RESUMO

Labor pain has been reported as a severe pain and can be considered as a model of acute visceral pain. It is well known that extracellular purines have an important role in pain signaling in the central nervous system. This study analyzes the relationship between extracellular purines and pain perception during active labor. A prospective observational study was performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the purines and their metabolites were compared between women at term pregnancy with labor pain (n = 49) and without labor pain (Caesarian section; n = 47). Control groups (healthy men and women without chronic or acute pain-n = 40 and 32, respectively) were also investigated. The CSF levels of adenosine were significantly lower in the labor pain group (P = 0.026) and negatively correlated with pain intensity measured by a visual analogue scale (r = -0.48, P = 0.0005). Interestingly, CSF levels of uric acid were significantly higher in healthy men as compared to women. Additionally, pregnant women showed increased CSF levels of ADP, GDP, adenosine and guanosine and reduced CSF levels of AMP, GTP, and uric acid as compared to non-pregnant women (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that purines, in special the nucleoside adenosine, are associated with pregnancy and labor pain.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the post-operative analgesic effect of metamizol (dipyrone) administered intravenously at three different doses (15 mg kg(-1), 25 mg kg(-1) and 35 mg kg(-1)) compared to placebo in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, comparative, randomized, blinded trial. ANIMALS: Forty healthy bitches, aged 1-6 years, weighing 10-35 kg METHODS: The animals were randomly divided into four groups and received their respective treatments immediately after surgery: placebo group (0.9% saline solution), D15 group (metamizol 15 mg kg(-1) IV), D25 group (metamizol 25 mg kg(-1) IV), D35 group (metamizol 35 mg kg(-1) IV). The following variables were measured: sedation, pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (f(R)), arterial blood pressure (ABP), plasma catecholamines, serum cortisol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine metabolites, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hemogram, platelet counts and level of analgesia which was assessed by visual analog (VAS), descriptive and behavioral scales. Patients were monitored for 48 hours after the administration of the analgesic agent. Rescue analgesia (tramadol, 2 mg kg(-1), intramuscularly) was provided for animals with pain scores ≥4, as determined by the VAS or descriptive scale. RESULTS: The D25 and D35 groups showed equivalent post-operative analgesia, as shown by decreased pain scores, according to the three different pain scales, and fewer animals that required rescue analgesia. Significantly lower serum cortisol concentrations were observed in the D25 and D35 groups when compared to the placebo and D15 groups. No hematologic, renal, hepatic or clinical adverse effects were observed during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Metamizol administered intravenously at 25 or 35 mg kg(-1) can provide adequate post-operative analgesia in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

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Pain in animals has been recognized for less than one century. Several authors confirm that animals are capable to process, register and modulate nociceptive stimuli in a very similar way to human kind and there are several evidences registering the impact of pain sensation over vital systems interfering on disease outcome. Nevertheless, despite some evidences that animals, as human beings, can store information from past painful experiences less is known about how this so called pain memory works. The aims of this study were: to evaluate if the response to a painful stimuli differs during different stages of life and if repetition of a same acute stimuli in the same animal interferes with expression of hyperalgesia. Thus, 60 rats were selected and arranged in 3 equal groups: 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months of age. All animals were injected 5 percent formalin solution in the plantar face of hind paw under volatile general anesthesia. Von Frey filaments were applied at 1h, 24h and 48h after sensitization. Injection was repeated twice with a 30-day interval, each time in a different hind paw. Results showed that younger rats express lower hyperalgesia thresholds in the first stimulation compared to elder animals and that repetition of same stimulus diminishes hyperalgesia thresholds when it begins during infant period and augments hyperalgesia thresholds when it begins during elder ages.(AU)

