), trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (7,54 %), entre otros. Conclusión: Los síntomas psiquiátricos originados por infección por COVID-19 aparecen de forma más tardía y persisten después de la infección. Las mujeres manifestaron mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas relacionados con la salud mental; se asocia a alto nivel de vulnerabilidad a causa de la influencia de los roles sociales, ciclo reproductivo y mayor morbilidad psiquiátrica(AU)
Objective: To characterize the mental disorders of the consulting patients of the Psychiatry Service of the University Hospital of Caracas January 2020 -January 2021, who came for the first time and hapresented COVID-19 infection 3 to 6 monthsbefore consulting. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out in patients who attended the Psychiatry Service of the University Hospital of Caracas for emergencies (for the first time and successive ones) due to presenting mental pathologies during and after COVID-19 during the period January 2020-January 2021. Results: Of 718 patients, 53 who came with mental pathologies had previous COVID-19 infection, representing 7.38%. Average age 27-29 years(66.03%). The majority were female (71.69%). 77.35% came from the Capital District; 18.86% from the state of Miranda, with the predominant marital status being single with 73.58%; 56.60% were unemployed and 79.24% had no educational level. In relation to the diagnoses: major depressive disorder with anxious symptoms (30.18%), depressive disorder (18.86%), maniform episode (1.88%), acute psychotic episode (18.86%), generalized anxiety disorder (7.54%), among others. Conclusion: Psychiatric symptoms caused by COVID-19 infection appear later and persist after infection. Women expressed a greater risk of presenting symptoms related to mental health; It is associated with a high level of vulnerability due to the influence of social roles, reproductive cycle and greater psychiatric morbidit(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19 , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
One of the largest health problems worldwide is the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases due to the consumption of hypercaloric diets. Among the most common alterations are cardiovascular diseases, and a high correlation between overnutrition and neurodegenerative diseases has also been found. The urgency in the study of specific damage to tissues such as the brain and intestine led us to use Drosophila melanogaster to study the metabolic effects caused by the consumption of fructose and palmitic acid in specific tissues. Thus, third instar larvae (96 ± 4 h) of the wild Canton-S strain of D. melanogaster were used to perform transcriptomic profiling in brain and midgut tissues to test for the potential metabolic effects of a diet supplemented with fructose and palmitic acid. Our data infer that this diet can alter the biosynthesis of proteins at the mRNA level that participate in the synthesis of amino acids, as well as fundamental enzymes for the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems in the midgut and brain. These also demonstrated alterations in the tissues of flies that may help explain the development of various reported human diseases associated with the consumption of fructose and palmitic acid in humans. These studies will not only help to better understand the mechanisms by which the consumption of these alimentary products is related to the development of neuronal diseases but may also contribute to the prevention of these conditions.
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Drosophila melanogaster , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Animais , Humanos , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Frutose/metabolismo , Ácido Palmítico/farmacologia , Larva/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal mycoestrogen produced by the Fusarium genus. ZEN and its metabolites compete with 17-beta estradiol for cytosolic estrogen receptors, causing reproductive alterations in vertebrates. ZEN has also been associated with toxic and genotoxic effects, as well as an increased risk for endometrial adenocarcinomas or hyperplasia, breast cancer, and oxidative damage, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have monitored cellular processes through levels of transcripts associated with Phase I Xenobiotic Metabolism (Cyp6g1 and Cyp6a2), oxidative stress (hsp60 and hsp70), apoptosis (hid, grim, and reaper), and DNA damage genes (Dmp53). In this study, we evaluated the survival and genotoxicity of ZEN, as well as its effects on emergence rate and fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, we determined levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the D. melanogaster flare and Oregon R(R)-flare strains, which differ in levels of Cyp450 gene expression. Our results showed that ZEN toxicity did not increase mortality by more than 30%. We tested three ZEN concentrations (100, 200, and 400 µM) and found that none of the concentrations were genotoxic but were cytotoxic. Taking into account that it has previously been demonstrated that ZEN administration increased hsp60 expression levels and apoptosis gene transcripts in both strains, the data agree with an increase in ROS and development and fecundity alterations. Since Drosophila lacks homologous genes for mammalian estrogen receptors alpha and beta, the effects of this mycotoxin can be explained by a mechanism different from estrogenic activity.
