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Abstract Introduction As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and alcohol consumption has increased among medical students. Mindfulness is an intervention to decrease these psychopathologies and alcohol consumption; however, evidence has shown unclear results regarding its efficacy. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of an online Mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on stress, anxiety, and depression symptomatology levels, as well as on alcohol consumption and mindfulness status in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 237 students, obtaining sociodemographic data. In addition the levels of psychopathology, alcohol consumption, and state of mindfulness: were measured pre-and post-intervention through the DASS-21, AUDIT, and MASS instruments. Eight online Mindfulness sessions were conducted once a week for approximately one hour each. Results MBI did not reduce levels of psychopathologies or alcohol consumption, nor did the mindfulness status improve. High levels of psychopathologies, dropout rate, and lack of voluntary participation were the main factors limiting the effectiveness of the online MBI. Discussion and conclusion The online MBI wasn't effective among the population under study: we recommend generation strategies where students are involved in and complete intervention programs. Results from this research will help enhance future online mindfulness interventions.

Resumen Introducción Derivado de la pandemia del COVID-19, la prevalencia de estrés, ansiedad, depresión y consumo de alcohol ha incrementado entre los estudiantes de medicina. La intervención por Mindfulness ha reportado disminuir estas psicopatologías y el consumo de alcohol; no obstante, la evidencia muestra resultados poco claros respecto a su eficacia. Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia de la intervención basada en Mindfulness online (IBM) sobre los niveles de sintomatología de estrés, ansiedad y depresión, así como en el consumo de alcohol y el estado de atención plena en estudiantes de medicina durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Método Se realizó una investigación cuasi-experimental en 237 estudiantes de medicina, de los cuales se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos; además, se midieron los niveles de psicopatologías, consumo de alcohol, y el estado de atención plena pre y post intervención a través de los instrumentos DASS-21, AUDIT, y MASS. Se llevaron a cabo ocho sesiones de Mindfulness online, una vez por semana, de aproximadamente una hora cada una. Resultados La IBM no redujo los niveles de psicopatologías ni de consumo de alcohol ni mejoró el estado de atención plena. Los altos niveles de psicopatologías, la tasa de abandono y la falta de participación voluntaria, fueron los principales factores que limitan la eficacia del IBM online. Discusión y conclusión La IBM online no fue efectiva entre la población estudiada: se recomienda la generación de estrategias en las que los estudiantes se involucren y completen los programas de intervención, los resultados de esta investigación ayudarán a mejorar futuras intervenciones de mindfulness online.

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Autism spectrum disorder is associated with alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we aimed to determine the concentration of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, taurine, and glycine in brain tissue and plasma of rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), a well-characterized experimental model of autism. Pregnant rats were injected with VPA (600mg/Kg) during the twelfth-embryonic-day. Control rats were injected with saline. On the fourteen-postnatal-day, rats from both groups (males and females) were anesthetized, euthanized by decapitation and their brain dissected out. The frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, brain stem and cerebellum were dissected and homogenized. Homogenates were centrifuged and supernatants were used to quantify amino acid concentrations by HPLC coupled with fluorometric detection. Blood samples were obtained by a cardiac puncture; plasma was separated and deproteinized to quantify amino acid concentration by HPLC. We found that, in VPA rats, glutamate and glutamine concentrations were increased in hippocampus and glycine concentration was increased in cortex. We did not find changes in other regions or in plasma amino acid concentration in the VPA group with respect to control group. Our results suggest that VPA exposure in utero may impair inhibitory and excitatory amino acid transmission in the infant brain.

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Introduction: Due to the high demands of the medicine career, coupled with students' work and personal obligations, they are a susceptible population to develop anxiety and Burnout syndrome (BS) which can influence their academic performance. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and symptomatology of anxiety and Burnout, as well as to identify their impact on the academic performance of students at the end of their medical degree. Method: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on medical students at the end of their degree, using the Trait and State Anxiety inventory, the Maslach Burnout scale, and the grade point average through the Academic Secretary. Results: A prevalence of state anxiety (SA) of 40. 6% and trait anxiety (TA) of 31. 2% was observed, both with similar proportions between a medium and high level (75-25%), with an association between them. The prevalence of BS was 15. 6%, of which 17. 2% and 23. 4% respectively showed high levels of fatigue and depersonalization, moreover, 18. 8% showed low levels of personal fulfillment. Conclusion: At the end of the career, students show symptoms of SA and TA with a high association between them. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that transitory anxiety can become part of an anxious response as a personality trait. The prevalence of BS was low and not related to academic performance, age, or sex.

Introducción: Las altas exigencias que presenta la carrera de medicina, aunado a las obligaciones laborales y personales de los estudiantes, los predispone a desarrollar ansiedad y síndrome de Burnout (SB), lo cual puede influir en su rendimiento académico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y la sintomatología de ansiedad y Burnout, así como identificar su impacto en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes al término de la licenciatura en médico cirujano. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional en estudiantes de medicina al término de la carrera, se utilizó el inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo y Estado, la escala Maslach Burnout y el promedio de las calificaciones a través de la Secretaria Académica. Resultados: Se observó una prevalencia de ansiedad estado (AE) y rasgo (AR) de 40.6% y 31.2% respectivamente, ambas con proporciones similares entre nivel medio (75%) y alto (25%), y con asociación entre las mismas. La prevalencia del SB fue de 15.6%, de los cuales 17.2 y 23.4% presentaron niveles altos de cansancio y de despersonalización respectivamente, además 18.8% mostró niveles bajos de realización personal. Conclusión: Al término de la licenciatura los estudiantes muestran sintomatología de AR y AE con alta asociación entre ambas, por lo que es importante resaltar que la ansiedad transitoria puede llegar a integrar una respuesta ansiosa como rasgo de su personalidad. La prevalencia de SB fue baja y sin relación con el rendimiento académico, la edad o el sexo.

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O consumo de álcool por jovens e adolescentes é um fenômeno mundial que tem aumentado nos últimos anos. OBJETIVO: avaliar o padrão de consumo e as percepções sobre o uso de álcool por pessoas próximas aos estudantes mexicanos de bacharelado. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, envolvendo 940 estudantes de seis cursos de bacharelado do Estado de Veracruz, México. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de uso foram: 57,4% na vida, 31,5% no último ano, 25,3% no último mês; 7,4 % consumiam alcohol em nível problemático. As percepções negativas sobre o consumo de álcool foram avaliadas por pais e mães, predominantemente entre os estudantes com consumo de baixo risco. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de álcool entre estudantes de bacharelado é elevado, principalmente entre os homens, com início cada vez mais precoce e incidência de intoxicação. Além disso, é muito presente entre estudantes com problemas nas relações parentais. Os resultados podem subsidiar o desenvolvimento de programas preventivos em relação ao consumo de álcool no âmbito escolar.

Alcohol consumption by young people and adolescents is a worldwide phenomenon that has increased in recent years. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the consumption pattern and the perceptions about alcohol use by people close to the Mexican high school students. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional and quantitative approach, involving 940 students from six bachelors courses in the State of Veracruz, Mexico. Outcomes: prevalence of use was 57.4% in life, 31.5% in the last year, 25.3% in the last month; 7.4% consumed alcohol on a problematic level. Negative perceptions about alcohol consumption were evaluated by fathers and mothers, predominantly among students with low risk consumption. CONCLUSION: alcohol consumption among baccalaureate students is high, especially among men, with an earlier onset and incidence of intoxication. In addition, it is very present among students with problems in parental relationships. The results may support the development of preventive programs in relation to alcohol consumption in school settings.

El consumo de alcohol por jóvenes y adolescentes es un fenómeno mundial que ha aumentado en los últimos años. OBJETIVO: evaluar el patrón de consumo y las percepciones sobre el uso de alcohol por personas cercanas a los estudiantes. MÉTODO: se trata de un estudio del tipo transversal y de abordaje cuantitativo, involucrando 940 estudiantes de seis planteles del Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Veracruz, México. RESULTADOS: las prevalencias del uso fueron: 57.4% en la vida, 31.5% en último año, 25.3% en el último mes; 7.4 % consumen en nivel problemático del alcohol. Las percepciones negativas sobre el consumo de alcohol fueron evaluadas por padres y madres, predominantemente entre los estudiantes que consumen en bajo riesgo. CONCLUSIÓN: el consumo de alcohol entre los estudiantes de bachillerato es común, principalmente entre los hombres, con un patrón de inicio es cada vez más precoz, y con la incidencia de intoxicación. Además, estas siempre muy presente en los estudiantes con problemas en las relaciones parentales. Los resultados podrán subsidiar la planificación de programas preventivos en relación al consumo de alcohol en el ámbito escolar.

