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The general aim is to identify the explanatory potential of alcohol use intentions in drinking behaviors in a sample of adolescents in Ecuador. The method consists of a descriptive, explanatory, and cross-sectional study using SEM techniques. The participants were 384 adolescents (57% male and 43% female), aged 14-18 years (M = 16.51; SD = 2.64), who are students attending between the 1st and 3rd year of high school in a public educational institution in Ambato, Ecuador. Like principal results, the presence of alcohol use intention is moderate; the practice of alcohol use is low and mostly does not represent a risk, although 3.9% of the participants could report significant problems with consumption. Intentionality and drinking covary positively with low and moderate intensity. Drinking Intentionality explained 15.3% of the variance of drinking. We conclude that the Alcohol Use Intentions are a predictor of adolescent drinking behaviors.
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(1) Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a relatively common and complex pathology, and some of its mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Change in host microbiota is related to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. This systematic review aims to gather existing data on the occidental hemisphere, compare it, and search for any significant association between Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota dysbiosis. (2) Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) protocols were used for this systematic review. PubMed was used as the database search engine. Of the 166 studies found, only 10 were used, as they met our inclusion criteria: case-control studies, studies that assessed the correlation of PD and gut microbiome, studies that took place in occidental regions, and studies that were performed on humans and were written in English. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used as the assessment tool for overall risk of bias in this systematic review. (3) Results: The studies analyzed were divided into three geographic areas: Region 1: United States of America and Canada; Region 2: Germany, Ireland, and Finland; and Region 3: Italy; based on geographical similarities among these populations. The following statistically significant results were described in PD patients, compared with non-PD controls. In the first region, a significant increase in the following bacteria was seen: 1. Phylum: Actinobacteriota and its Genus: Bifidobacterium; 2. Phylum: Verrucomicrobiota and its Genus: Akkermansia; 3. Genus: Enterococcus, Hungatella, Lactobacillus, and Oscillospira of the Phylum: Firmicutes; 4. Family: Ruminococcaceae of Phylum: Firmicutes; 5. Phylum: Bacteroidetes and its Genus: Bacteroides; 6. Phylum: Proteobacteria. A significant decrease was described in the Family: Lachnospiraceae and its Genus: Blautia, Coprococcus, and Roseburia, which belong to the Phylum: Firmicutes. In the second region, a raised number of: 1. Phylum: Verrucomicrobiota, its Genus: Akkermansia, and its Species: Akkermansia muciniphila; 2. Family: Verrucomicrobiaceae of the Phylum: Verrucomicrobiota; 3. Genus: Lactobacillus and Roseburia of the Phylum: Firmicutes; 4. Family: Lactobacillaceae of the Phylum: Firmicutes; 5. Family: Barnesiellaceae of the Phylum: Bacteroidetes; 6. Genus: Bifidobacterium of the Phylum: Actinobacteriota; 7. Species: Bilophila wadsworthia of the Phylum: Thermodesulfobacteriota, was identified. Only one Genus: Prevotella of the Phylum: Bacteroidetes was decreased. In the third and last region, an augmented number of these bacteria were found: 1. Phylum: Verrucomicrobiota and its Genus: Akkermansia; 2. Family: Bifidobacteriaceae and Coriobacteriaceae of the Phylum: Actinobacteriota; 3. Phylum: Firmicutes and its Family: Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillaceae; 4. Family: Enterococcaceae and its Genus: Enterococcus, of the Phylum: Firmicutes; 5. Genus: Lactococcus and Oscillospira, of the Phylum: Firmicutes; 6. Phylum: Proteobacteria, its Family: Enterobacteriaceae, and the Genus: Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Shigella; 7. Genus: ParaBacteroides of the Phylum: Bacteroidetes. In contrast, a significant decrease in 1. Phylum: Firmicutes, its Family: Lachnospiraceae, and its Genus: Roseburia and 2. Genus: Ruminococcus of the Phylum: Firmicutes, was described. (4) Conclusion: A significant gut dysbiosis, involving multiple bacterial taxa, was found in PD patients compared to healthy people in the occidental regions. However, more studies are needed to find the precise pathophysiologic involvement of other groups of pathogens, such as fungi and parasites, in the development and progression of PD.