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Zearalenona , Animais , Zearalenona/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Dano ao DNA , Fertilidade , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chronic ulcers pose a public health challenge. Thus, it is imperative to be aware of and assess new management strategies that contribute to patient quality of life and optimize health resources. This study evaluated the efficacy of a new protocol for chronic wound management that includes porcine intestine ECM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with chronic wounds of different etiologies were included in this study. A new healing protocol that incorporates the use of porcine ECM was initiated for a maximum period of 12 weeks. Follow-up included a weekly visit to photograph the ulcers and record their size. RESULTS: Wounds ranged in size from 0.5 cm2 to 10 cm2 at the outset of the study. Two of the 21 patients who started the protocol withdrew, 1 for nonadherence to the protocol and 1 for health complications unrelated to the study. Most lesions occurred in the lower limbs. All patients who completed the treatment protocol achieved wound regeneration and total wound closure within an average of 4.5 weeks. The average percentage closure rate was 100% at 8 weeks, with no AEs. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study demonstrate the efficacy of an evidence-based wound management protocol in achieving safe, complete tissue regeneration in a short period of time.
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Úlcera da Perna , Úlcera , Suínos , Animais , Qualidade de Vida , Úlcera da Perna/patologia , Matriz Extracelular/patologia , Extremidade Inferior/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Stress can have a significant impact on many aspects of an organism's physiology and behavior. However, the relationship between stress and regeneration, and how this relationship changes with age remains poorly understood. Here, we subjected young and old zebrafish to a chronic stress protocol and evaluated the impact of stress exposure on multiple measures of zebrafish behavior, specifically thigmotaxis (open field test) and scototaxis (light/dark preference test), and on regeneration ability after partial tail amputation. We found evidence that young and older adult fish are differentially impacted by stress. Only young fish showed a significant change in anxiety-like behaviors after being exposed to chronic stress, while their regeneration ability was not affected by the stress protocol. On the other hand, older fish regenerated their caudal fin significantly slower compared to young fish, but their behavior remained unaffected after being exposed to stress. We further investigated the expression of two candidate genes (nlgn1 and sam2) expressed in the central nervous system, and known to be associated with stress and anxiety-like behavior. The expression of stress-related gene candidate sam2 increased in the brain of older individuals exposed to stress. Our results suggest there is a close relationship between chronic stress, regeneration, and behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio), and that the impact of stress is age-dependent.
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Thallium (Tl) is a heavy and toxic metal and a byproduct of several human activities, such as cement production, mining, and coal combustion. Thallium is found in fruits, vegetables, and animal fodder with high Tl contamination; therefore, it is an environmental pollution issue and a toxicological contamination problem for human beings and other organisms when exposed to it. The mutagenic potential of Tl and its compounds is controversial, and there are few in vivo studies on its effects. We conducted the animal bioassay Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) to test for genotoxicity and assessed the genotoxic effects of Tl acetate (TlCH3COO) and Tl sulfate (Tl2SO4) on Drosophila melanogaster. Third instar larvae from the SMART standard cross (ST) were fed Tl acetate [0.2, 2, 20, 200, 600 and 1200 µM] and Tl sulfate [0.2, 2, 20, 200, and 600 µM]. Hexavalent chromium [CrO3, 500 µM] served as the positive control, and Milli-Q water served as the negative control. Only the high Tl2SO4 [600 µM] concentration resulted in genotoxicity with 87.6% somatic recombination, and both salts disrupted cell division of wing imaginal disc cells, showing the expected cytotoxic effects. Genotoxic risks due to high metal levels by bioaccumulation of Tl+1 or its compounds require further evaluation with other in vivo and in vitro assays.
