RESUMO
Studies have shown an exacerbated increase in proinflammatory markers during and after muscle injury. In this way, interventions that reduce inflammatory activation appear to be of great interest in muscle injury therapy. Thus, the preset study evaluated the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the proinflammatory molecules in an animal model of traumatic muscle injury. Forty-eight 3-month old male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 8/group): sham; muscle injury without treatment; muscle injury and gel-saline (0.9%); muscle injury and gel-DMSO (15 mg/kg); muscle injury and LIPUS plus gel-saline; and muscle injury and LIPUS plus gel-DMSO. Two, 12, 24 and 48 h after trauma, four groups received one of the treatments described. One hour after, Western blot was performed to quantify proinflammatory protein levels. We observed greater protein levels of TNFα (3.9 times), IL-1ß (3.6 times), JNK phosphorylation (4.2 times) and NFκB (3.8 times) in muscle injury group. However, the combined LIPUS with DMSO resulted in significantly lower levels of TNFα (2.2 times), IL-1ß (2.1 times), JNK phosphorylation (2.4 times), and NFκB (2.1 times). The results demonstrate that LIPUS associated with DMSO gel can attenuate TNFα, IL-1ß, NFκB protein levels and JNK phosphorylation in traumatic muscle injury.
Assuntos
Citocinas/imunologia , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/uso terapêutico , Músculo Esquelético/imunologia , Músculo Esquelético/lesões , Terapia por Ultrassom/métodos , Ultrassonografia Doppler de Pulso/métodos , Animais , Géis/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos da radiação , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tendinitis affects a substantial number of people in several occupations involving repetitive work or direct trauma. Iontophoresis is a therapeutic alternative used in the treatment of injury during the inflammatory phase. In recent years, gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been studied due to their therapeutic anti-inflammatory capacity and as an alternative to the transport of several proteins. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the therapeutic effects of iontophoresis using GNPs and diclofenac diethylammonium on inflammatory parameters in rats challenged with traumatic tendinitis. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided in three treatment groups (n = 15): (1) iontophoresis + diclofenac diethylammonium; (2) iontophoresis + GNP; and (3) iontophoresis + diclofenac diethylammonium + GNP. External control was formed by challenged tendons without treatment (n = 15). Iontophoresis was administered using 0.3 mA direct current on 1.5 cm(2) electrodes. RESULTS: The levels of both inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in untreated challenged rats, when compared with the control (5.398 ± 234 for interleukin 1 beta and 6.411 ± 432 for tumor necrosis factor alpha), which confirms the occurrence of an inflammatory stage in injury (P < 0.05). A significant decrease was observed in expression of cytokines interleukin 1 beta in the three treatment groups, in comparison with untreated challenged tendons, although, in the group treated with diclofenac and GNP, results were similar to the control (1.732 ± 239) (P < 0.05). Concerning tumor necrosis factor alpha, only the group treated with the association diclofenac and GNPs presented decreased levels, compared with the control (3.221 ± 369) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results show the efficacy of drug administration using direct current to treat tendinitis in an animal model, and the potential anti-inflammatory, carrier, and enhancing effects of GNPs in iontophoresis.
Assuntos
Diclofenaco/administração & dosagem , Iontoforese , Nanopartículas Metálicas/administração & dosagem , Tendinopatia/tratamento farmacológico , Tendão do Calcâneo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ouro , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Nanomedicina , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tendinopatia/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nanogold has been investigated in a wide variety of biomedical applications because of the anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of TPU (Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound) with gold nanoparticles (GNP) on oxidative stress parameters and the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules after traumatic muscle injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animals were divided in nine groups: sham (uninjured muscle); muscle injury without treatment; muscle injury + DMSO; muscle injury + GNP; muscle injury + DMSO + GNP; muscle injury + TPU; muscle injury + TPU + DMSO; muscle injury + TPU + GNP; muscle injury + TPU + DMSO + GNP. The ROS production was determined by concentration of superoxide anion, modulation of antioxidant defenses was determined by the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes, oxidative damage determined by formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and protein carbonyls. The levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured as inflammatory parameters. RESULTS: Compared to muscle injury without treatment group, the muscle injury + TPU + DMSO + GNP gel group promoted a significant decrease in superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation levels (p < 0.050). It also showed a significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-1ß levels (p < 0.050) when compared to muscle injury without treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that TPU + DMSO + GNP gel presents beneficial effects on the muscular healing process, inducing a reduction in the production of ROS and also the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules.