RESUMO
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de caracterizar la morfometría e índices corporales de Eremophilus mutisii, se usaron treinta y tres peces (27 hembras y 6 machos) provenientes del río Bogotá, específicamente de la región de Suesca. La relación de aspecto de la aleta caudal se determinó mediante el software de análisis de imágenes ImageJ®. Se calculó el índice gonadosomático, hepatosomático y rendimiento en canal para cada pez. Para el análisis de los datos se usaron correlaciones, regresiones y técnicas de análisis multivariado (análisis discriminante canónico). Como resultado del estudio se encontró que el sexo no afecta la forma del cuerpo de los peces. La relación entre la longitud y el peso se ajustó para cada sexo. La relación de aspecto de la aleta caudal presentó un promedio de 1,57 lo que sugiere que la especie presenta hábito sedentario o de natación lenta. El índice gonadosomático de las hembras en maduración (media: 14,43%, rango: 8,84% a 23,22%) aumentó en función del peso corporal y fue mayor que el de los machos (media: 5,32%, rango: 2,31% a 8,29%). Por lo tanto, el rendimiento de la carcasa fue menor en las hembras en maduración. La media del índice hepatosomático para hembras fue 0,86% (rango: 0,43% a 1,88%) y para machos fue 0,63% (rango: 0,39% a 1,09%). En conclusión, Eremophilus mutisii es una especie sedentaria y las hembras se caracterizarán por presentar mayor índice gonadosomático y menor rendimiento en carcasa que los machos.
ABSTRACT With the aim of characterizing the morphometry and body indexes of Eremophilus mutisii, thirty-three fishes (27 females and 6 males) coming from the Bogotá river, specifically of the Suesca region, were used. The aspect ratio of the caudal fin was determined with the aid of the image analysis software ImageJ®. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes and carcass yield were determined for each fish. Correlation, regression and multivariate (canonical discriminant analysis) techniques were used for data analysis. Results indicated that sex does not affect the body shape of the fishes. The relationship between length and weight was fitted for each sex. The average aspect ratio of the caudal fin was 1.57, which suggests that the species has sedentary habits or slow swimming. The gonadosomatic index of the maturing females (mean: 14.43 %; range: 8.84 % to 23.22 %) increased as a function of body weight and was greater than in males (mean: 5.32 %; range: 2.31 % to 8.29 %). Therefore, the carcass yield was lower in maturing females than in males. The mean of the hepatosomatic index for females was 0.86 % (range: 0.43 % to 1.88 %) and for males was 0.63 % (range: 0.39 % to 1.09 %). As a conclusion, Eremophilus mutisii is a sedentary fish species, and females exhibit greater gonadosomatic index and lower carcass yield than males.
RESUMO
Arhuaco Adams & Bernard (1977) is one of the least known genera of Neotropical Satyrinae. It comprises two species and presents an unusual disjunct distribution, with A. ica Adams & Bernard (1977), endemic to the isolated Colombian Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and A. dryadina (Schaus 1913) found in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. Here, the female of A. dryadina is described, and a new generic diagnosis is presented. Affinities with other genera of the subtribe Pronophilina, in particular the potential closest relatives, such as Pronophila Doubleday (1849), are investigated based on morphological, molecular, ecological, and behavioral data. Results from molecular and morphological sources are incongruent. Molecular data indicate that Arhuaco is paraphyletic, with A. dryadina segregating within the Pronophila clade. Morphological data, by contrast, indicate a closer affinity between the two species currently placed in Arhuaco, favoring the monophyly of the genus, and show no consistent synapomorphies for Arhuaco + Pronophila. A vicariance biogeographical scenario is evaluated.