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Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has increased in the world due to migration, travelling and climate change; at present, the principal problem is that common trypanocidal agents have resulted in toxic or inconvenient side effects. We tested for genotoxicity in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses of Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test, four novel trypanocidal agents derived from 2, 4, 6-triaminquinazoline (TAQ): 2,4-diamino-6 nitro-1,3 diazonaftalene (S-1QN2-1), 2,4-diacetamino-6-amino 1,3 diazonaftalene (D-1), N6-(4,methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine (GHPM) and N6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine (GHPMF) at 1.9, 3.9, 7.9 and 15 µM, respectively. Also, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was run to determine the remanence of either drug in flare, and Oregon R(R)-flare flies emerged from treated larvae. S-1QN2-1 showed genotoxicity only in the ST cross, increasing the small, large and total spot frequencies at all concentrations and twin spots only at 1.9 µM; D-1 and GHPM showed significant increments of large spots only at 15 µM in the ST cross; GHPMF was not genotoxic at any concentration or either cross. In the mwh clones accumulated distribution frequencies analysis, associated with disrupted cell division, S-1QN2-1 caused alterations in the ST cross at all concentrations but only at 15 µM in the HB cross; D-1 caused alterations at 3.9, 7.9 and 15 µM in the ST cross and at 1.9 and 15 µM in the HB cross; GHPM caused alterations at 7.9 and 15 µM in the ST cross and also at 1.9, 3.9 and 7.9 µM in the HB cross; GHPMF caused those alterations at all concentrations in the ST cross and at 1.9, 3.9 and 7.9 µM in the HB cross. The HPLC results indicated no traces of either agent in the flare and Oregon R(R)-flare flies. We conclude that S-1QN2-1 is clearly genotoxic, D-1 and GHPM have an unclear genotoxicity and GHPMF was not genotoxic; all quinazoline derivatives disrupted cell division. GHPMF is a good candidate to be tested in other genotoxicity and cytotoxic bioassays. The differences in the genotoxic activity of these trypanocidal agents are correlated with differences in their chemical structure.
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Dano ao DNA , Drosophila melanogaster/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Animais , DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Recombinação Genética , Asas de AnimaisRESUMO
En el mundo de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), definir pautas durante la fase a la que nos enfrentamos es un gran reto, ya que los criterios pueden cambiar, así como las medias de protección y aislamiento. Esta publicación pretende orientar los procedimientos, patologías y procesos relacionados con el área de rinología, senos paranasales y cirugía de base de cráneo en el contexto de consulta externa, procedimientos ambulatorios, cirugía relacionada y controles postquirúrgicos.
In the world of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19), defining guidelines during the current phase is a real challenge since those criteria can change as well as the protection and isolation measures. This publication is intended to guide the procedures, pathologies and processes related to the area of Rhinology, Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base Surgery, in the context of Outpatient Consultation, Outpatient Procedures, Related Surgery and Post-surgical controls.
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Humanos , Betacoronavirus , Otolaringologia , Seios Paranasais , Coronavirus , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , InfecçõesRESUMO
La obesidad es el factor que más se asocia a la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA). La cirugía bariátrica ha demostrado ser eficaz en la EHNA y junto con el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) y la dislipidemia, logran una mejoría en las alteraciones de las enzimas hepáticas y de los cambios ecográficos hepáticos. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) ≥ 35 kg/m2 y EHNA. Método: se hizo una investigación retrospectiva de 20 pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica: bypass gástrico en Y de Roux (BPGYR) y gastrectomía vertical (GV) entre 2014 y 2015. Resultados: De los 20 pacientes, 14 fueron intervenidas de BPGYR y 6 de GV; 95% fueron del sexo femenino, con edad promedio de 35,95 ± 8,54 años. Los valores preoperatorios de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) de todos los pacientes fue > 30 U/L. Los valores postoperatorios de AST y ALT al año de la cirugía fueron normales en 85% y 80% de los casos respectivamente. No se observaron alteraciones en los niveles pre y postoperatorios de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH). Todos los pacientes presentaron infiltración grasa hepática moderada la cual se redujo a leve o sin infiltración grasa al año de la cirugía de acuerdo a la evaluación ecográfica. Conclusiones: La cirugía bariátrica demostró tener un impacto favorable en EHNA dado por la mejoría en los niveles de AST, ALT y de la esteatosis hepática corroborada por controles ecográficos(AU)
Obesity is the factor that is most associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in NASH and, along with treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and dyslipidemia, they achieve a significant improvement in liver enzymes and liver ultrasound changes. Objective: To analyze the effect of bariatric surgery in patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m2 and NASH. Method: It was performed a retrospective investigation of 20 patients who underwent bariatric surgery: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between 2014 and 2015. Results: Of the 20 patients, 14 underwent BPGYR and 6 GV; 95% were female, with a mean age of 35.95 ± 8.54 years. The preoperative levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for all patients were >30 U/L. Postoperative levels of AST and ALT one year after surgery were normal in 85% and 80% of cases, respectively. No alterations were observed in pre and postoperative levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). All patients presented moderate hepatic fat infiltration which was reduced to mild or without fat infiltration one year after surgery according to the ultrasonographic evaluation. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery was shown to have a favorable impact on NASH due to the improvement observed in AST and ALT levels, and hepatic steatosis corroborated by ultrasound scans(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Derivação Gástrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Cirurgia Bariátrica , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Índice de Massa Corporal , Prevalência , Dislipidemias , GastrectomiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There have been few studies on the sustainable use of non-timber forest products in arid and semi-arid zones. The palm Brahea dulcis has been one of the most important resources in semi-arid Mesoamerica, since pre-Hispanic times. Currently, some populations grow within protected natural areas, representing both a challenge and an opportunity for local development. This ethnoecological study of B. dulcis in central Mexico aimed to evaluate their uses, harvesting context, and potential for exploitation, in order to give practical advice on their best use and management. METHODS: Ethnographic and ecological information was obtained in Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve and Valle del Mezquital, Mexico. We studied the population structure and density; additionally, we evaluated the rate of leaf production, leaf renewal rate, percent survival of new leaves, the development of reproductive structures and performed a one-year defoliation experiment (involving a control and four treatments including a mix of semiannual and annual frequency of harvest and removal of two new leaves and/or two mature leaves). RESULTS: Twenty uses of the palm were recorded in the study area. Religious/symbolic and handicraft uses are highlighted. The population density of this species was the highest reported for the genus (1244 ± 231.7 ind/ha). The leaf production rate was the highest reported for arborescent palms of the Americas (11.83 ± 0.036 leaves/individual/year). The sexual reproductive cycle was 2.3 years long. A one-year defoliation experiment did not show statistically significant differences. Recommendations include: 1) implement management focused on increasing the abundance and quality of this useful resource in Metztitlán; 2) employ a strategy of focusing on ethnicity and gender in promoting their exploitation; 3) learn from theoretical frameworks of other non timber forest product studies. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that Brahea dulcis is the palm with the highest potential for sustainable use in the arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico. The challenge to improving management includes simplifying the legal protection framework, promoting uses and developing a market strategy. Collaborations to share experiences with peasant farmers from Guerrero is recommended. We further recommend the development of a governmental strategy to enhance and reassess this important resource.
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Arecaceae/fisiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ecologia , Etnobotânica , Flores , Frutas , México , Densidade Demográfica , ReproduçãoRESUMO
Mexico has the second largest cycad diversity in the world, and the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) is one of the richest biogeographic regions for these plants. Despite there is a general Cycad National Program in the country, there are no state-level cycad conservation strategies or programs. Thus the aim of this study was to propose a cycad conservation strategy for the state of Hidalgo, which is located in the Southern part of the SMO. For this, a cycad species inventory was made in the state, for which three methods were used: review of published literature; consultation in the main Mexican herbaria to verify botanical specimens; and exhaustive field research to compare findings with previously reported species and to recognize new records at the county and state level. The proposed research work strategy combined the following elements: prioritize the county and local areas with greatest cycad species richness; prioritize the species least resistant to environmental change and/or having restricted geographic distribution; and to consider the main uses of these plants by local residents. The results showed that Hidalgo has three genera and eight species ofcycads: Ceratozamia fuscoviridis, C. latifolia, C. mexicana, C. sabatoi, Dioon edule, Zamia fischeri, Z. loddigesii and Z. vazquezii, all of which are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This study added two new species records for Hidalgo and 21 at the county level. The species are distributed in 26 counties, of which Chapulhuacán and Pisaflores are notable for their high species richness. Hidalgo has the fourth-greatest cycad species richness among Mexican states, although its area accounts for only 1.07% of the country. The state's diversity is greater than in other states with larger area, and even than in some other entire countries in Mesoamerica. The presented state cycad conservation strategy proposes that a total of some 11,325 ha to be conserved in nine zones, including different vegetation types, distributed in seven counties. The strategy involves a mixed scheme that incorporates conservation in Protected Natural Areas (ANP), Small Farmer Reserves (Reservas Campesinas) and Environmental Management Units (UMA in Spanish). This proposal will be useful for government agencies to take into account in the process of designating land use for the Cloud Forest Biological Corridor (CBBMM in Spanish), a ANP in creation. The state of Hidalgo urgently needs a detailed analysis of trends in changes in vegetation cover and land use, and demographic studies of the cycads. It is recommended that the implementation phase of this state strategy be carried out jointly with local communities, academia, and state and federal agencies responsible for biodiversity conservation.
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Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Cycas/classificação , MéxicoRESUMO
Mexico has the second largest cycad diversity in the world, and the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) is one of the richest biogeographic regions for these plants. Despite there is a general Cycad National Program in the country, there are no state-level cycad conservation strategies or programs. Thus the aim of this study was to propose a cycad conservation strategy for the state of Hidalgo, which is located in the Southern part of the SMO. For this, a cycad species inventory was made in the state, for which three methods were used: review of published literature; consultation in the main Mexican herbaria to verify botanical specimens; and exhaustive field research to compare findings with previously reported species and to recognize new records at the county and state level. The proposed research work strategy combined the following elements: prioritize the county and local areas with greatest cycad species richness; prioritize the species least resistant to environmental change and/or having restricted geographic distribution; and to consider the main uses of these plants by local residents. The results showed that Hidalgo has three genera and eight species of cycads: Ceratozamia fuscoviridis, C. latifolia, C. mexicana, C. sabatoi, Dioon edule, Zamia fischeri, Z. loddigesii and Z. vazquezii, all of which are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This study added two new species records for Hidalgo and 21 at the county level. The species are distributed in 26 counties, of which Chapulhuacán and Pisaflores are notable for their high species richness. Hidalgo has the fourth-greatest cycad species richness among Mexican states, although its area accounts for only 1.07% of the country. The state’s diversity is greater than in other states with larger area, and even than in some other entire countries in Mesoamerica. The presented state cycad conservation strategy proposes that a total of some 11 325ha to be conserved in nine zones, including different vegetation types, distributed in seven counties. The strategy involves a mixed scheme that incorporates conservation in Protected Natural Areas (ANP), Small Farmer Reserves (Reservas Campesinas) and Environmental Management Units (UMA in Spanish). This proposal will be useful for government agencies to take into account in the process of designating land use for the Cloud Forest Biological Corridor (CBBMM in Spanish), a ANP in creation. The state of Hidalgo urgently needs a detailed analysis of trends in changes in vegetation cover and land use, and demographic studies of the cycads. It is recommended that the implementation phase of this state strategy be carried out jointly with local communities, academia, and state and federal agencies responsible for biodiversity conservation.
México es el segundo país con mayor diversidad de cícadas en el mundo. En él, la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) es una de las regiones biogeográficas con mayor riqueza de estas plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue plantear la estrategia de conservación de cícadas para el estado de Hidalgo, ubicado en la parte sur de la SMO; para esto se revisó la literatura científica, se consultaron los principales herbarios de México y se hicieron recorridos de campo. Los resultados muestran que Hidalgo alberga tres géneros y ocho especies: Ceratozamia fuscoviridis, C. latifolia, C. mexicana, C. sabatoi, Dioon edule, Zamia fischeri, Z. loddigesii, Z. vazquezii, posicionándose en el cuarto lugar nacional en riqueza de cícadas. Las especies se distribuyen en 26 municipios. Se encontró que la diversidad de cícadas es mayor a la de otras entidades con mayor superficie e incluso a la de algunos países de Centroamérica. La estrategia estatal de conservación de cícadas aquí desarrollada propone conservar cerca de 11 325ha, distribuidas en siete municipios, bajo un esquema mixto de conservación. Esta propuesta será útil para que las instancias gubernamentales establezcan nuevas ANP’s en la región biogeográfica de la SMO.
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Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Cycas/classificação , MéxicoRESUMO
Verbascoside (VB) is a phenylpropanoid isolated from Buddleja species, some of which originate in Mexico, and was first described in the sixteenth century in the codices of Mexican traditional medicine. VB is present in alcohol extracts and is widely used in the north of Mexico as a sunscreen. VB absorbs UV-A and UV-B radiation and has high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. VB and its constituent caffeic acid (CA) were screened to determine their genotoxic activity using the Drosophila wing spot test. Third instar larvae (72±4 h) of the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses, with regulated and high levels of cytochrome P450s (Cyp450s), respectively, were exposed to VB or CA (0, 27, 57, 81, 135, and 173 mM). VB was not genotoxic at any of the concentrations tested in both crosses. The amount of VB residue as determined by HPLC in the adult flies that were fed with VB indicated a low metabolism of this compound, which explains the absence of genotoxicity. CA decreased the spontaneous frequencies of small and total spots and showed putative toxicity in the ST cross.
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Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Mutação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Asas de Animais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Biotransformação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Drosophila , Glucosídeos/química , Glucosídeos/farmacocinética , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacocinética , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the assassin bug, Panstrongylus geniculatus, has been found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural and urban areas of Caracas, Venezuela. Although historically this insect has been considered a forest species, it has become adapted to more urban artificial environments. OBJECTIVE: The presence of sexual dimorphism was determined as an indicator of adaptation to domiciles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: By Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA), the isometric size and shape of wings, head and pronotums of P. geniculatus was assessed for actively and passively captured specimens. These were collected within domiciles in urban areas of Petare and Altagracia in Caracas City, and from rural or wild environments of Sanare in Andres Eloy Blanco in the state of Lara. RESULTS: Sexual dimorphism was observed in the Sanare specimens, with female wings consistently larger than male wings. Similarly, female wings and heads from bugs captured in Caracas were smaller than those of female bugs captured in Sanare. No significative differences in the conformation of the pronotum were found between male and female bugs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the assumption that the sexual dimorphism of bugs is reflected by smaller size in domesticated triatomines than in wild bugs, the conclusion is that Caracas P. geniculatus has become adapted to living indoors. This represents an additional risk factor for the Chagas disease transmission in Caracas.
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Insetos Vetores/anatomia & histologia , Panstrongylus/anatomia & histologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Ecossistema , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , População Rural , Caracteres Sexuais , População Urbana , VenezuelaRESUMO
Shifting cultivation is often perceived to be a threat to forests, but it is also central to the culture and livelihoods of millions of people worldwide. Balancing agriculture and forest conservation requires knowledge of how agricultural land uses evolve in landscapes with forest conservation initiatives. Based on a case study from Quintana Roo, Mexico, and remote sensing data, we investigated land use and land cover change (LUCC) in relation to accessibility (from main settlement and road) in search of evidence for agricultural expansion and/or intensification after the initiation of a community forestry program in 1986. Intensification was through a shortening of the fallow period. Defining the sampling space as a function of human needs and accessibility to agricultural resources was critical to ensure a user-centered perspective of the landscape. The composition of the accessible landscape changed substantially between 1976 and 1997. Over the 21-year period studied, the local population saw the accessible landscape transformed from a heterogeneous array of different successional stages including mature forests to a landscape dominated by young fallows. We detected a dynamic characterized by intensification of shifting cultivation in the most accessible areas with milpas being felled more and more from young fallows in spite of a preference for felling secondary forests. We argue that the resulting landscape provides a poorer resource base for sustaining agricultural livelihoods and discuss ways in which agricultural change could be better addressed through participatory land use planning. Balancing agricultural production and forest conservation will become even more important in a context of intense negotiations for carbon credits, an emerging market that is likely to drive future land changes worldwide.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Ecossistema , Árvores , Monitoramento Ambiental , México , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Introducción. En años recientes se han encontrado P. geniculatus infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi en ambientes rurales y urbanos de Caracas, Venezuela, lo que indica adaptaciones de dicha especie, considerada históricamente como silvestre, a ambientes artificiales. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de dimorfismo sexual como indicador de adaptación al domicilio. Materiales y métodos. Mediante análisis generalizado de Procrustes y análisis elíptico de Fourier, se analizaron el tamaño isométrico y la conformación de alas, cabezas y pronotos de P. geniculatus capturados activa y pasivamente en domicilios en sectores urbanos de Altagracia y Petare de Caracas, y provenientes de ambientes rurales o silvestres de Sanare en el municipio Andrés Eloy Blanco en el estado Lara. Resultados. Se observó dimorfismo sexual al considerar el tamaño de las alas en los especímenes capturados en Sanare, las cuales fueron mayores en las hembras que los machos. Asimismo, las alas y cabezas de las hembras capturadas en Caracas fueron más pequeñas comparadas con las de las hembras provenientes de Sanare. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la conformación del pronoto. Conclusiones. Con base en el supuesto de que, por dimorfismo sexual, el tamaño es más reducido en triatominos domiciliados que en los silvestres, se concluye que P. geniculatus de Caracas están adaptados al domicilio, lo que constituye un factor de riesgo en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas en dicha ciudad.
