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Objetivo: Comparar el rendimiento clínico odontológico de dos años de pandemia COVID-19 con dos años prepandemia y certificar los procesos de seguridad sanitaria en la prevención de COVID-19, en un centro docente asistencial. Método: Se estudió retrospectiva y descriptivamente (años 2018-2021); A: El rendimiento clínico comparativo entre dos años de pandemia versus dos años prepandemia, incluyendo: pacientes que solicitaron atención, pacientes citados, tratamientos efectuados, horas de actividad clínica y edad pacientes; B:Acreditación externa del cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas COVID-19. Resultados: A: Comparado con el promedio histórico, durante la pandemia la cantidad de pacientes que solicitó atención aumentó 64,46%; los pacientes citados disminuyeron -13,89%; el total de tratamientos se redujo -2,4%; la cantidad tratamientos el año 2020 se redujeron -41,28% y el año 2021 se incrementaron en 47,33%, la edad media no presentó diferencias significativas(p=0,0001). Los datos presentaron alta confiabilidad (Alfa=0,939) B: La Mutual de Seguridad acreditó el centro con 97% de cumplimiento. Conclusiones: Durante la pandemia se incrementó la solicitud por atención odontológica. El primer año, la pandemia redujo severamente la atención, la que se incrementó significativamente al segundo año. El total de tratamientos efectuados se redujo levemente en el período de pandemia comparado con los dos años previos.

Objective: To compare the clinical dental performance of two years of COVID-19 pandemic with two years pre-pandemic and to certify the health safety processes in the prevention of COVID-19 in a teaching health care center. Method: We studied retrospectively and descriptively (years 2018-2021); A: The comparative clinical performance between two pandemic years and two pre-pandemic years, including patients who requested care, patients cited, treatments performed, hours of clinical activity and patient age; B: External accreditation of the compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures. Results: A: Compared to the historical average, during the pandemic, the number of patients requesting care increased by 64.46%; the number of patients cited decreased by -13.89%; the total number of treatments decreased by -2.4%; the number of treatments in 2020 decreased by -41.28% and in 2021 increased by 47.33%; the mean age did not show significant differences (p=0.0001). The data presented high reliability (Alpha=0.939) B: The Chilean Safety Association accredited the center with 97% of compliance. Conclusions: During COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for dental care increased. In the first year, the pandemic severely reduced care, which increased significantly in the second year. The total number of treatments performed was slightly reduced in the pandemic period compared to previous years.

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Background: Pregnancy exacerbates the periodontal inflammation; however, the biological mediators involved are not well characterized. Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane glycoproteins involved in physiological and pathogenic processes such as angiogenesis and immunity but its relationship with periodontal disease in pregnant women has not been studied. Objective: To explore the soluble Neuropilin-1 (sNRP-1) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples during early pregnancy and its association with the periodontitis severity and periodontal clinical parameters. Methods: 80 pregnant women were recruited, and GCF samples were collected. Clinical data and periodontal clinical parameters were recorded. sNRP-1 expression was determined by ELISA assay. The relationship between sNRP-1(+) pregnant women with the severity of periodontitis and periodontal clinical parameters was determined by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Spearman's test estimated the correlation between sNRP-1 levels and periodontal clinical parameters. Results: Periodontitis was classified as mild in 27.5% (n = 22) women, moderate in 42.5% (n = 34), and severe in 30% (n = 24). sNRP-1 expression was higher in the GCF of pregnant with severe (41.67%) and moderate (41.17%) periodontitis compared than in those with mild periodontitis (18.8%). The sNRP-1(+) pregnant had a higher BOP (76.5% v/s 57%; p = 0.0071) and PISA (1199.5 mm2 v/s 880.2 mm2; p = 0.0282) compared with sNRP-1(-). A positive correlation between sNRP-1 levels in GCF and BOP (p = 0.0081) and PISA (p = 0.0398) was observed. Conclusions: The results suggest that sNRP-1 could be involved in periodontal inflammation during pregnancy.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la condición oral y sistémica con la calidad de vida relacionada a salud bucal de adultos mayores institucionalizados en un hogar en Recoleta, Santiago. Material y método: En el presente estudio piloto de corte transversal, se realizó un examen intraoral y se aplicó la encuesta OHIP-7Sp a adultos mayores internados en la residencia Mi Hogar. Además, se revisaron las fichas médicas de los participantes para el registro de sus enfermedades y fármacos. Los datos fueron analizados a través del test t, test de Mann-Whitney y regresión logística considerando un valor p < a 0.05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: 20 adultos mayores cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 11 hombres y 9 mujeres, con un rango de edad entre 65 y 88 años. Se encontró asociación clínica entre la condición oral (p=0.06), salud general (p=0.2) y calidad de vida asociada a salud bucal en los adultos mayores. Conclusión: La condición oral, salud general y calidad de vida asociada a salud bucal de los adultos mayores se consideró deficiente. Se requieren estudios posteriores con una mayor muestra para lograr establecer una significancia estadística de las variables y así, proponer intervenciones para mejorar las condiciones de salud de los adultos mayores institucionalizados.