Assuntos
Borboletas/anatomia & histologia , Borboletas/classificação , Filogenia , Animais , Colômbia , Costa Rica , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , PanamáRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Tradicionalmente, durante la Nefrolitotomía Percutánea (NPL), la radioscopía se efectúa en modo Continuo a 10 FPS (imágenes por segundo). Existe escasa experiencia en la literatura urológica sobre disminución de dosis de radiación durante la radioscopía y su efecto en el éxito de la NPL (eficacia y seguridad). Series de casos, demuestran resultados similares usando radioscopía en modo Pulsado (1-4 FPS), determinando un Tiempo de Radioscopía inferior al modo Contínuo. Dichas experiencias no son basadas en diseños randomizados, ni reportan Dosimetría Directa. Hipótesis: usando radioscopía pulsada, se logran iguales resultados y con igual seguridad, que con radioscopía Contínua, y con exposición a radiación significativamente más baja. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo, randomizado, ciego simple y experimental (aprobado por Comité de Ética). Muestra de 19 pacientes, entre Abril y Agosto de 2017. De forma aleatoria, aproximadamente la mitad de los pacientes fueron sometidos a NPL con radioscopía Contínua (10 FPS) y la otra mitad con modalidad Pulsada (2 FPS). Intervenidos en el mismo establecimiento, con 1 trayecto, utilizando el mismo equipo de Radioscopía. Se registró Dosimetría Directa, Tiempo de Radioscopía, resultado (Stone Free) y complicaciones, en cada procedimiento. El análisis estadístico se realizó con medidas de tendencia central, se verificó distribución normal de la muestra y comparación de variables mediante t-Test, con intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. RESULTADOS: En 8 pacientes se utilizó radioscopía Contínua, y en 11, radioscopía Pulsada. La Dosimetría del grupo radioscopía Contínua promedió 2,7 mSv, para radioscopía Pulsada el promedio fue 3,1 mSv. El Tiempo de Radioscopía del grupo radioscopía Contínua fue de 286,4 s, del grupo radioscopía Pulsada fue de 365,7 s. Ambas diferencias no son estadísticamente significativas (p 0,6 y p 0,3 respectivamente). En relación al Resultado y Complicaciones, no hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Para los pacientes estudiados a la fecha, no se demuestra beneficioso realizar radioscopía Pulsada: la Dosimetría Directa y el Tiempo de Radioscopía fueron mayores en el grupo de modalidad Pulsada. Nuestros resultados son diferentes a lo reportado en la literatura, lo cual hace necesario evaluar el impacto de esta intervención, y considerar otros factores que pudieran influir (AU)
INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, during Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), fluoroscopy is performed in Continuous mode at 10 FPS (images per second). There is little experience in the urological literature on the reduction of radiation dose during fluoroscopy and its effect on the success of the PCNL (efficacy and safety). Several case show similar results, using Pulsed radioscopy (1-4 FPS), determining a Radioscopy Time inferior to the one in Continuous mode. These experiences are not based on randomized designs, nor do they report Direct Dosimetry. Hypothesis: using pulsed fluoroscopy, the same results are obtained and equally safe than with Continuous radioscopy and with exposure to significantly lower radiation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Prospective, randomized, simple and experimental blind study (approved by the Ethics Committee). Sample of 19 patients, between April and August 2017. Randomly, approximately half of the patients underwent PCNL with continuous radioscopy (10 FPS) and the other half with Pulsed modality (2 FPS). They were intervened in the same establishment, in one journey, using the same Radioscopy equipment. Direct Dosimetry, Radioscopy Time, and complications results (Stone Free) were registered in each procedure. The statistical analysis was performed with central trend measures, normal distribution of the sample was verified and comparison of variables by t-Test, with 95 % confidence interval. RESULTS: Continuous fluoroscopy was used on eight patients, and Pulsed radioscopy on eleven. The Dosimetry of the Continuous fluoroscopy group averaged 2.7 mSv. Pulsed fluoroscopy average was 3.1 mSv. The Radioscopy Time of the Continuous fluoroscopy group was 286.4 s. Pulsed radioscopy group time it was 365.7 s. Both differences are not statistically significant (p 0.6 and p 0.3 respectively). In relation to the Result and Complications, there were no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of Pulsed Radioscopy benefits are not shown in the patients studied to date: Direct Dosimetry and Radioscopy Time were greater in the Pulsed modality group. Our results are different from those reported in the literature, which makes it necessary to evaluate the impact of this intervention, and consider other factors that could influence.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Nefrolitotomia Percutânea , FluoroscopiaRESUMO