Introduction. In recent years, the assassin bug, Panstrongylus geniculatus, has been found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural and urban areas of Caracas, Venezuela. Although historically this insect has been considered a forest species, it has become adapted to more urban artificial environments. Objective. The presence of sexual dimorphism was determined as an indicator of adaptation to domicilies. Material and methods. By Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA), the isometric size and shape of wings, head and pronotums of P. geniculatus was assessed for actively and passively captured specimens. These were collected within domiciles in urban areas of Petare and Altagracia in Caracas City, and from rural or wild environments of Sanare in Andres Eloy Blanco in the state of Lara. Results. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the Sanare specimens, with female wings consistently larger than male wings. Similarly, female wings and heads from bugs captured in Caracas were smaller than those of female bugs captured in Sanare. No significative differences in the conformation of the pronotum were found between male and female bugs. Conclusions. Based on the assumption that the sexual dimorphism of bugs is reflected by smaller size in domesticated triatomines than in wild bugs, the conclusion is that Caracas P. geniculatus has become adapted to living indoors. This represents an additional risk factor for the Chagas disease transmission in Caracas.
Assuntos
Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Doença de Chagas , Triatominae , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) has been defined as a cancer preventive food. Nevertheless, broccoli contains potentially genotoxic compounds as well. We performed the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster in treatments with organically grown broccoli (OGB) and co-treatments with the promutagen urethane (URE), the direct alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses with inducible and high levels of cytochrome P450s (CYPs), respectively. Larvae of both crosses were chronically fed with OGB or fresh market broccoli (FMB) as a non-organically grown control, added with solvents or mutagens solutions. In both crosses, the OGB added with Tween-ethanol yielded the expected reduction in the genotoxicity spontaneous rate. OGB co-treatments did not affect the URE effect, MMS showed synergy and 4-NQO damage was modulated in both crosses. In contrast, FMB controls produced damage increase; co-treatments modulated URE genotoxicity, diminished MMS damage, and did not change the 4-NQO damage. The high dietary consumption of both types of broccoli and its protective effects in D. melanogaster are discussed.
Assuntos
Brassica/toxicidade , Alimentos Orgânicos/toxicidade , Metanossulfonato de Metila/toxicidade , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Quinolonas/toxicidade , Uretana/toxicidade , Asas de Animais/fisiologia , 4-Nitroquinolina-1-Óxido/toxicidade , Animais , Citocromos/metabolismo , DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA/genética , Adutos de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Drosophila melanogaster , Alimentos Orgânicos/análise , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Liofilização , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Purinas/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/química , Raios Ultravioleta , Uretana/químicaRESUMO
Copper complexation in marine systems is mainly controlled by organic matter, partially produced by micro- and macroalgae that release exudates with the capacity to bind metals. This feature is important as it influences bioavailability, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and transport of copper through biological membranes. The release of Cu-complexing ligands by seaweeds cultured under copper excess was studied in the laboratory. Five macroalgae belonging to different functional groups were used, including the filamentous Chaetomorphafirma (Chlorophyta), the foliose Ulvalactuca (Chlorophyta) and Porphyra columbina (Rhodophyta), the corticated Gelidium lingulatum (Rhodophyta), and the leathery Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyceae). The concentration of ligands and their copper-binding strength (logK') of exudates released by each species was determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The selected algae released exudates in a wide range of concentration (42-117 nM) after 48h of culture, and addition of 157nM copper increased the production of ligands up to 8 times. A relationship between structural complexity or thallus thickness and the amount of ligands released was not observed. The binding strength (logK') varied among species from 7.6 to 8.9, a response that was not modified by exposure to sub-lethal copper excess. The kelp L. nigrescens showed a fast response to copper excess, releasing ligands that reduced toxicity of the metal in hours. Results suggest that intertidal and shallow subtidal macroalgae might have been overlooked regarding their role as producers of organic ligands and, therefore, as modulators of metal complexing capacity in coastal waters.