Aim: To evaluate the association between the oral and systemic condition and the oral health-related quality of life of institutionalized older people in a retirement home in Recoleta, Santiago. Material and method: In the present pilot, non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive study, an oral examination was performed, alongside with the OHIP-7Sp survey to the individuals that meets the inclusion criteria. In addition, the medical history of the participants was reviewed to record the diseases under treatment and the drugs in use. Results: 20 individuals met the inclusion criteria, 11 men and 9 women with ages ranging between 65 and 88 years. There was a clinical association between oral condition, general health and oral health-related quality of life related to oral health in the oelder people of thefrom the residence retirement home of in Recoleta. A statistical significance was not established. Conclusion: The oral condition, general health and quality of life related to oral health was were deficient. Subsequent studies with a larger sample are required to establish a statistically significant relationship of between the variables in order to propose different solutions.

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ABSTRACT: Objective: To explore patient experience for non-surgical periodontal therapy using phenomenography. Methods: This qualitative study was performed in a postgraduate specialist training program in periodontics. Patients reported their experiences through in-depth interviews in order to recognize the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on their quality of life and their satisfaction. A homogeneous sampling procedure was used, establishing redundancy after the fifteenth interview. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed by three researchers who codified the answers into categories to determine the emerging topics. Results: The core emerging themes were: (i) lack of information about periodontal disease; (ii) experience during treatment; (iii) treatment implications; and (iv) clinician-patient relationship. Conclusions: Patients seem to have limited knowledge about periodontal diseases. Reasons for attendance mainly include bleeding gums, tooth mobility, and aesthetic problems. Therapy can generate pain, fear, and is considered invasive, whereas dentine hypersensitivity may occur post-operatively. Despite this, patients would be willing to undergo treatment again and were generally satisfied with the level of care and treatment received.

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BACKGROUND: To explore the soluble Neuropilin-1 (sNRP-1) concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the periodontal clinical status of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an exploratory study with 40 study participants, 20 with RA, and 20 healthy controls. Clinical and periodontal data were recorded, and GCF samples were obtained. sNRP-1 levels in GCF were determined by ELISA assay. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Unpaired t-test, logistic regression model, and Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC-ROC) were made to explore the diagnostic performance accuracy. RESULTS: RA patients had significantly higher levels of sNRP-1 in GCF (p â€‹= â€‹0.0447). The median levels of GCF-sNRP-1 were 208.85 â€‹pg/µl (IQR 131.03) in the RA group compared to 81.46 â€‹pg/µl (IQR 163.73) in the control group. We observed an association between the GCF-sNRP-1 concentrations and the RA diagnosis (OR:1.009; CI 1.00-1.001; p â€‹= â€‹0.047). The diagnosis of chronic periodontitis was also associated with RA (OR: 6.9; CI 1.52-31.37; p â€‹= â€‹0.012). Moreover, the AUC-ROC of GCF-sNRP-1 concentrations combined with periodontal clinical parameters such as periodontal probing depth and periodontal inflamed surface area was 0.80. CONCLUSION: This exploratory case-control study shows that RA patients had significantly higher levels of sNRP-1 in GCF. New longitudinal studies are necessary to evaluate the role of NRP-1 in periodontal tissues and consider it an oral biomarker with clinical value in RA.

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BACKGROUND: Soluble Neuropilin-1 (sNRP-1) is a glycoprotein with angiogenic and immune regulatory functions, which correspond to processes deeply involved with periodontal diseases. This study's objective was to determine the concentration of sNRP-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of severe periodontitis (stages III-IV) compared to mild-moderate (stages I-II) periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted, including 36 adults subjected to a complete periodontal exam, which recorded the following periodontal parameters: periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). Periodontitis was defined by two periodontists using the case definition proposed by the 2017 World Workshop for periodontal diseases. GCF samples were collected to determine the levels of sNRP-1 via ELISA. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, and Spearman tests. RESULTS: The levels of sNRP-1 in patient's GCF with periodontitis in stages III-IV showed a median of 38.385 â€‹ng/mL (iqr 30.98), in comparison with 20.085 â€‹ng/mL (iqr 12.74) for stages I-II (p â€‹= â€‹0.202). Regardless of the periodontitis stage, we observed a positive correlation between the levels of sNRP-1 in BOP (Rho: 0.45; p â€‹= â€‹0.0048), PISA (Rho: 0.50; p â€‹= â€‹0.0019), PD (Rho: 0.3; p â€‹= â€‹0.015) and GI (Rho: 0.37; p â€‹= â€‹0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The GCF-sNRP-1 concentration was positively related to periodontal clinical inflammatory parameters and probably could be involved in pro-inflammatory and angiogenic mechanisms observed in periodontitis. Additional studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary results.

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INTRODUCTION: The quick spread of COVID-19 has caused part of the world's population to adopt quarantine protocols that have limited professional activities, including dental training programmes. This study aimed to explore the experiences of students and personnel at a Chilean dental school during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This phenomenological descriptive qualitative study reported staff and students' experiences during the pandemic through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. These were recorded on audio and video with a digital platform. Three researchers then transcribed and analyzed the recordings and codified the answers into categories to determine the emerging topics until a saturation point was reached. RESULTS: The core emerging themes among the staff group were (1) change in the personal/professional life balance, (2) online learning through digital platforms, (3) staff perceptions of students' learning experiences, and (4) concerns about the future. For students, the themes were (1) changes in the learning process, (2) online learning through digital platforms, (3) interpersonal relationships, and (4) concerns about the future. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a period of learning for our dental school staff and students. Even though online learning has been a useful tool for delivering didactic (theoretical) concepts, it has been unable to replace conventional education, including skills training. Students and teachers reported being overwhelmed at the beginning of the pandemic, but they have shown remarkable adaptability and resilience during this period.

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HIV/AIDS, tuberculose, malária e as doenças tropicais negligenciadas representam uma grande preocupação em Saúde em muitas regiões do mundo. Os fármacos disponíveis para o tratamento apresentam diversos problemas, tais como toxicidade e resistência ao parasita. Mesmo com esse triste panorama, o investimento em pesquisa nessa área é, ainda, pouco significativo. Assim, dentre os métodos de modificação molecular para melhorar propriedades farmacêuticas, farmacocinéticas e/ou farmacodinâmica de compostos bioativos destaca-se a latenciação. Já os dendrímeros vêm despertando interesse em aplicações biológicas, principalmente como transportadores de fármacos, além de atuarem como transportadores de genes, imagem em diagnóstico e compostos com ação per se. Face ao exposto e tendo em vista o caráter promissor dos dendrímeros como sistemas de drug delivery, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a síntese de pró-fármacos dendriméricos potencialmente ativos em malária e tuberculose. Os dendrímeros de Bis-MPA (gerações 0, 1 e 2) foram sintetizados pelo grupo do Professor Scott Grayson, da Tulane University (EUA). No Brasil, foram feitas as funcionalizações destes compostos, através do acoplamento do ácido succínico (que funciona como espaçante) e as moléculas ativas. Selecionaram-se as seguintes substâncias: (1) primaquina, com ação antimalárica e (2) isoniazida, de ação nos primeiros estágios da tuberculose. Foram sintetizados os pró-fármacos dendriméricos de isoniazida nas gerações 0 e 1 (G0-Iso e G1-Iso), e primaquina nas gerações 0, 1 e 2 (G0-Pq, G1-Pq e G2Pq). Importante mencionar que os resultados de Ressonância Magnética e Nuclear de 1H e de 13C demostraram as obtenções dos respectivos produtos, porém contendo impurezas. Já a análise do resultado proveniente da espectrometria de massas do composto G0-Iso revelou a presença de um subproduto ciclizado da isonizaida succinoilada (CIso-Suc), o qual pode ser um potencial pró-fármaco ou apresentar atividade per se. Como não se conhece este composto, o laboratório coordenado pela Profas Elizabeth Igne Ferreira e Jeanine Giarolla manifestou interesse em pesquisa-lo, principalmente quanto suas propriedades físico- químicas, bem como quanto à atividade biológica. Assim, utilizando metodologia analítica previamente estabelecida para o G0-Iso, os estudos de estabilidade química da CIso-Suc, em diferentes valores de pH, demonstraram a capacidade da forma ciclizada em se converter no protótipo Iso-Suc, majoritariamente em pH 7,4 e 8,5. Como perspectivas, destaca-se a avaliação da estabilidade enzimática deste potencial derivado. Ressalta-se, ainda, a a avaliação da respectiva atividade antimicobacteriana. Em relação aos pró-fármacos, as necessidades de aprimoramentos das sínteses são, também, evidenciadas. Uma vez sintetizados e caracterizados, estes últimos derivados serão avaliados quanto à atividade biológica. Ademais, estudos computacionais, sobretudo simulações de docking molecular, foram desenvolvidos com intuito de se entender o modo de interação de alguns compostos com alvos biológicos pré-determinados

HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected diseases are a major health concern in many regions of the world. The drugs available present various problems, such as toxicity and parasite resistance. Even with this sad outlook, research investment in this area is still insignificant. Among the molecular modification methods to improve the pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties we stands out prodrug design. On the other hand, dendrimers are arousing interest in biological applications, mainly as drug carriers, besides gene delivery, diagnostic imaging, as well as acting as compounds with activity per se. Considering that, added to the promising dendrimer drug delivery features, the aim of this study was to synthesize potentially active dendrimer prodrugs in malaria and tuberculosis. Bis-MPA dendrimers (generations 0, 1 and 2) were synthesized by the group of Professor Scott Grayson of Tulane University (USA). Herein in Brazil, the compounds were functionalized by coupling succinic acid (spacer group), as well as the active molecules. We selected the following substances: (1) primaquine, with antimalarial action and (2) isoniazid, acting in the early stages of tuberculosis. Isoniazid dendrimer prodrugs were synthesized generations 0 and 1 (G0-Iso and G1-Iso), and primaquine in generations 0, 1 and 2 (G0-Pq, G1-Pq and G2-Pq). It is important to mention that the results related to Nuclear and Magnetic Resonance 113C showed chemical structures features, however with impurities. Analysis of the mass spectrometry regarding G0-Iso has revealed the presence of a cyclized by-product of succinylated isonized (CIso-Suc), which may be a potential prodrug or may presentactivity itself. Using the analytical methodology performed for G0-Iso, ICso-Suc demonstrated its ability to convert the Iso-Suc prototype at different pH values, especially at pH 7.4 and 8.5. As perspectives, we highlight the determinations of the chemical stability of ICsoSuc at pH 1.5 and 6.0, as well as the evaluation of the enzymatic stability. We will also investigate the respective antimicobacterial activities. Regarding prodrugs, the needs for synthesis enhancements are also necessary. Once synthesized and characterized, these latter derivatives will be evaluated for biological activity. Moreover, computational studies, especially molecular docking simulations, were developed in order to understand the mode of interaction of some compounds with predetermined biological targets

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The Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a major public health concern in Brazil and worldwide, being a rapidly spreading disease with possible severe complications for pregnant women and neonates. There is currently no preventative therapy or specific treatment available. Within this context, drug repositioning is a very promising approach for the discovery of new treatment compounds, since old drugs may become new ones. Therefore, this paper aims to perform a literature mini-review to identify promising compounds to combat this virus. The mechanism of action at the molecular level and the structure-activity relationship of prototypes are discussed. Among the candidates identified, we highlight sofosbuvir, chloroquine and suramin, which present a greater quantity of experimental data to draw on for our discussion. The current treatment is palliative; therefore, this study is of paramount importance in identifying drug candidates useful for combating ZIKV.