Introduction: Single suture craniosynostosis is the premature closure of one or more cranial sutures. It leads to abnormal skull growth and in some cases to structural and/or functional brain abnormalities. If these anomalies cause a psychomotor development lag and/or cognitive impairment is a controversial topic. This study aims to review the main findings related to psychomotor development and cognitive functioning in children with craniosynostosis, from birth to school age, dividing them into three stages: birth to 3 years, preschool and school. Method: An electronic search was made in PubMed from 2000 to 2015, using the following keywords: "craniosynostosis and neurodevelopment", "craniosynostosis and neuropsychological", "craniosynostosis and cognition". Results: In the early stage of life some children with craniosynostosis can have motor, language and cognition deficits; these impairments are also present in a variable percentage of preschool children, in some cases accompanied with behavior disorders; deficits in attention, executive functions and learning disorders, are reported in school years. Conclusion: Some neuropsychological alterations are found in a variable proportion of patients with craniosynostosis in all stages of development whichare revealed depending on the demands of each age. It is difficult to draw a cognitive profile for this population because of the heterogeneity related to characteristics of the sample, time of assessment, functions assessed and instrument used. It is important to make longitudinal neuropsychological assessments to know how children with craniosynostosis are developing in late stages and to develop consensus about cognitive functions and assessment instruments appropriate for each age.
Introducción: La craneosinostosis simple es el cierre prematuro de una o más suturas craneales que provoca crecimiento anormal del cráneo y en algunos casos anormalidades cerebrales estructurales y/o funcionales. Es un tema controversial si estas anormalidades causan el retraso psicomotor y/o cognitivo reportado en estos pacientes. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo abordar los hallazgos encontrados en el desarrollo psicomotor y cognitivo en niños con craneosinostosis, desde el nacimiento hasta la edad escolar, dividiéndolos en tres etapas: nacimiento a 3 años, etapa preescolar y escolar. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed del 2000 al 2015, utilizando estas palabras claves: "craniosynostosis and neurodevelopment", "craniosynostosis and neuropsychological", "Craniosynostosis and cognition". Resultados: En las etapas tempranas de la infancia, los niños con craneosinostosis pueden tener deficiencias motoras, de lenguaje y cognitivas; estos déficits están presentes en un porcentaje variable en la etapa preescolar y pueden acompañarse de alteraciones conductuales; deficiencias atencionales, ejecutivas y de aprendizaje, se reportan en la edad escolar. Conclusión: Se reportan alteraciones neuropsicológicas en un porcentaje variable en estos pacientes en todas las etapas del desarrollo, que se van manifestando conforme las demandas del ambiente. Es difícil establecer un perfil neuropsicológico debido a la heterogeneidad de las características de las muestras en los estudios, el tiempo de la evaluación, las funciones estudiadas y los instrumentos utilizados. Es importante realizar un seguimiento longitudinal para conocer el desarrollo de estos niños, así como el hacer un consenso sobre las funciones cognitivas a evaluar e instrumentos a utilizar para cada edad.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Craniossinostoses/epidemiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Craniossinostoses/complicações , NeuropsicologiaRESUMO
The rational design and synthesis of a series of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid analogues are presented. The trypanocidal activity against epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and the toxic effects on human HeLa cells were tested. Between all synthetic compounds, three of thirteen had an IC50 value in the range of Nfx, but compound 13 exhibited an improved effect with an IC50 of 1.0 ± 0.1 µM and a selective index of 70 in its toxicity against HeLa cells. We analyzed the activity of compounds 8, 12 and 13 to interfere in the central redox metabolic pathway in trypanosomatids, which is dependent of reduced trypanothione as the major pivotal thiol. The three compounds behaved as better inhibitors of trypanothione reductase than Nfx (Ki values of 118 µM, 61 µM and 68 µM for 8, 12 and 13, respectively, compared with 245 µM for Nfx), all following an uncompetitive enzyme inhibition pattern. Docking analysis predicted a binding of inhibitors to the enzyme-substrate complex with binding energy calculated in-silico that supports such molecular interaction.
Assuntos
NADH NADPH Oxirredutases/antagonistas & inibidores , Nitrofuranos/química , Nitrofuranos/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/química , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzimologia , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , NADH NADPH Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Este estudio explora la efectividad de dos tipos de consejería de cesación tabáquica, para ello se reclutaron 34 mujeres entre 18 y 48 años pertenecientes a dos CESFAM de la Región Metropolitana en Chile, de las cuales 30 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Fueron aleatorizadas en 2 grupos homogéneos de 15 personas cada uno y se sometieron a dos modalidades de consejería de cesación tabáquica según estrategia de las 5A.Posteriormente se realizó un seguimiento de 2 meses para observar el cambio de conducta. No hubo diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de cesación de ambos grupos: 23.08 por ciento de las mujeres dejó de fumar en el grupo 1 y 21,43 por ciento en el grupo 2. Se puede evidenciar que a pesar de realizar dos tipos diferentes de intervenciones, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de cesación de ambos grupos.
This study explores the effectiveness of two types of smoking cessation counseling and for this we recruited 34women between 18 and 48 years from two CESFAM Metropolitan Region in Chile, of which 30 met the inclusion criteria. They were randomized into two homogeneous groups of 15 people each and were subjected to two forms of smoking cessation counseling by the 5A strategy. Subsequently followed up for two months to observe the change in behavior. No significant differences in the percentage of cessation of both groups: 23.08 percent of women quit smoking in group I and 21.43 percent in group II. It may show that despite making two different types of interventions, no significant differences in the percentage of cessation of both groups.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aconselhamento , Abandono do Uso de Tabaco/métodos , Fumar/prevenção & controle , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Chile , Seguimentos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Compressed sensing has been of great interest to speed up the acquisition of MR images. The k-t group sparse (k-t GS) method has recently been introduced for dynamic MR images to exploit not just the sparsity, as in compressed sensing, but also the spatial group structure in the sparse representation. k-t GS achieves higher acceleration factors compared to the conventional compressed sensing method. However, it assumes a spatial structure in the sparse representation and it requires a time consuming hard-thresholding reconstruction scheme. In this work, we propose to modify k-t GS by incorporating prior information about the sorted intensity of the signal in the sparse representation, for a more general and robust group assignment. This approach is referred to as group sparse reconstruction using intensity-based clustering. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated for static 3D hyperpolarized lung images and applications with both dynamic and intensity changes, such as 2D cine and perfusion cardiac MRI, with retrospective undersampling. For all reported acceleration factors the proposed method outperforms the original compressed sensing method. Improved reconstruction over k-t GS method is demonstrated when k-t GS assumptions are not satisfied. The proposed method was also applied to cardiac cine images with a prospective sevenfold acceleration, outperforming the standard compressed sensing reconstruction.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Compressão de Dados/métodos , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imagem Cinética por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The main vasodilator in the placenta is nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Arginase-2 competes with eNOS for l-arginine, and its activity has been related with vascular dysfunction. Recently, we showed that hypoxia induces arginase-2, and decreases eNOS activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). However there is evidence that vascular responses to hypoxia are not similar throughout the placental vascular tree. We studied whether arginase-2 plays a role controlling vascular tone in human umbilical vessels, and the changes in the expression of arginase-2 and eNOS proteins by hypoxia in endothelial cells from umbilical arteries (HUAEC) and veins (HUVEC). In isolated umbilical vessels the presence of eNOS and arginase-2 was determined in the endothelium, and the NO-dependent vasoactive responses in the presence and absence of S-(2-boronoethyl)-L-cysteine (BEC, arginase inhibitor) were studied. Additionally, HUAEC and HUVEC were exposed (0-24 h) to hypoxia (2% O2) or normoxia (5% O2), and protein levels of eNOS (total and phosphorylated at serine-1177) and arginase-2 were determined. In umbilical arteries and veins arginase-2 and eNOS were detected mainly at the endothelium. BEC induced a higher concentration-dependent relaxation in umbilical arteries than veins, and these responses were NOS-dependent. In HUAEC exposed to hypoxia there were no changes in eNOS and arginase-2 levels, however there was a significant increase of p-eNOS. In contrast, HUVEC showed an increase in arginase-2 and a reduction of p-eNOS in response to hypoxia. These results show that arginases have a vascular role in placental vessels counteracting the NOS-dependent relaxation, which is differentially regulated in placental artery and vein endothelial cells.