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Cobre/metabolismo , Ligantes , Alga Marinha/química , Adsorção , Sítios de Ligação , Cobre/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eucariotos/química , Metais/metabolismo , Phaeophyceae/química , Rodófitas/química , Alga Marinha/metabolismoRESUMO
Triasulfuron (TS) is a widely used sulfonylurea herbicide which inhibits the acetolactate synthase in broad-leaf weeds and in some wheat crop grasses (Triticum aestivum L.). Residues can be found in soil and superficial water with high toxicity to primary producers. In cereals, TS metabolism depends on cytochromes P450 (CYPs), the age of seedlings and the interaction with compounds. The genotoxicity of TS was demonstrated in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster, an in vivo assay based on the loss of heterozygosity of the mwh and flr markers in the wing imaginal disk cells of larvae fed with chemical agents. Chronic treatments with analytical grade TS, commercial formulation TS (Amber) 75WG) (0.5mg/mL) and commercial formulation bentazon (Basagran) 480) (0.24mg/mL) were performed with three-day-old larvae of the standard (ST) and the high bioactivation (HB) crosses with regulated and high constitutive levels of CYPs, respectively. To demonstrate the effect of winter wheat metabolism on TS genotoxicity, T. aestivum L. seedlings were immersed for 4h in these herbicides, and aqueous extracts (AEs) of the roots were prepared to expose the larvae. TS and Amber 75WG produced similar genotoxic effects in both crosses. Wheat metabolism modulated the genotoxicity because the AEs yielded statistically significant lower spot frequencies in the HB cross than in the ST cross. Differences between the two crosses of the wing spot test in D. melanogaster must be related to CYPs levels. Basagran 480 was genotoxic only in the HB cross, and wheat metabolism did not modulate its genotoxicity.
Assuntos
Perda de Heterozigosidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Mutagênicos/análise , Plântula , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/análise , Triticum , Asas de Animais , Animais , Benzotiadiazinas/análise , Benzotiadiazinas/metabolismo , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster , Marcadores Genéticos , Herbicidas/análise , Herbicidas/metabolismo , Larva/genética , Larva/metabolismo , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Mutagênicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/enzimologia , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Triticum/enzimologiaRESUMO
Se conoce ampliamente que la actividad o la inactividad producen adaptaciones en el músculo esquelético de humanos y animales, tendientes al mantenimiento de un metabolismo acorde con el desempeño físico. En la presente investigación, se hicieron comparaciones de los tipos de fibras y la capilaridad del M. gluteus medius entre dos especies de masa corporal similar y diferente actividad física: caballos pura sangre (n=12) y vacas mestizas (n=40). La clasificación de las fibras fue hecha a partir de colaboraciones con la reacción de la adenosina trifosfatasa (ATPasa) miofibrilar en secciones transversales de músculos preincubadas a pH ácido (4,37; 4,6 y 4,8) y pH alcalino (10,3), y la cuantificación de los capilares con la reacción alfa-amilasa-PAS. Se encontró en el M. gluteus medius tres tipos de fibras, siendo la proporción de fibras tipo I mayor en el grupo de bovinos, la de las IIA mayor en el grupo de equinos y la proporción de fibras tipo IIB, similar en ambos grupos animales. La densidad capilar, el índice capilar y los capilares adyacentes a las fibras tipo I, IIA y IIB, fueron significativamente mayores en los músculos de los equinos que en los bovinos. En conclusión, se puede afirmar que los animales más activos, con masa corporal similar, presentan carcterísticas morfológicas musculares que se traducen en un incremento del potencial oxidativo, lo cual en el caso del músculo locomotor gluteus medius, se manifiesta en una mayor capilaridad y el predominio de las fibras rápidas oxidativas-glicolíticas IIA