A dor nos animais tem sido reconhecida há pouco manos de um século. Vários autores reconhecem que os animais são capazes de processar, registrar e modular estímulos nociceptivos de modo muito similar aos seres humanos e há várias evidências registrando o impacto da sensação dolorosa sobre os sistemas vitais e curso da doença. Entretanto, a despeito das evidências de que os animais, como os seres humanos, podem armazenar informações passadas de experiências dolorosas pouco se sabe sobre como a chamada memoria de dor funciona. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar se a resposta a um estímulo doloroso difere em diferentes fases da vida e se a repetição de um mesmo estímulo doloroso agudo no mesmo animal interfere na expressão da hiperalgesia. Assim, 60 ratos foram selecionados e agrupados em três grupos iguais: 3 meses, 6 meses e 9 meses. Foi injetada solução de formalina 5 por cento na face plantar de todos os animais durante anesthesia. O limiar de hiperalgesia foi testado pelo método de filamentos de Von Frey à 1h, 24h e 48h após a sensibilização. A injecão foi repetida duas vezes com intervalo de 30 dias, uma vez em cada membro. Os resultados demosntraram que animais mais jovens possuem limiares menores de hiperalgesia na primeira estimulação, comparados com os mais velhos e que a repetição de um mesmo estímulo doloroso agudo diminui o limiar de hiperalgesia quando o primeiro estímulo ocorre nas idades mais tenras e aumenta o limiar quando se inicia em idades mais avançadas.(AU)

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Pain in animals has been recognized for less than one century. Several authors confirm that animals are capable to process, register and modulate nociceptive stimuli in a very similar way to human kind and there are several evidences registering the impact of pain sensation over vital systems interfering on disease outcome. Nevertheless, despite some evidences that animals, as human beings, can store information from past painful experiences less is known about how this so called pain memory works. The aims of this study were: to evaluate if the response to a painful stimuli differs during different stages of life and if repetition of a same acute stimuli in the same animal interferes with expression of hyperalgesia. Thus, 60 rats were selected and arranged in 3 equal groups: 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months of age. All animals were injected 5 percent formalin solution in the plantar face of hind paw under volatile general anesthesia. Von Frey filaments were applied at 1h, 24h and 48h after sensitization. Injection was repeated twice with a 30-day interval, each time in a different hind paw. Results showed that younger rats express lower hyperalgesia thresholds in the first stimulation compared to elder animals and that repetition of same stimulus diminishes hyperalgesia thresholds when it begins during infant period and augments hyperalgesia thresholds when it begins during elder ages.

A dor nos animais tem sido reconhecida há pouco manos de um século. Vários autores reconhecem que os animais são capazes de processar, registrar e modular estímulos nociceptivos de modo muito similar aos seres humanos e há várias evidências registrando o impacto da sensação dolorosa sobre os sistemas vitais e curso da doença. Entretanto, a despeito das evidências de que os animais, como os seres humanos, podem armazenar informações passadas de experiências dolorosas pouco se sabe sobre como a chamada memoria de dor funciona. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar se a resposta a um estímulo doloroso difere em diferentes fases da vida e se a repetição de um mesmo estímulo doloroso agudo no mesmo animal interfere na expressão da hiperalgesia. Assim, 60 ratos foram selecionados e agrupados em três grupos iguais: 3 meses, 6 meses e 9 meses. Foi injetada solução de formalina 5 por cento na face plantar de todos os animais durante anestesia. O limiar de hiperalgesia foi testado pelo método de filamentos de Von Frey à 1h, 24h e 48h após a sensibilização. A injecão foi repetida duas vezes com intervalo de 30 dias, uma vez em cada membro. Os resultados demonstraram que animais mais jovens possuem limiares menores de hiperalgesia na primeira estimulação, comparados com os mais velhos e que a repetição de um mesmo estímulo doloroso agudo diminui o limiar de hiperalgesia quando o primeiro estímulo ocorre nas idades mais tenras e aumenta o limiar quando se inicia em idades mais avançadas.

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This study analyzes the relationship between extracellular purines and pain perception in humans. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of purines and their metabolites were compared between patients displaying acute and/or chronic pain syndromes and control subjects. The CSF levels of IMP, inosine, guanosine and uric acid were significantly increased in the chronic pain group and correlated with pain severity (P<0.05). Patients displaying both chronic and acute pain presented similar changes in the CSF purines concentration (P<0.05). However, in the acute pain group, only CSF inosine and uric acid levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). These findings suggest that purines, in special inosine, guanosine and uric acid, are associated with the spinal mechanisms underlying nociception.

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