Assuntos
Arginase/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Gravidez/metabolismo , Artérias Umbilicais/enzimologia , Veias Umbilicais/enzimologia , Vasodilatação , Células Endoteliais/enzimologia , Endotélio Vascular/enzimologia , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Hipóxia/enzimologia , MiografiaRESUMO
Hypoxia relates with altered placental vasodilation, and in isolated endothelial cells, it reduces activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and l-arginine transport. It has been reported that arginase-2 expression, an alternative pathway for l-arginine metabolism, is increased in adult endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia as well as in pre-eclamptic placentae. We studied in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) whether hypoxia-reduced NO synthesis results from increased arginase-mediated l-arginine metabolism and changes in subcellular localization of eNOS and arginase-2. In HUVEC exposed (24 h) to 5% (normoxia) or 2% (hypoxia) oxygen, l-arginine transport kinetics, arginase activity (urea assay), and NO synthase (NOS) activity (l-citrulline assay) were determined. Arginase-1, arginase-2 and eNOS expression were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Subcellular localization of arginase-2 and eNOS were studied using confocal microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Experiments were done in absence or presence of S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine-HCl (BEC, arginase inhibitor) or N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Hypoxia-induced reduction in eNOS activity was associated with a reduction in eNOS phosphorylation at Serine-1177 and increased phosphorylation at Threonine-495. This was paralleled with an induction in arginase-2 expression and activity, and decreased l-arginine transport. In hypoxia the arginase inhibition, restored NO synthesis and l-arginine transport, without changes in the eNOS post-translational modification status. Hypoxia increased arginase-2/eNOS colocalization, and eNOS redistribution to the cell periphery. Altogether these data reinforce the thought that eNOS cell location, post-translational modification and substrate availability are important mechanisms regulating eNOS activity. If these mechanisms occur in pregnancy diseases where feto-placental oxygen levels are reduced remains to be clarified.
Assuntos
Arginase/biossíntese , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/enzimologia , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/biossíntese , Adulto , Arginase/antagonistas & inibidores , Arginina/metabolismo , Ácidos Borônicos/farmacologia , Feminino , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Fosforilação , Gravidez , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Frações Subcelulares/enzimologiaRESUMO
The wide range of morphological variations in the "loxurina group" makes taxa identification difficult, and despite several reviews, serious taxonomical confusion remains. We make use of DNA data in conjunction with morphological appearance and available information on species distribution to delimit the boundaries of the "loxurina" group species previously established based on morphology. A fragment of 635 base pairs within the mtDNA gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was analysed for seven species of the "loxurina group". Phylogenetic relationships among the included taxa were inferred using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Penaincisalia sigsiga (Bálint et al), P. cillutincarae (Draudt), P. atymna (Hewitson) and P. loxurina (C. Felder & R. Felder) were easily delimited as the morphological, geographic and molecular data were congruent. Penaincisalia ludovica (Bálint & Wojtusiak) and P. loxurina astillero (Johnson) represent the same entity and constitute a sub-species of P. loxurina. However, incongruence among morphological, genetic, and geographic data is shown in P. chachapoya (Bálint & Wojtusiak) and P. tegulina (Bálint et al). Our results highlight that an integrative approach is needed to clarify the taxonomy of these neotropical taxa, but more genetic and geographical studies are still required.
Assuntos
Animais , Borboletas/anatomia & histologia , Borboletas/genética , Asas de Animais/anatomia & histologia , Borboletas/classificação , Variação Genética , SimpatriaRESUMO
Despite aggressive treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with high-dose glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents, a significant proportion of patients persist with activity or relapse. Although the results from randomized studies showed no beneficial effects of rituximab (RTX) in SLE, this treatment has proven promising results in open label trials including patients with severe and refractory disease. We report a prospective cohort of 42 Colombian patients with severe and refractory SLE treated with RTX after failure response to glucocorticoids and, at least, another immunosuppressive drug. We observed a reduction in steroid requirement [47.4 mg/day at 24 months (p < 0.001)]. Since the first three-month follow-up, 28% and 36% of the patients fulfilled criteria of complete or partial remission according to proteinuria, and 12.5% and 33% according to creatinine clearance, respectively. These response criteria remained at 12 months. Both neuropsychiatric and hematological sub-groups had a favorable clinical response. The median reinfusion-free survival time was 44 months (95% confidence interval: 10.1-50.1) and 80% of the patients did not require RTX reinfusion. Eleven adverse events were reported in 28 subjects. Most of these occurred during the first three-month follow-up, time during which patients were exposed to high-dose glucocorticoids.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos/uso terapêutico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/terapia , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Colômbia , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Nefrite Lúpica/terapia , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteinúria/terapia , Indução de Remissão , Rituximab , Falha de Tratamento , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A clear cut relationship between particulate matter air contamination and the mortality and morbidity due to respiratory disease has been observed in the last decades. However there is also a relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases. In big cities, a big or small particle concentration increase of 10 micro/m(3) is associated with a significantly higher risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, both when acute or chronic exposures are considered. The risk is higher for small particles. Similar risk increases are observed in patients with hypertension, stroke or severe arrhythmias. This association is independent of environmental distracters such as weather, temperature or humidity and of classical cardiovascular risk factors such as age, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. Physicians should be aware of the problem and explain their patients the increased risk that they are facing due to air pollution.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A clear cut relationship between particulate matter air contamination and the mortality and morbidity due to respiratory disease has been observed in the last decades. However there is also a relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases. In big cities, a big or small particle concentration increase of 10 ¡xg/m³ is associated with a significantly higher risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, both when acute or chronic exposures are considered. The risk is higher for small particles. Similar risk increases are observed in patients with hypertension, stroke or severe arrhythmias. This association is independent of environmental distracters such as weather, temperature or humidity and of classical cardiovascular risk factors such as age, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. Physicians should be aware of the problem and explain their patients the increased risk that they are facing due to air pollution (Rev Méd Chile 2009; 137: 1217-24).
Assuntos
Humanos , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción: En la literatura se reconoce que la contaminación del aire por partículas en diversas ciudades determina un exceso del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Santiago es una de las urbes con mayor polución de partículas MP 10 y MP 2,5 en el mundo. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación entre la concentración diaria de partículas y la morbilidad cardiovascular en los 6 Servicios de Urgencia de la ciudad. Métodos: Se consideraron el número total de consultas cardiovasculares en el año 2007, el Infarto miocárdico, accidente cerebro-vascular y crisis hipertensiva. La concentración de partículas se obtuvo de los registros de 7 centros de la red de Monitoreo de la Calidad del Aire de la Región Metropolitana (MACAM) y lasvariables temperatura y humedad, del Instituto de Meteorología de Chile. Estadísticamente se implementó un modelo de regresión múltiple GAM. Resultados: Se observó que para todo el año 2007 las concentraciones de partículas ambientales MP 10 estuvieron altas, sobre la norma recomendada por la OMS. Ello se asoció a un incrementó del 10% del riesgo de consultas cardiovasculares durante todo el año 2007. Para las partículas MP 2,5 el riesgo aumentó en un 17 por ciento. En los meses invernales Junio y Julio, el riesgo aumentó en 15 por ciento y 28 por ciento respectivamente. Todas las cifras resultaron altamente significativas (p< 0.001). Para la crisis hipertensiva, los aumentos del riesgo fueron 4 y 13 por ciento, también significativos. Conclusión: Se concluye que la contaminación por partículas se asocia significativamente a un mayor riesgo de consultas por enfermedades cardiovasculares en la ciudad de Santiago y que el riesgo es mayor en presencia de partículas MP 2,5.