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En México como en el resto de Latinoamérica nuestros hábitos alimenticios nutricionales, culturales y educación favorecen a los factores de riesgo para desarrollar padecer diversas enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como la diabetes, hipertensión arterial, obesidad o trastornos como el aumento de colesterol y triglicérido. Cuando tres o más de los anteriores factores se presentan en conjunto proporcionan lo que conocemos como síndrome metabólico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico de estudiantes con factores de riesgo para desarrollarlo en estudiantes universitarios. El estudio se realizó a estudiantes de primer año de la Universidad Veracruzana Campus Minatitlán, tomando en cuenta los resultados del Examen de Salud Integral que se les aplico al ingresar a la universidad, además se les realizó una prueba rápida de glucosa, somatometría y un cuestionario sociodemografico. Se estudió una población de 91 estudiantes de las facultades de Medicina, Odontología y Trabajo social de los cuales 73,6 por ciento eran mujeres y 26,4 por ciento hombres, en una edad promedio de 19.2 ± 1.1 años, encontrando una prevalencia de 6,6 por ciento de síndrome metabólico. Además se observó que 37,4 por ciento presentaron un factor de riesgo, 12 por ciento dos factores de riesgo y 44 por ciento no mostraron ningún factor de riesgo. Siendo el principal factor de riesgo la obesidad presente en 44 por ciento de los estudiantes, seguido de las hipertrigliceridemias. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en los estudiantes de nuevo ingreso de la facultad de medicina del campus Minatitlán es alta con respecto a los reportes nacionales e internaciones, en donde más del 50 por ciento presenta algún factor de riesgo, siendo la obesidad el principal con un mayor predominio en las mujeres(AU)

In Mexico as the rest of Latin America, our nutritional habits, cultural and educational favor to risk factors for developing chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity or disorders such as cholesterolemia, increased cholesterol and triglyceride. When three or more of the above factors are presented together provide which we know as metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors for developing in university students. The study was conducted to first year students of the Health Sciences and Social Work at the Universidad Veracruzana campus Minatitlán, taking into account the results of the Integral Health Examination that were applied to them when entering the university, also was performed as a rapid glucose test, somatometry, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. A population of 91 students from the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Social Work were studied, of which 73,6 percent were women and 26,4 percent were men, with a mean age of 19,2 ± 1,1 years, where 6,6 percent were found to have metabolic syndrome. We also observed that 37.4 percent had a risk factor, 12 percent had two risk factors and 44 percent did not show any risk factors. Being the main risk factor the obesity present in 44 percent of the students, followed by hypertriglyceridemia. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the newly enrolled students of the Health Sciences Area and Social Work of the Minatitlán campus is high with respect to national and international reports, where more than 50 percent presents some risk factor, being obesity the main one in a greater predominance in women(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence indicates epilepsy is more common in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (20-25%) than in the general population. The aim of this project was to analyze seizure susceptibility in developing rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA) as autism model. METHODS: Pregnant females were injected with VPA during the twelfth embryonic day. Seizures were induced in fourteen-days-old rat pups using two models of convulsions: pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo). RESULTS: Two subgroups with different PTZ-induced seizure susceptibility in rats exposed to VPA were found: a high susceptibility (VPA+) (28/42, seizure severity 5) and a low susceptibility (VPA-) (14/42, seizure severity 2). The VPA+ subgroup exhibited an increased duration of the generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS; 45 ± 2.7 min), a higher number of rats showed several GTCS (14/28) and developed status epilepticus (SE) after PTZ injection (19/27) compared with control animals (36.6 ± 1.9 min; 10/39; 15/39, respectively). No differences in seizure severity, latency or duration of SE induced by Li-Pilo were detected between VPA and control animals. DISCUSSION: Prenatal VPA modifies the susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures in developing rats, which may be linked to an alteration in the GABAergic transmission. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the comorbidity between autism and epilepsy.

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The contribution of Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) to neuronal injury induced by status epilepticus (SE) in the immature brain remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the hippocampal expression of IL-1ß and its type 1 receptor (IL-1RI) following SE induced by the lithium-pilocarpine model in fourteen-days-old rat pups; control animals were given an equal volume of saline instead of the convulsant. IL-1ß and IL-1RI mRNA hippocampal levels were assessed by qRT-PCR 6 and 24 h after SE or control conditions. IL-1ß and IL-1RI expression was detected in the dorsal hippocampus by immunohistochemical procedures; Fluoro-Jade B staining was carried out in parallel sections in order to detect neuronal cell death. IL-1ß mRNA expression was increased 6 h following SE, but not at 24 h; however IL-1RI mRNA expression was unaffected when comparing with the control group. IL-1ß and IL-1RI immunoreactivity was not detected in control animals. IL-1ß and IL-1RI were expressed in the CA1 pyramidal layer, the dentate gyrus granular layer and the hilus 6 h after SE, whereas injured cells were detected 24 h following seizures. Early expression of IL-1ß and IL-1RI in the hippocampus could be associated with SE-induced neuronal cell death mechanisms in the developing rat.

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