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BACKGROUND: Since 1969, 49 cases have been presented on ring chromosome 4. All of these cases have been characterized for the loss of genetic material. The genes located in these chromosomal regions are related to the phenotype. CASE PRESENTATION: A 10-year-old Ecuadorian Mestizo girl with ring chromosome 4 was clinically, cytogenetically and molecularly analysed. Clinical examination revealed congenital anomalies, including microcephaly, prominent nose, micrognathia, low set ears, bilateral clinodactyly of the fifth finger, small sacrococcygeal dimple, short stature and mental retardation. Cytogenetic studies showed a mosaic karyotype, mos 46,XX,r(4)(p16.3q35.2)/46,XX, with a ring chromosome 4 from 75 to 79% in three studies conducted over ten years. These results were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Loss of 1.7 Mb and gain of 342 kb in 4p16.3 and loss of 3 Mb in 4q35.2 were identified by high-resolution mapping array. CONCLUSION: Most cases with ring chromosome 4 have deletion of genetic material in terminal regions; however, our case has inv dup del rearrangement in the ring chromosome formation. Heterogeneous clinical features in all cases reviewed are related to the amount of genetic material lost or gained. The application of several techniques can increase our knowledge of ring chromosome 4 and its deviations from typical "ring syndrome."
Assuntos
Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Transtornos Cromossômicos/patologia , Criança , Cromossomos Humanos Par 4/genética , Análise Citogenética , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem , Cromossomos em AnelRESUMO
Los cromosomas en anillo son alteraciones genéticas muy inusuales, consecuencia de deleciones en las regiones terminales y de la unión de los extremos expuestos del cromosoma afectado. En un cromosoma 4 en anillo las regiones que con más frecuencia se afectan son 4p16.3 del brazo corto y 4q35.2 del brazo largo. Sujeto y métodos Se presenta el caso de una paciente con cromosoma 4 en anillo diagnosticado cuando tenía diez días de edad. Al examen clínico presentó dismorfogénesis importante: frente plana, nariz puntiforme, implantación baja de pabellones auriculares, clinodactilia del quinto dedo, microcefalia, micrognatia, un orifcio en la región lumbosacra, estatura baja y retardo mental leve. A los 10 años de edad se le realizó una evaluación citogenética con técnicas más modernas: hibridación in situ ï¬uorescente (FISH) y mapeo genético por arrays de ADN. El fenotipo de la paciente fue comparado con 37 casos reportados en la literatura internacional. Resultados En el análisis clínico de la paciente y los 37 casos internacionales se encontró alrededor de 41 características clínicas diferentes y variables en cada sujeto. Las más frecuentes fueron retraso en el crecimiento (78%), microcefalia (67%), retardo mental (62%), bajo peso al nacer (48%), clinodactilia del quinto dedo (37%), micrognatia (29%), hipertelorismo (21%) y alguna cardiopatía (18%). El estudio citogenético de la paciente a los diez días de edad mostró un cariotipo en mosaico 46,XX/46,XX,r(4) con anillo del cromosoma 4 en el 80% de las metafases. A los diez años de edad se encontró r(4) en el 90% de las células. El análisis por FISH reveló un cariotipo 46,XX,r(4).ish r(4)(p16.3q35.2) (492870-793359-,190183811-190408149-). Los arrays evidenciaron las regiones de pérdida de los brazos cortos y largos del cromosoma 4 involucrados en la formación del anillo. Los genes que con seguridad inciden en el fenotipo de la paciente en estudio son LETM1, WHSC1, WHSC2, MIR943, TACC3, IDUA, C4orf48 para retardo mental; LETM1 y WHSC1 para microcefalia y KIAA1530 para retraso en el crecimiento.
Ring chromosomes are rare chromosomal structure abnormalities; they are formed when a chromosomal deletion leads to the fusion of both ends of the chromosome. The most frequent altered regions in ring chromosome 4 are 4p16.3 in short arm and 4q35.2 in long arm. Subject and methods Here we report a 10 days old female patient whose frst cytogenetic diagnosis showed a ring chromosome 4. Clinical examination showed congenital abnormalities including ï¬attened forehead, prominent nose, low set ears, clinodactyly of the ffth fnger, microcephaly, micrognathia, small sacrococcygeal dimple, short stature and mild mental retardation. At the aged of ten fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA microarrays were performed. Finally, patient phenotype was compared with other 37 cases reported in the literature. Results The clinical analysis between the patient and the 37 cases reported showed about 41 different clinical features that vary between each individual. The most frequent features were growth retardation (78%), microcephaly (67%), mental retardation (62%), short stature at birth (48%), clinodactyly of the ffth fnger (37%), micrognathia (29%), hypertelorism (21%) and some type of cardiopathy (18%). Chromosome analysis of the patient at 10 days old appeared as a chromosomal mosaicism 46,XX/46,XX,r(4), with ring chromosome 4 in 80% of the metaphases analyzed. At 10 years old of the patient it was observed r(4) in 90% of the cells. FISH analysis showed a karyotype 46,XX,r(4).ish r(4)(p16.3q35.2) (492870-793359-,190183811-190408149-). The arrays showed deleted regions at the short and long arms of chromosome 4 involved in the formation of ring chromosome. The genes that are manifested in the patient phenotype are LETM1, WHSC1, WHSC2, MIR943, TACC3, IDUA, C4orf48 for mental retardation; LETM1 y WHSC1 for microcephaly and KIAA1530 for growth retardation.