Background: Atmospheric contamination due to particles is recognized as a factor related to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Santiago has one of the greatest concentrations of MP 10 and MP 2.5 particles in the world.Aim: to determine the association of daily changes in particle concentration and cardiovascular morbidity in 6 emergency consultation centers in Santiago. Methods: Total number of consults, myocardial infarction, stroke and hypertensive crisis were included as endpoints. Concentration of particles was obtained from registries routinely made in 7 centers of a city based environmental agency (Monitoring quality of air in the Metropolitan Region, MACAM). Air temperature and humidity were obtained from the Chilean Meteorology Institute. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression model (GAM). Results: Throughout 2007, concentration of MP 10 was above the norm recommended by WHO. This was associated to a 10 percent increase in CV related consultations. In relation to MP 2.5 the risk was increased 17 percent. The CV risk peaked at 15 percent and 28 percent in June and July, respectively. All relations were highly significant (p<0.001) including the 4 and 13 percent increase in hypertension emergencies. Conclusion: Increased particle concentration in the air is significantly associated to a higher risk of cardiovascular consultation in Santiago. The risk is higher in relation to increased MP 2.5 particle concentration.
Assuntos
Humanos , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Chile/epidemiologia , Poluição do Ar/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Morbidade , Medição de Risco , Estações do Ano , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with chronic fetal hypoxia, altered placental vasodilatation and reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from pregnancies complicated with IUGR (IUGR cells) and in HUVEC from normal pregnancies (normal cells) cultured under hypoxia l-arginine transport is reduced; however, the mechanisms leading to this dysfunction are unknown. We studied hypoxia effect on l-arginine transport and human cationic amino acid transporters 1 (hCAT-1) expression, and the potential NO and protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) involvement. Normal or IUGR HUVEC monolayers were exposed (0-24h) to 5% O(2) (normoxia), and 1 or 2% O(2) (hypoxia). l-Arginine transport and hCAT-1 expression, phosphorylated and total PKCalpha or eNOS protein and mRNA expression were quantified. eNOS involvement was tested using a siRNA against eNOS (eNOS-siRNA) adenovirus. IUGR cells in normoxia or hypoxia, and normal cells in hypoxia exhibited reduced l-arginine transport, hCAT-1 expression, NO synthesis and eNOS phosphorylation at Serine(1177), effects reversed by calphostin C (PKC inhibitor) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-l,d-penicillamine (SNAP, NO donor). However, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, NOS inhibitor) reduced hCAT-1 expression only in normal cells in normoxia. Increased Thr(638)-phosphorylated PKCalpha was exhibited by IUGR cells in normoxia or hypoxia and normal cells in hypoxia. The effects of hypoxia in normal cells were mimicked in eNOS-siRNA transduced cells; however, IUGR phenotype was unaltered by eNOS knockdown. Thus, IUGR- and hypoxia-reduced l-arginine transport could result from increased PKCalpha, but reduced eNOS activity leading to a lower hCAT-1 expression in HUVEC. In addition, IUGR endothelial cells are either not responsive or maximally affected by hypoxia. These mechanisms could be responsible for placental dysfunction in diseases where fetal endothelium is chronically exposed to hypoxia, such as IUGR.
Assuntos
Arginina/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/enzimologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/metabolismo , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Veias Umbilicais/citologia , Adulto , Transportador 1 de Aminoácidos Catiônicos/genética , Transportador 1 de Aminoácidos Catiônicos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fosforilação/fisiologia , Gravidez , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/genética , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Vasodilatação/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: Although quality of life has been incorporated as a comprehensive indicator of health status, there are no standards available. Objective: To report values that can be used as standards in clinical and public health areas. Methods: 1 678 children and adolescents (8 to 18 years old) were evaluated. They came from public, semiprivate and private schools in the city of Antofagasta (North of Chile) utilizing KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire. Results: The study shows mean and decile values for each of the five domains assessed (physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, relationship with parents and autonomy, social support and peers, school environment) for gender, age range and type of school. Conclusion: Values were presented which can be used as standards for Chilean children and adolescents in the specified domains. In general, best quality of life was found among boys, younger age children, and those from private schools. These findings are similar to those reported in studies in Spain, utilizing the same instrument.