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This review is focused on the biogeochemistry of arsenic in freshwaters and, especially, on the key role that benthic microalgae and prokaryotic communities from biofilms play together in through speciation, distribution, and cycling. These microorganisms incorporate the dominant iAs (inorganic arsenic) form and may transform it to other arsenic forms through metabolic or detoxifying processes. These transformations have a big impact on the environmental behavior of arsenic because different chemical forms exhibit differences in mobility and toxicity. Moreover, exposure to toxicants may alter the physiology and structure of biofilms, leading to changes in ecosystem function and trophic relations. In this review we also explain how microorganisms (i.e., biofilms) can influence the effects of arsenic exposure on other key constituents of aquatic ecosystems such as fish. At the end, we present two real cases of fluvial systems with different origins of arsenic exposure (natural vs. anthropogenic) that have improved our comprehension of arsenic biogeochemistry and toxicity in freshwaters, the Pampean streams (Argentina) and the Anllóns River (Galicia, Spain). We finish with a briefly discussion of what we consider as future research needs on this topic. This work especially contributes to the general understanding of biofilms influencing arsenic biogeochemistry and highlights the strong impact of nutrient availability on arsenic toxicity for freshwater (micro) organisms.

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Abstract Introduction: approximately 50% of the annual health care expenditure of patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis is related to hospitalizations. Infections represent the second reason for consultation, with a high morbidity and mortality. There are no studies comparing hospitalization time due to infectious causes between the different dialysis options. Objective: to determine the difference in hospitalization time for treatment of infectious diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, comparing patients on hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis. Materials and methods: a retrospective, dynamic cohort study of patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis who were admitted to the emergency department at the Hospital Universitario Mayor due to infectious diseases. The study patients were included using nonprobabilistic methods. The sample size was calculated by comparison of means. A total of 172 hemodialysis patients and 85 peritoneal dialysis patients were included for statistical analysis. Results: hospitalization time is greater in patients on hemodialysis than in patients on peritoneal dialysis; 12 (IQR 8-21) vs. 10 (IQR 6.5-13) days, respectively, p= 0.004. Conclusions: hospitalization time due to infectious causes is greater in patients on hemodialysis than in patients on peritoneal dialysis. In addition, the incidence of treatment-related infections in our population is lower than the globally reported incidence.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1222).

Resumen Introducción: aproximadamente el 50% del gasto anual en salud de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis está relacionada con hospitalizaciones; las causas infecciosas representan la segunda causa de consulta con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. No existen estudios donde se compare el tiempo de hospitalización por causas infecciosas entre las diferentes opciones de diálisis. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en tiempos de hospitalización que se deriva del manejo de patologías infecciosas en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis, comparando los pacientes que se encuentran en hemodiálisis vs diálisis peritoneal. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, dinámica, de pacientes en hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal que ingresan al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Universitario Mayor por patologías infecciosas. Los pacientes que ingresaron al estudio se incluyeron por métodos no probabilísticos. El cálculo de tamaño de muestra se realizó por comparación de medias. Para el análisis estadístico se incluyeron 172 pacientes en hemodiálisis y 85 en diálisis peritoneal. Resultados: el tiempo de hospitalización es mayor en pacientes con hemodiálisis en comparación con los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal, 12 (RIC 8-21) vs 10 (RIC 6.5-13) días respectivamente, p= 0.004. Conclusiones: el tiempo de hospitalización por causas infecciosas es mayor en los pacientes con hemodiálisis que los de diálisis peritoneal, adicionalmente la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a la terapia en nuestra población es menor que lo reportado a nivel mundial.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1222).

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The design of compounds with directed action to a defined organ or tissue is a very promising approach, since it can decrease considerably the toxicity of the drug/bioactive compound. For this reason, this kind of strategy has been greatly important in the scientific community. Dendrimers, on the other hand, comprise extremely organized macromolecules with many peripheral functionalities, stepwise controlled synthesis, and defined size. These nanocomposites present several biological applications, demonstrating their efficiency to act in the pharmaceutical field. Considering that, the main purpose of this review was describing the potential of dendrons and dendrimers as drug targeting, applying different targeting groups. This application has been demonstrated through interesting examples from the literature considering the last ten years of publications.

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AIM: To evaluate the impact of two non-surgical periodontal treatment modalities on metabolic and periodontal clinical parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and poor glycaemic control and chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. Ninety-three T2DM subjects with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) > 7% were randomly assigned to one of two groups receiving scaling with root planing in multiple sessions quadrant-by-quadrant (Q by Q) or within 24 hr (one stage). Periodontal parameters, HbA1c, glycaemia blood levels (FPG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were assessed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months post-therapy. RESULTS: At 6 months, HbA1c had decreased by 0.48% in the Q by Q group and by 0.18% in the one-stage group (p = 0.455). After therapy, subjects with an initial HbA1c < 9% showed an increase of 0.31% (p = 0.145), compared with a decrease of 0.88% (p = 0.006) in those with an initial HbA1c ≥ 9%. Periodontal parameters improved significantly (p < 0.0001) post-therapy, with similar results for both treatment modalities. CONCLUSION: Periodontal therapy had the greatest impact on HbA1c reduction on patients with an HbA1c > 9% regardless of treatment modality. Both modalities resulted in significant improvements in periodontal parameters.