Introducción: Aun cuando se ha ido incorporando la calidad de vida como un indicador comprensivo del estado de salud, no se tienen valores de referencia. Objetivo: Reportar valores que puedan ser utilizados como referencia en el campo clínico y de la salud pública. Método: Se evalúa a 1 678 niños y adolescentes de entre 8 y 18 años de establecimientos públicos, subvencionados y particulares de la ciudad de Antofagasta a través del cuestionario KIDSCREEN-27. Resultados: Se reportan las medias y deciles de cada una de las cinco dimensiones evaluadas (bienestar físico, bienestar psicológico, relación con los padres y autonomía, apoyo social y pares, ambiente escolar) para hombres y mujeres, rangos de edad y tipos de establecimiento educacional. Conclusión: Los valores presentados en las diferentes dimensiones evaluadas pueden ser utilizados como valores de referencia en población infanta juvenil chilena. En general, los hombres reportan una mejor calidad de vida que las mujeres, al igual que los rangos de menor edad y los establecimientos privados. Estos hallazgos son similares a los reportados en la población española utilizando similar instrumento.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Psicologia do Adolescente , Psicologia da Criança , Qualidade de Vida , Autoimagem , Inquéritos e Questionários , Distribuição por Idade e Sexo , Chile , Psicometria , Valores de Referência , EstudantesRESUMO
Human pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSG) are major placental polypeptides encoded by eleven highly conserved genes expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast. The minimal promoter region of all PSG genes contains a putative Retinoic Acid Responsive Element (RARE) though the ability of retinoids to regulate PSG gene expression has not been established. Retinoid signaling pathway plays a key role for overall placenta biology and is essential for trophoblast differentiation. In this work, we investigated the participation of the RARE motif in the regulation of PSG5 gene transcription by retinoic acid and its receptors. The minimal promoter region of PSG5 gene was activated by RXRalpha but not by RARalpha, in a ligand-dependent manner. The RARE sequence of PSG5 gene promoter was recognized by endogenous RXRalpha present in placental nuclear extracts as well as by RXRalpha either over expressed in cultured non-placental cells or in vitro translated. Mutations at specific nucleotides within the RARE motif abrogated both RXRalpha DNA binding and transcriptional activation of PSG5 promoter mediated by RXRalpha. Moreover, endogenous PSG expression was significantly induced in trophoblast-derived Jeg-3 cells upon 9-cis retinoic acid treatment. Interestingly, the induction level was higher following methotrexate-induced differentiation of Jeg-3 cells to syncytiotrophoblast-like structures. Altogether, these data provide the first evidences demonstrating that transcriptional activity of PSG5 gene is responsive to an external signal involving the retinoids-RXRalpha axis through a conserved RARE motif shared by all PSG gene family members.
Assuntos
Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Tretinoína , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Humanos , Gravidez , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The relationship between air pollution and health damage has been sufficiently documented. In station "R" of the air quality monitoring system, located in a community of Metropolitan Santiago (Cerro Navia), the Chilean standard of 150 microg/m3, averaged in 24 hours, for particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), has been exceeded more days than in the rest of the city stations. AIM: To investigate if the population living near that station has a higher proportion of lower respiratory infections than the Metropolitan Region (MR) as a whole. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An outpatient clinic located near station "R" (Centro Albertz), was implemented as a sentinel center according to UNICEF methodology, used since 1992 by the Acute Respiratory Infections National Program. Daily information was collected between May and December 2004. Monitoring data included total number of consults by children less than 15 years old for lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, obstructive bronchitis syndrome in children and by adults over 64 years old for lower airway disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. Results were compared with those of the rest of MR. RESULTS: Compared with the MR, children from the sentinel clinic had a significantly higher proportion of consults for obstructive bronchial syndrome (20.1% and 26.4% respectively, in p<0.01) and pneumonia (1.3 and 2.7% respectively, p<0.01). In the elderly, the average consults for lower airway disease were 17% in the sentinel clinic and 12.2% in MR (p<0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Children and elderly subjects at the sentinel clinic had a significantly higher proportion of respiratory infections (pneumonia and obstructive bronchial syndrome in children and lower airway disease in the elderly) as compared to the Metropolitan Region.