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Objetivo Este estudio busca describir conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre disposición de medicamentos sobrantes (MS) y vencidos (MV). Métodos Estudio descriptivo en 392 pacientes en un Hospital de Bogotá. Resultados La edad fue de 17-86 años. 66,1 % tenía MS, de los cuales 31,4 % pertenece al sistema nervioso (clasificación Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical de la OMS). El 25,8 % dispone los MS en la Basura Corriente (BC) y 64,0 % disponen los MV en la BC. El 17,4 % cree que los MS y el 62,5 % que los MV deben botarse a la BC. El 4,9 % cree que los MS y el 6,6 % que los MV deben entregarse en sitios especializados. El 92,4 % no conoce los PDM y el 86,7 % los Puntos Azules; al 94,6 % le gustaría recibir información. El 79,1 % cree que los medicamentos desechados pueden afectar la salud y 88,8 % el ambiente. Conclusiones La mayoría de encuestados dispone inadecuadamente los medicamentos, cree que no está bien hacerlo así y que esto puede afectar negativamente el ambiente y la salud. Se observa interés por informarse, esto demuestra que hay un campo con posibilidades de sensibilización, información y educación desde la farmacovigilancia en beneficio de la población.(AU)

Objective To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices about remaining drugs (RD) and expired drugs (ED) disposal. Method Descriptive study in 392 patients at a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Results Participants were 17 to 86 years old. 66.1% of them had RD, 31.4 % were nervous system drugs (according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification of WHO). 25.8 % of people dispose of RD in common waste (CW) and 64.0 % dispose of ED in CW. 17.4 % think RD, and 62.5 % think ED should be thrown away like CW. 4.9% of people think RD, and 6.6 % think ED should be thrown away in specialized places. 92.4 % people don't know about DRP nor 86.7 % about "Puntos Azules"; 94.6 % would like more information. 79.1 % think that throwing away drugs can affect health and, 88.8 %, the environment. Conclusions Most participants dispose of drugs inappropriately. They think that it is wrong and this can damage the environment and health. There is an interest in being informed. This reveals an area of possible work in awareness, information and education from pharmacovigilance about this subject for the benefit of the population.(AU)

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Objective To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices about remaining drugs (RD) and expired drugs (ED) disposal. Method Descriptive study in 392 patients at a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Results Participants were 17 to 86 years old. 66.1% of them had RD, 31.4 % were nervous system drugs (according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification of WHO). 25.8 % of people dispose of RD in common waste (CW) and 64.0 % dispose of ED in CW. 17.4 % think RD, and 62.5 % think ED should be thrown away like CW. 4.9% of people think RD, and 6.6 % think ED should be thrown away in specialized places. 92.4 % people don't know about DRP nor 86.7 % about "Puntos Azules"; 94.6 % would like more information. 79.1 % think that throwing away drugs can affect health and, 88.8 %, the environment. Conclusions Most participants dispose of drugs inappropriately. They think that it is wrong and this can damage the environment and health. There is an interest in being informed. This reveals an area of possible work in awareness, information and education from pharmacovigilance about this subject for the benefit of the population.

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We describe a new species of Pristimantis from the humid forests on the eastern flank of the northern Cordillera Central in Colombia (6º 23' 19.3554" N, 75º 1' 24.0594" W; ca. 1150 m.a.s.l.). Pristimantis jaguensis sp. nov. is characterized by an extraordinary variation in color and is readily distinguished from congeneric species by lacking nuptial pads, discoidal fold and conical calcar tubercles; flanks and belly white to cream without blotches as well as iris yellow ocher to copper with thick brown reticulation and cream sclera. Molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered the new species in a clade with species mostly distributed in Ecuador. Our finding suggests that new taxa can still be discovered in the Middle Magdalena River valley of Colombia despite the extensive sampling this region has received during the last decades. 

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